Abstract
Adulteration of food has been a matter of public concern for many years. The earliest food legislation attempted to prevent the use of poisonous mineral contaminants and other malpractices of dishonest traders. I.t was then the duty of the Guilds to maintain the purity of various commodities such as pepper, sugar, essential oils, and products of the baking, brewing, and distilling trades. A history of the development of Food and Drugs Law in England has been prepared by O’Keefe (1968). Over the years, as food technology has become more sophisticated, legislation has grown more and more complex embracing a whole variety of compositional problems and standards to protect consumers and reputable manufacturers alike. Nowadays, it is recognized that there is a technological need to use chemicals in the manufacture of some foods and accordingly regulations have had to be drawn up, and kept under continual review, to ensure that only those products that are adjudged to be safe, on the basis of the available evidence, are approved for use.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
General bibliography
International Agency for Research on Cancer: N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation. P. Bogovksi, R. Preussman, E. A. Walker (eds.): Proc. Working Conf., Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, 13–15 Oct. 1971. IARC Scientific Publ. No. 3. Lyon (1972).
International Agency for Research on Cancer: N-Nitroso compounds in the environment. P. Bogovski and E. A. Walker (eds.): Proc. Working Conf., IARC, Lyon, 17–20 Oct. 1973. IARC Scientific Publication No. 9. Lyon (1975).
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Nitrite in Meat Products: B. Krol and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.): Central Inst. Nutrition and Food Research TNO, Zeist, 10–14 Sept. 1973. Wageningen (1974).
Crosby, N. T., and R. Sawyer: N-Nitrosamines: A review of chemical and biological properties and their estimation in foodstuffs. Adv. Food Res., pp. 1–71 (1976).
Magee, P. N., and J. M. Barnes: Carcinogenic nitroso compounds. Adv. Cancer Res. 10, 163 (1967).
sen, N. P.: Nitrosamines. In I. E. Liener (ed.): Toxic constituents of animal foodstuffs, p. 132. London: Academic Press (1974).
References
Addison, C. C., C. P. Conduit, and R. Thompson: The liquid dinitrogen tetroxide solvent system. Part V. Reactions involving some alkylammonium salts with particular reference to solvolysis and the formation of diethylnitrosamine. J. Chem. Soc., p. 1298 (1951).
Alam, B: S., I. B. Saporoschetz, and S. S. Epstein: Formation of N-nitroso piperidine and sodium nitrite in the stomach and the isolated intestinal loop of the rat. Nature 232, 116 (1971 a).
Alam, B: S., I. B. Saporoschetz, and S. S. Epstein: Synthesis of nitrosopiperidine from nitrate and piperidine in the gastrointestinal tract of the rat. Nature 232, 199 (1971 b).
Alliszon, T. G., G. B. Cox, and R. S. Kirk: The determination of steam-volatile N-nitrosamines in foodstuffs by formation of electron capturing derivatives from electrochemically derived amines. Analyst 97, 915 (1972).
Althorpe, J., D. A. Goddard, D. J. SIssoNs, and G. M. Telling’ The gas chromatographic determination of nitrosamines at the picogram level by conversion to their corresponding nitramines. J. Chromatogr. 53, 371 (1970).
Ando, N.: Some compounds influencing colour formation (1973) In B. Krol and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.): Proc. Internat. Symp. on Nitrite in Meat Products, p. 149. Wageningen (1974).
Ashton, M. R.: The occurrence of nitrates and nitrites in foods. The British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association, Lit. Surv. No. 7 (1970).
Ashworth, R., and R. Spencer: The Perigo effect in pork. J. Food Technol. 7, 111 (1972).
Atkinson, J. L., and M. J. Follett: Biochemical studies on the discoloration of fresh meat. J. Food Technol. 8, 51 (1973).
Baird-Parker, A C., and M. A. H. Baillie: The inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by nitrite and sodium chloride. In B. Krol and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.): Proc. Internat. Symp. on Nitrite in Meat Products, p. 77. Wageningen (1974).
Baker, W., and W. D. Ollis: Meso-ionic compounds. Quart. Rev. 11, 15 (1957).
Barnes, J. M., and P. N. Magee: Some toxic properties of dimethylnitrosamine. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 11, 167 (1954).
Bills, D. D., K. I. Hildrum, R. A. Scanlan, and L. M. Libbey: Potential precursors of N-nitrosopyrrolidine in bacon and other fried foods. J. Agr. Food Chem. 21, 876 (1973).
Bogovski, P., M. Castegnaro, B. Pignatelli, and E. A. Walker: The inhibiting effect of tannins on the formation of nitrosamines. In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 127 Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer, Lyon (1972).
Boyland, E.: The effect of some ions of physiological interest on nitrosamine synthesis. In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 124 Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer, Lyon (1972).
Boyland, E., F. J. C. Roe, and J. W. Gorrod: Induction of pulmonary tumours in mice by nitrosonornicotine, a possible constituent of tobacco smoke. Nature 202, 1126 (1964).
Broaddus, G. M., J. E. York, and J. M. Moseley: Factors affecting the levels of nitrate nitrogen in cured tobacco leaves. Tob. Sci. 9, 149 (1965).
Brouwers, J. A. J., and P. Emmelot: Microsomal N-demethylation and the effect of the hepatic carcinogen dimethylnitrosamine on amino acid incorporation into the proteins of rat livers and hepatomas. Expt. Cell Res. 19, 467 (1960).
Brown, C. L., H. B. Hedrick, and M. E. Bailey: Characteristics of cured ham as influenced by levels of sodium nitrite and sodium ascorbate. J. Food Sci. 39, 977 (1974).
Burden, E. H. W. J.: The toxicology of nitrates and nitrites with particular reference to the potability of water supplies. A review. Analyst 86, 429 (1961).
Burrs, R. E., E. B. Baker, P. Clark, J. Esslinger, and J. C. Lacey: Detection of amines produced on irradiation of beef. J. Agr. Food Chem. 7, 778 (1959).
Carter, R. L., W. H. Percival, and F. J. C. Roe: Exceptional sensitivity of mink to the hepatotoxic effects of dimethylnitrosamine. J. Pathol. 97, 79 (1969).
Challis, B. C.: Rapid nitrosation of phenols and its implications for health hazards from dietary nitrites. Nature 244, 466 (1973).
Challis, B. C., and M. R. Osborne: Chemistry of nitroso compounds. Reaction of N-nitroso-diphenylamine with N-methylaniline. Direct transnitrosation. Chem. Commun., p. 518 (1972).
Chemical Rubber Company: R. C. Weast (ed.): Handbook of chemistry and physics. 54th ed., Cleveland, Ohio (1973/74).
Chester Beatty Research Institute: Precautions for laboratory workers who handle carcinogenic aromatic amines. London (1966).
Chow, Y. L.: Photolysis of N-nitrosamines. Tetrahedron Letters No. 34, p. 2333 (1964).
Chow, Y. L.: Photochemistry of nitroso compounds in solution. V. Photolysis of N-nitrosodialkylamines. Can. J. Chen. 45, 53 (1967).
Christiansen, L. N., R. W. Johnston, D. A. Kautter, J. W. Howard, and W. J. Aunan: Effect of nitrite and nitrate on toxin production by Clostridium botulinum and on nitrosamine formation in perishable canned comminuted cured meat. Applied Microbiol. 25, 357 (1973).
Christiansen, L. N., R. B. Tompkin, A. B. Shaparis, T. V. Kueper, R. W. Johnston, D. A. Kautter, and O. J. Kolari: Effect of sodium nitrite on toxin production by Cl. botulinum in bacon. Applied Microbiol. 27, 733 (1974).
Chute, W. J. K. G. Herring, L. E. Toombs, and G. F. Wright: Catalysed nitration of amines. I Dinitroxydiethylnitramine. Can. J. Res. 26B, 89 (1948).
Gollis, G. H., P. J. Cook, J. K. Foreman, and J. F. Palframan: A search for nitrosamines in E. African spirit samples from areas of varying oesophagael cancer frequency. Gut 12, 1015 (1971).
Coulson, D. M.: Electrolytic conductivity detector for gas chromatography. J. Gas Chromatogr. 3, 134 (1965).
Courts, A.: Secondary amines in cooking. Nature 225, 302 (1970).
Cox, G. B.: Estimation of volatile N-nitrosamines by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 83, 471 (1973).
Craddock, V. M., and P. N. Magee: Reaction of the carcinogenic dimethylnitrosamine with nucleic acids in vivo Biochem. J. 89, 32 (1963).
Crosby, N. T.: The determination of nitrite in water using Cleve’s acid, 1-naphthyla- mine-7-sulphonic acid. Proc. Soc. Water Treatment & Exam. 16, 51 (1967).
Crosby, N. T. and R. Sawyer: N-Nitrosamines: A review of chemical and biological proper-ties and their estimation in foodstuffs. Adv. Food Res. (Accepted for publication) (1975).
Crosby, N. T., J. K. Foreman, J. F. Palframan, and R. Sawyer: Determination of volatile nitrosamines in food products at the µg/kg level (1971). In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 38. Internat. Agency for Res. on Cancer, Lyon (1972).
Crosby, N. T., J. K. Foreman, J. F. Palframan, and R. Sawyer: Estimation of steam-volatile N-nitrosamines in foods at the 1 Ag/kg level. Nature 238, 342 (1972).
Cross, C. K., and P. Ziegler: A comparison of the volatile fractions from cured and uncured meat. J. Food Sci. 30, 610 (1965).
Daiber, D., and R. Preussmann: Quantitative colorimetrische Bestimmung organischer N-nitroso Verbindungen durch photochemische Spaltung der Nitroaminbindung. Z. anal. Chem. 206, 344 (1964).
Dempster, J. F.: Curing meat products. Process Biochem. 8 (3), 25 (1973).
Dethmebs, A. E., H. Rock, T. Fazio, and R. W. Johnstox: Effect of added sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate on sensory quality and nitrosamine formation in thuringer sausage. J. Food Sci. 40, 491 (1975).
Dooley, C. J., A. E. Wasserman, and S. Osman: A contaminant in N-nitrosodimethylamine confirmation by high resolution mass spectrometry. J. Food Sci. 38, 1096 (1973).
Druckrey, H., and R. Preussmann: Zur Entstehung carcinogener Nitrosamine am Beispiel des Tabakrauches. Naturweiss 49, 498 (1962).
Druckrey, H., R. Preussmann, S. Ivankovic, and D. S.Hmähl: Organotrope carcinogene Wirkung bei 65 verschiedenen N-nitroso-Verbindungen an BD-Ratten. Z. Krebsforsch. 69, 103 (1967).
Druckrey, H., R. Preussmann, S. Ivankovic, C. H. Shmidt, H. D. Mennel, and K. W. Stahl: Selective induc-tion of bladder cancer in rats with dibutyl-and N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)nitrosamine. Z. Krebsforsch. 66, 280 (1964).
Druckrey, H., R. Preussmann , and D. Schmähl: Carcinogenicity and chemical structure of nitrosamines. Acta Union Internat. Contr. Cancer 19, 510 (1963 a).
Druckrey, H., R. Preussmann, and D. Schmähl, and M. Müller; Chemische Konstitution und carcinogene Wirkung bei Nitrosaminen. Naturweiss. 48, 134 (1961).
Druckrey, H., A. Schildbach, D. Schmahl, R. Preussmann, and S. Ivankovic: Quantitative Analyse der carcinogen Wirkung von Diäthylnitrosamin. Arzneim.-Forsch. 13, 841 (1963 b).
Dutton, A. H., and D. F. Heath: Demethylation of dimethylnitrosamine in rats and mice. Nature 178, 644 (1956).
Dymicky, M., J. B. Fox, and A. E. Wasserman: Color formation in cooked and model meat systems with organic and inorganic compounds. J. Food Sci. 40, 306 (1975).
Eisenbrand, G.: Determination of volatile nitrosamines: A review (1973). In B. Krol and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.): Proc. Internat. Symp. on Nitrite in Meat Products, p. 45. Wageningen (1974).
Eisenbrand, G.,and R. Preussmann: Eine neue Methode zur kolorimetrischen Bestimmung von Nitrosaminen nach Spaltung der N-Nitrosogruppe mit Bromwasserstoff in Eisessig. Arzneim.-Forsch. 20, 1513 (1970).
Eisenbrand, G., A. V. Hodenberg, and R. Preussmann: Trace analysis of nitroso compounds. II. Steam distillation at neutral, alkaline and acid pH under reduced and atmospheric pressure. Z. anal. Chem. 251, 22 (1970).
Eisenbrand, G., P. Marquardt, and R. Preussmann: Trace analysis of N-nitroso compounds. I. Liquid-liquid distribution in acetonitrile/heptane as a clean up method. Z. anal. Chem. 247, 54 (1969).
Emmoxs, W. D.: Peroxytrifluoroacetic acid. I. The oxidation of nitrosamines to nitramine. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 76, 3468 (1954).
Ender, F., and L. Ceh: Vorkommen und Bestimmung von Nitrosaminen in Lebensmitteln der menschlichen und tierischen Ernährung. In Alkylierend wirkende Verbindungen, p. 83, 2nd Conf. Tobacco Res., Frieburg (1967).
Ender, F., G. Havre, A. Helgebostad, N. Koppang, R. Madsen, and L. Ceh: Isolation and identification of a hepatotoxic factor in herring meal produced from sodium nitrite preserved herring. Naturweiss 51, 637 (1964).
Epstein, S. S.: In vivo studies on interactions between secondary amines and nitrites or nitrates. In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 109. Internat. Agency for Res. on Cancer, Lyon (1972).
English, F. L.: Polarographic determination of dimethylamine. Anal. Chem. 23, 344 (1951).
Fan, T. Y., and S. R. Tannenbaum: Automatic colorimetric determination of N-nitroso compounds. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19, 1267 (1971).
Fan, T. Y., and S. R. Tannenbaum: Stability of N-nitroso compounds. J. Food Sci. 37, 274 (1972).
Fan, T. Y., and S. R. Tannenbaum: Factors influencing the rate of formation of nitrosomorpholine and nitrite. II. Rate enhancement in frozen solution. J. Agr. Food Chem. 21, 967 (1973).
Farber, E., and P. N. Magee: The probable alkylation of liver ribonucleic acid by the hepatic carcinogens dimethylnitrosamine and ethionine. Biochem. J. 76, 58P (1960).
Fazio, T., J. N. Damico, J. W. Howard, R. H. White, and J. W. Watts: Gas chromatographic determination and mass spectrometric confirmation of Nnitrosodimethylamine in smoke-processed marine fish. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19, 250 (1971 a).
Fazio, T., J. N., J. W. Howard, and R. White: Multidetection method for analysis of volatile nitrosamines in foods. (1971 b). In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 16. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer, Lyon (1972).
Fazio, T., J. N., R. H. White, L. R. Dusold, and J. W. Howard: Nitrosopyrrolidine in cooked bacon. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 56, 919 (1973).
Fazio, T., J. N., R. H. White, L. R. , and J. W. Howard: Analysis of nitrite and/or nitrate processed meats for N-nitrosodimethylamine. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 54, 1157 (1971 c).
Feuer, H.: The chemistry of the nitro and nitroso groups. Part I. New York: Inter science (1969).
Fiddler, W., R. C. Doerr, J. R. Ertel, and A. E. Wasserman: Gas-liquid chromatographic determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine in ham. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 54, 1160 (1971).
Fiddler, W., R. C., J. W. Pensabene, R. C. Doerr, and A. E. Wasserman: Formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine from naturally occurring quaternary ammonium compounds and tertiary amines. Nature 236, 307 (1972 a).
Fiddler, W., R. C., J. W. Pensabene, J. C. Fagan, E. J. Thorne, E. G. Piotrowski, and A. E. Wasserman: The role of lean and adipose tissue on the formation of nitrosopyrrolidine in fried bacon. J. Food Sci. 39, 1070 (1974).
Fiddler, W., R. C., J. W. Pensabene, E. G. Piotrowski, R. C. Doerr, and A. E. Wasserman: Use of sodium ascorbate or erthorbate to inhibit formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in frankfurters. J. Food Sci. 38, 1084 (1973).
Fiddler, W., R. C., , E. G. Piotrowski, J. W. Pensabene, R. C. Doerr, and A. E. Wasserman: Effect of sodium nitrite concentration on N-nitrosodimethylamine formation in frankfurters. J. Food Sci. 37, 668 (1972 b).
Fine, D. H., and F. Rufeh: Description of the thermoluminous analyzer for N-nitroso compounds. In P. Bogovski, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds in the environment, p. 40 Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1975).
Fong, Y. Y., and W. C. Chan: Dimethylnitrosamine in Chinese marine salt fish. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 11, 841 (1973).
Fong, Y. Y., and E. O’F. Walsh: Carcinogenic nitrosamines in Cantonese salt-dried fish.Lancet, p. 1032 (1971).
Fox, J. B., and R. A. Nicholas: Nitrite in meat. Effect of various compounds on loss of nitrite. J. Agr. Food Chem. 22, 302 (1974).
Fridman, A. L., F. M. Mukhametshin, and S. S. Novikov: Advances in the chemistry of aliphatic N-nitrosamines. Russ. Chem. Rev. 40, 34 (1971).
Fudge, R., and R. W. Truman: The nitrate and nitrite contents of meat products—A survey by Public Analysts’ laboratories in South Wales and the South West of England. J. Assoc. Publ. Anal. 11, 19 (1973).
Glazer, J., E. D. Hughes, C. K. Ingold, A. T. James, G. T. Jones, and E. Roberts: Kinetics and mechanism of aromatic nitration. Part VII. Products of nitration of aniline derivatives, especially dimethylaniline The concomitant dealkylation of dialkylanilines. J. Chem. Soc., p. 2657 (1950).
Gough, T. A., and K. Sugden: A study of the stability of a nitrogen-selective thermionic detector. J. Chromatogr. 86, 65 (1973).
Gough, T. A., and K. S. Webb: The use of a molecular separator in the determination of trace constituents by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. 64, 201 (1972).
Gough, T. A., and K. S. Webb: A method for the detection of traces of nitrosamines using combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. 79, 57 (1973).
Gough, T. A., and K. S. Webb: The trace detection of some non-volatile nitrosamines by combined gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr. 95, 59 (1974).
Gray, J. I., and L. R. Dugan: Formation of N-nitrosopyrrolidine from proline and collagen. J. Food Sci. 40, 484 (1975).
Greenberg, R. A., R. B. Tompkin, B. O. Bladel, R. S. Kittaka, and A. Anellis: Incidence of mesophilic Clostridium spores in raw pork, beef and chicken in processing plants in the United States and Canada. Applied Microbiol. 14, 789 (1966).
Greenblatt, M., S. S. Mirvish, and B. T. So: Nitrosamine studies: Induction of lung adenomas by concurrent administration of sodium nitrite and secondary amines in Swiss mice. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 46, 1029 (1971).
Groenen, P. J., and V. J. Feron: Recommendations to work safely with carcinogenic N-nitrosamines. In E. A. Walker (ed.): N-Nitroso compounds newsletter No. 6. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer, p. 1. Lyon (1975).
Gruger, E. H.: Chromatographic analyses of volatile amines in marine fish. J. Agr. Food Chem. 20, 781 (1972).
Haddon, J. P., H. W. Ockerman, V. R. Cahill, N. A. Parrett, and R. J. Borton: Influence of sodium nitrite on the chemical and organoleptic properties of comminuted pork. J. Food Sci. 40, 626 (1975).
Haldane, J. S.: The red colour of salted meat. J. Hyg (London) 1, 115 (1901).
Hall, R. C.: A highly sensitive and selective microelectrolytic conductivity detector for gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 12, 152 (1974).
Halliday, D.: Curing of pig meat. Process Biochem. 2 (7), 48 (1967).
Hawksworth, G. M., and M. J. Hill: Bacteria and the N-nitrosation of secondary amines. Brit. J. Cancer 25, 520 (1971).
Heath, D. F.: The decomposition and toxicity of dialkylnitrosamines in rats. Biochem. J. 85, 72 (1962).
Heath, D. F., and A. H. Dutton: The detection of metabolic products from dimethylni-trosamine in rats and mice. Biochem. J. 70, 619 (1958).
Heath, D. F., and J. A. E. Jarvis: The polarographic determination of dimethylnitrosamine in animal tissue. Analyst 80, 613 (1955).
Heath, D. F., and P. N. Magee: Toxic properties of dialkylnitrosamines and some related compounds. Brit. J. Ind. Med. 19, 276 (1962).
Heisler, E. G., J. Sicilano, S. Krulick, J. Feinberg, and J. H. Schwartz: Changes in nitrate and nitrite content, and search for nitrosamines in storage-abused spinach and beets. J. Agr. Food Chem. 22, 1029 (1974).
Herbert, D. A., and J. D. Felmingham: Canning and freezing. In A. Woollen (ed.): Food Industries Manual, 20th ed., p. 38. London: Leonard Hill (1969).
Hill, M. J., and G. Hawxsworth: Bacterial production of nitrosamines in vitro and in vivo. In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 116. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1972).
Hoffmann, D., G. Rathkamp, and Y. Y. Liu: Chemical studies on tobacco smoke. XXVI. On the isolation and identification of volatile and non-volatile N-nitrosamines and hydrazines in cigarette smoke. In P. Bogovski, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds in the environment, p. 159. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1975).
Hood, D. E.: Pre-slaughter injection of sodium aséorbate as a method of inhibiting metmyoglobin formation in fresh beef. J. Sci. Food Agr. 26, 85 (1975).
Hornstein, I., P. F. Crowe, and W. L. Sulzbacher: Flavour of beef and whale meat. Nature 199, 1252 (1963).
Howard, J. W., T. Fazio, and J. O. Watts: Extraction and gas chromatographic determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine in smoked fish: Application to smoked nitrite-treated chubb. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 53, 269 (1970).
Hughes, E. D., and J. H. Ridd: Nitrosation, diazotisation and deamination. Part V. Catalysis by anions of strong acids in the diazotisation of aniline and o-chloraniline. J. Chem. Soc., p. 82 (1958).
Hultin, T., E. Arrhenius, H. Low, and P. N. Magee: Toxic liver injury. Inhibition by dimethylnitrosamine of incorporation of labelled amino acids into proteins of rat-liver preparations in vitro. Biochem. J. 76, 109 (1960).
Ingram, M.: The microbiological effects of nitrite. In B. Krol and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.): Proc. Internat. Symp. Nitrite in Meat Products, p. 63. Wageningen (1974)
Ivankovic, S., and R. Preussmann: Transplacentare Erzeugung maligner Tumoren nach oraler Gabe von Äthylharnstoff und Nitrit an Ratten. Naturweiss 57, 460 (1970).
Ivankovic, S., R. Preussmann, D. Schmähl, and J. W. Zeller: Prevention by ascorbic acid of in vivo formation of N-nitroso compounds. In P. Bogovski and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds in the environment, p. 101. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1975).
Jacobsen, K. H., H. J. Wheelwright, J. M. Clem, and R. N. Shannon: Studies on the toxicology of N-nitrosodimethylamine vapor. Arch Ind. Health. 12, 617 (1955).
Johnson, E. M., and C. L. Walters: The specificity of the release of nitrite from Nnitrosamines by hydrobromic acid. Anal. Letters 4, 383 (1971).
Johnston, M. A., H. Pivnick, and J. M. Samson: Inhibition of Clostridium botulinum by sodium nitrite in a bacteriological medium and in meat. Can. Inst. Food Technol. J. 2, 52 (1969).
Johnston, T. P., G. S. Mccaleb, P. S. Opliger, W. R. Laster, and J. A. MontGomery: Synthesis of potential anticancer agents. 38. N-Nitrosoureas. 4. Further synthesis and evaluation of haloethyl derivatives. J. Med. Chem. 14, 600 (1971).
Juszkiewicz, T., and B. Kowalski: Passage of nitrosamines from rumen into milk in goats. In P. Bogovski and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds in the environment, p. 173. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1975).
Kadar, R., and O. G. Devik: Pyrazines as interfering substances in the determination of nitrosamines in roasted foods. Acta Chem. Scand. 24, 2943 (1970).
Kamm, J. J., T. Dashman, A. H. Conney, and J. J. Burns: Protective effect of ascorbic acid on hepatotoxicity caused by sodium nitrite plus aminopyrine. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. (WASH.) 70, 743 (1973).
Karasek, F. W., and D. W. Denney: Detection of aliphatic N-nitrosamine compounds by plasma chromatography. Anal. Chem. 46, 1312 (1974).
Kelly, M. G., R. W. O’hara, R. H. Adamson, K. Gadekar, C. C. Botkin, W. H. Reese, and W. T. Kerber: Induction of hepatic cell carcinomas in monkeys with N-nitrosodiethylamine. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 36, 323 (1966).
Kerr, R. H., C. T. N. Marsh, W. F. Schroeder, and E. A. Boyer: The use of sodium nitrite in the curing of meat. J. Agr. Res. 33, 541 (1926)
Klement, U., and A. Schmidpeter: Reactions of nitrosamines with electrophiles. III. Structure of dimethylnitrosamine copper II chloride. Angew. Chem. Intern. Ed. 7, 470 (1968).
N. T. CROSBY
Knowles, M. E., J. Gilbert, and D. J. Mcweeny: Nitrosation of phenols in smoked bacon. Nature 249, 672 (1974).
Komar1k, S. L., D. K. Tressler, and L. Long (eds.): Food products formulary, Vol. 1. Meats, poultry, fish, shellfish, p. i. Westport: AVI (1974).
Koppang, N.: An outbreak of toxic liver injury in ruminants. Nord. Vet.-Med. 16, 305 (1964).
kroes, R., M. J. Van Logten, J. M. Berkvens, T. DE Vries, and G. J. VAN esch: Study on the carcinogenicity of lead arsenate and sodium arsenate and on possible synergistic effects of diethylnitrosamine. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 12, 671 (1974).
Kushnir, I., J. I. Feinberg, J. W. Pensabene, E. G. Piotrowski, W. Fiddler, and A. E. Wasserman: Isolation and identification of nitroso proline in uncooked bacon. J. Food Sci. 40, 427 (1975).
Landmann, W. A., and O. F. Batzer: Influence of processing procedures on the chemistry of meat flavours. J. Agr. Food Chem. 14, 210 (1966).
Lane, R. P., R. H. rice, and M. E. Bailey: Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric determination of N-nitrosodimethylamine formed in synthetic and human gastric juice. J. Agr. Food Chem. 22, 1019 (1974).
Lawrie, R. A.: Meat science, 2nd ed., p. 260. Oxford: Pergamon Press (1974).
Lee, C. Y., R. S. Shallenberger, D. L. Downing, G. S. Stoewsand, and N. M. Peck: Nitrate and nitrite nitrogen in fresh, stored, and processed table beets and spinach from different levels of field nitrogen fertilization. J. Sci. Food Agr. 22, 90 (1971).
Lijinsky, W., and S. S. Epstein: Nitrosamines as environmental carcinogens. Nature 225, 21 (1970).
Lijinsky, W., E. Conrad, and R. VAN DE Bogart: Carcinogenic nitrosamines formed by drug/ nitrite interations. Nature 239, 165 (1972).
Lijinsky, W.,, J. Loo, and A. E. Ross: Mechanism of alkylation of nucleic acids by ni-trosodimethylamine. Nature 218, 1174 (1968).
Lijinsky, W.,, H. W. Taylor, C. Snyder, and P. Nettesheim: Malignant tumours of liver and lung, in rats fed aminopyrine or heptamethyleneimine together with nitrite. Nature 244, 176 (1973).
Logten, M. J. VAN, E. M. DEN Tonkelaar, R. Kroes, J. M. Berkvens, and G. J. VAN Esch: Long-term experiment with canned meat treated with sodium nitrite and glucono-S-lactone in rats. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 10, 475 (1972).
Long, C. (ed.): Biochemists’ handbook, p. 914. London: E. and F. N. Spon Ltd. (1961).
Lund, H.: Electro-organic preparations. III. Polarography and reduction of Nnitrosamines. Acta Chem. Scand. 11, 990 (1957).
Mccance, R. A., and E. M. Widdowson: The composition of foods. Medical Re-search Council Spec. Rept. Ser. No. 297, p. 36. London: HMSO (1960).
Mcclean, W. R., D. L. Stanton, and G. E. Penketh: A quantitative tunable ele-ment selective detector for gas chromatography. Analyst 98, 432 (1973).
Mscornigk, A., M. J. Nicholson, M. A. Baylis, and J. G. Underwood: Nitrosamines in cigarette smoke condensate. Nature 224, 237 (1973).
Mgglashan, N. D., R. L. S. Patterson, and A. A. Williams: N-Nitrosamines and grain-based spirits. Lancet, p. 1138 (1970).
Ma, R. M.: A survey of literature on dimethylnitrosamine and diethylnitrosamine as carcinogens. Federal Drug Authority BY-LINES No. 3, p. 136 (1971).
Magee, P. N.: Toxic liver injury. The metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine. Biochem. J. 64, 676 (1956).
Magee, P. N.: Toxic liver injury. Inhibition of protein synthesis in rat liver by dimethylni-trosamine in vivo. Biochem J. 70, 606 (1958).
Magee, P. N.:In vivo reactions of nitroso compounds. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 163, 717 (1969).
Magee, P. N.:Toxicity of nitrosamines: Their possible human health hazards. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 9, 207 (1971).
Magee, P. N., and J. M. Barnes: The production of malignant primary hepatic tumours in the rat by feeding dimethylnitrosamine. Brit. J. Cancer 10, 114 (1956).
Magee, P. N., and J. M. Barnes:Carcinogenic nitroso compounds. Adv. Cancer Res. 10, 163 (1967).
Magee, P. N., and E. Farber: Toxic liver injury and carcinogenesis. Methylation of rat-liver nucleic acids by dimethylnitrosamine in vivo. Biochem. J. 83, 114 (1962).
Magee, P. N., and T. Hultin: Toxic liver injury and carcinogenesis. Methylation of proteins of rat-liver slices by dimethylnitrosamine in vitro. Biochem. J. 83, 106 (1962).
Magee, P. N., and M. Vandekar: Toxic liver injury. The metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine in vitro. Biochem. J. 70, 600 (1958).
Merson, M. H., J. M. Hughes, V. R. Dowell, A. Taylor, W. H. Barker, and E. J. Gangarosa:Current trends in botulism in the United States. J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 229, 1305 (1974).
Metropolitan Water Board: Annual reports for the years ending 31 March 1964 and 1973. London (1964/73).
Mirna, A., and K. Hofmann: tbcr den Vergleib von Nitrit in Fleischwaren. Fleischwirtschaft 10, 1361 (1969).
Minvrsu, S. S.: Kinetics of dimethylamine nitrosation in relation to nitrosamine carcinogenesis. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 44, 633 (1970).
Minvrsu, S. S.:Kinetics of N-nitrosation reactions in relation to tumorigenesis experiments with nitrites plus amines or ureas. In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 104. Internat. Agency on Cancer. Lyon (1972).
Minvrsu, S. S.: Formation of N-nitroso compounds: Chemistry, kinetics and in vivo occurrence.Toxicol. Applied Pharmacol. 31, 325 (1975).
Minvrsu, S. S., and P. Shubik: Ascorbic acid and nitrosamines. Nature 252, 179 (1974).
Minvrsu, S. S., L. WALLCAVE, M. EAGEN, and P. SHURIK: Ascorbate-nitrite reaction: Possible means of blocking the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. Science 177, 65 (1972).
Mühleh, K.: Bilanz der Bildung des Pokelfarbstoffs in Muskelfleisch. Z. Lebensmitt. u-Forsch. 142, 169 (1970).
Minvrsu, S. S.:Formation of curing pigments by chemical, biochemical or enzymatic reactions. In B. Krol and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.): Proc. Internat. Symp. on Nitrite in Meat Products, p. 13. Wageningen (1974).
Montesano, R., and P. N. Magee: Metabolism of dimethylnitrosamine by human liver slices in vitro. Nature 228, 173 (1970).
Montesano, R., and P. N. Magee:Evidence of formation of N-methyl-N-nitrosourea in rats given N-methylurea and sodium nitrite. Internat. J. Cancer 7, 249 (1971).
Montesano, R., and P. N. Magee: Comparative metabolism in vitro of nitrosamines in various animal species including man. In R. Montesano and L. Tomatis (eds.): Chemical carcinogesis essays, p. 39. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer Lyon (1974 a and b, p. 50).
Montesano, R., and U. Saffiorri: Carcinogenic response of the respiratory tract of Syrian golden hamsters to different doses of diethylamine. Cancer Res. 28, 2197 (1968).
Mottram, D. S., and D. N. Rhodes: Nitrite and the flavour of cured meat. In B. Krol, and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.): Proc. Internat. Symp. on Nitrite in Meat Products, p. 161. Wageningen (1974).
Mottram, D. S., R. L. S. Patterson, D. N. Rhodes, and T. A. Gough: Influence of ascorbic acid and pH on the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine in cured pork containing added dimethylamine. J. Sci. Food Agr. 26, 47 (1975).
Neurath, G. B.: Nitrosamine formation from precursors in tobacco smoke. In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 134, Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1972).
Neurath, G. B., and E. Doerk: Identifizierung und quantitative Bestimmung einzelner primäner und sekundärer Amine aus Gemischen als 4’-nitroazobenzol-carbonsäure- (4)amide. Chem. Ber. 97, 172 (1964).
Neurath, G. B., and O. Schreiber: Investigations on amines in the human environment In P. Bogovski and E. A. Walker (eds.).: N-Nitroso compounds in the environment, p. 211. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1975).
Neurath, G. B., B. Pirmann, and M. DI Nger: Identifizierung von N-Nitrosoverbindungen und asymmetrischen Hydrazinen als 5-Nitro-2-hydroxy-benzal-derivate und Anwendung im Mikromassstab. Chem. Ber. 97, 1631 (1964).
Norman, V., and C. Keith: Nitrogen oxides in tobacco smoke. Nature 205, 915 (1965).
O’keefe, J. A.: In Bell and O’Keefe’s (ed.): Sale of food and drugs, 14th ed., p. 1. London: Butterworth (1968).
Olsman, W. J.: About the mechanism of nitrite loss during storage of cooked meat products. In B. Krol and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.): Proc. Internat. Symp. on Nitrite in Meat Products, p. 129. Wageningen (1974).
Olson, O. E., D. L. Nelson, and R. J. Emerick: Effect of nitrate and some of its reduction products on carotene stability. J. Agr. Food Chem. 11, 140 (1963).
Osborne, D. R.: Use of vacuum distillation and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for the detection of low levels of volatile nitrosamines in food. In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 43. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1972).
Palframan, J. F., J. Macnab, and N. T. Crosby: An evaluation of the alkali flame ionisation detector and the Coulson electrolytic conductivity detector in the analysis of N-nitrosamines in foods. J. Chromatogr. 76, 307 (1973).
Patterson, R. L. S., and D. S. Mottram: The occurrence of volatile amines in uncured and cured pork meat and their possible role in nitrosamine formation in bacon. J. Sci. Food Agr. 25, 1419 (1974).
Pensabene, J. W., W. Fiddler, C. J. Dooley, R. C. Doerr, and A. E. Wasserman: Spectral and gas chromatographic characteristics of some N-nitrosamines. J. Agr. Food Chem. 20, 274 (1972).
Pensabene, J. W., W. Fiddler, R. A. Gates, J. C. Fagan, and A. E. Wasserman: Effect of frying and other cooking conditions on nitrosopyrrolidine formation in bacon. J. Food Sci. 39, 314 (1974).
Perigo, J. A., E. Whiting, and T. Bashford: Observations on the inhibition of vegetative cells of Clostridium sporogenes by nitrite which has been autoclaved in a laboratory medium discussed in the context of sub-lethally processed cured meats. J. Food Technol. 2, 377 (1967).
Phillips, W. E. J.: Changes in the nitrate and nitrite contents of fresh and processed spinach during storage. J. Agr. Food Chem. 16, 88 (1968).
Pivnick, H., and P. C. Chang: Perigo effect in pork. In B. Krol and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.): Proc. Internat. Symp. on Nitrite in Meat Products, p. 111. Wageningen (1974).
Preussmann, R.: On the significance of N-nitroso compounds as carcinogens and on problems related to their chemical analysis. In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 6. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1972).
Preussmann, R., G. Neurath, G. Wulf-Lorentzen, D. Daiber, and H. Hengy: Anfärbemetho-den und Dünnschicht-chromatographie von organischen N-Nitrosoverbindungen. Z. anal. Chem. 202, 187 (1964).
Rademacher, P., R. Stoelevik, and W. Luettke: Structure of nitroso-and ni-trodimethylamine. Angew. Chem. Internat. Ed. (Engl.) 7, 806 (1968).
Reay, G. A., and J. M. Shewan: The spoilage of fish and its preservation by chilling. Adv. Food Res. 2, 343 (1949).
Rhoades, J. W., and D. E. Johnson: Gas chromatography and selective detection of N-nitrosamines. J. Chromatogr. Sci. 8, 616 (1970).
Ridd, J. H.: Nitrosation, diazotisation and deamination. Q. Rev. Chem. Soc. 15, 418 (1961).
Roberts, T. A.: Inhibition of bacterial growth on model systems in relation to the stability and safety of cured meats. In B. Krol and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.): Proc. Internat. Symp. Nitrite in Meat Products, p. 91. Wageningen (1974).
Rubin, A. A., L. Zitowitz, and L. Hausker: Acute circulatory effects of diazoxide and sodium nitrite. J. Pharmacol. Expt. Therap. 140, 46 (1963).
Sakshaug, J. E. Sognen, M. A. Hansen, and N. Koppang: Dimethylnitrosamine: Its hepatotoxic effect in sheep and its occurrence in toxic batches of herring meal. Nature 206, 1261 (1965).
Saltzman, B. E.: Colorimetric microdetermination of nitrogen dioxide in the atmosphere. Anal. Chem. 26, 1949 (1954).
Sander, J.: Kann Nitrit in der menschlichen Nahrung Ursache einer Krebsentstehung durch Nitrosaminbildung sein? Arch. Hyg. Bakt. 151, 22 (1967 a).
Sander, J.: Detection of nitrosamines. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 348, 852 (1967 b).
Sander, J.: Nitrosaminsynthese durch Bakterien. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Chem. 349, 429 (1968).
Sander, J., and F. Schweinsberg: In vivo and in vitro experiments on the formation of N-nitroso compounds from amines or amides and nitrate or nitrite (1971). In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 97, Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1972).
Sander, J., F. Schweinsberg:, and H. P. MENZ: Untersuchungen über die Entstehung cancerogener Nitrosamine im Magen. Hoppe-Seyler’s Z. Physiol. Cheng. 349, 1691 (1968).
Sasby, M. J.: Mass spectrometry of volatile derivatives. V. N-Dialkyl nitrosamines. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 55, 9 (1972).
Schmähl, D., and II. Osswald: Carcinogenesis in different animal species by diethylnitrosamine. Experientia 23, 497 (1967).
Schroll, G., R. G. Cooks, P. Klemmensen, and S. O. Lawesson: The mass spectra of nitroso compounds. Ark. Kemi 28, 413 (1968).
Sebranek, J. G., R. G. Cassens, and W. G. Hoekstra: Fate of added nitrite. In B. Krol and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.): Proc. Internat. Symposium on Nitrite in Meat Products, p. 139. Wageningen (1974).
Seiler, N., and J. Wiechmann: Zur Chromatographie einiger 1-Dimethylaminonaphthalin-5-sulfonyl-derivate auf Kieselgel G-Schichten. J. Chromatogr. 28, 351 (1967).
Sen, N. P.: Gas-Liquid chromatographic determination of dimethylnitrosamine as dimethylnitramine at picogram levels. J. Chromatogr. 53, 301 (1970).
Sen, N. P.: Multi-detection methods for determining volatile nitrosamines in foods. In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 25. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1972).
Sen, N. P.: In I. E Liener (ed.): Toxic constituents of animal foodstuffs, p. 132. London: Academic Press (1974).
Sen, N. P., and C. DalpÉ: A simple thin-layer chromatographic technique for the semi-quantitative determination of volatile nitrosamines in alcoholic beverages. Analyst 97, 216 (1972).
Sen, N. P., B. Donaldson, C. Chabbonneau, and W. F. Miles: Effect of additives on the formation of nitrosamines in meat curing mixtures containing spices and nitrite. J. Agr. Food Chem. 22, 1125 (1974 a).
Sen, N. P., J. R. Iyengar, B. A. Donaldson, and T. Panalaks: Effect of sodium nitrite concentration on the formation of nitrosopyrrolidine and dimethylnitrosamine in fried bacon. J. Agr. Food Chem. 22, 540 (1974 b).
Sen, N. P., W. F. Miles, B. Donaldson, T. Panalaks, and J. R. Iyengar: Formation of nitrosamines in a meat curing mixture. Nature 245, 104 (1973).
Sen, N. P., D. C. Smith, L. Schwinchasier, and J. J. Marleau: Diethylnitrosamine and other N-nitrosamines in foods. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chemists 52, 47 (1969).
Shank, R. C., and P. M. Newberne: Nitrite-morpholiné induced hepatomas. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 10, 887 (1972).
Sidgwick, N. V.: The organic chemistry of nitrogen, 3rd ed., rev. by I. T. Millar and H. D. Springall, pp. 339 and 592. Oxford: Clarendon Press (1966).
Sinclair, K. B., and D. I. H. Jones: Nitrate toxicity in sheep. J. Sci. Food Agr. 15, 717 (1964).
Skaare, J. U., and H. K. Dahle: Gas chromatographic determination and mass spectrometric confirmation of N-nitrisodimethylamine in fish meal. J. Chromatogr. 111, 426 (1975).
Smales, A. A., and H. N. Wilson: Determination of small amounts of dimethylamine in aqueous solutions containing ammonia, mono-and trimethylamine. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 67, 210 (1948).
Smith, P. A. S.: The chemistry of open-chain organic nitrogen compounds. Vol. II: N-Nitroso compounds, p. 470. New York: W. A. Benjamin (1966).
Smith, P. A. S., and R. N. Loeppky: Nitrosative cleavage of tertiary amines. J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 89, 1147 (1967).
Spencer, R.: Processing factors affecting stability and safety of non-sterile canned cured meats. Food Manufacturer 41, 39 (March, 1966 ).
Spencer, R.,A study of the factors affecting the quality and shelf life of vacuum packaged bacon, and of the behavior of Wiltshire cured bacon, packed and stored under controlled conditions. The British Food Manufacturing Industries Research Association, R.s. Rept. No. 136 (1967).
Stewart, B. W., and P. N. Magee: Metabolism and some biochemical effects of Nnitrosomorpholine. Biochem. J. 126, 21P (1972).
Stewart, F. H. C.: The chemistry of the sydnones. Chen. Rev. 64, 129 (1964).
Stieglitz, E. J., and A. E. Palmer: A colorimetric method for the determination of nitrite in blood. J. Pharmacol. Expt. Therap. 51, 398 (1934).
Swann, P. F., and P. N. Magee: Nitrosamine induced carcinogenesis. The alkylation of nucleic acids of the rat by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, dimethylnitrosamine, dimethyl sulphate and methyl methane sulphonate. Biochem. J. 110, 3 (1968).
Tannenbaum, S. R., A. J. Sinskey, M. Weisman, and W. Bishop: Nitrite in human saliva. Its possible relationship to nitrosamine formation. J. Nat. Cancer Inst. 53, 79 (1974).
Telling, G. M.: A Gas-liquid chromatographic procedure for the detection of volatile N-nitrosamines at the ten parts per billion level in foodstuffs after conversion to the corresponding nitramines. J. Chromatogr. 73, 79 (1972).
Telling, G. M., T. A. Bryce, and J. Althorpe: Use of vacuum distillation and gas chromatog-raphy-mass spectrometry for determination of low levels of volatile nitrosamines in meat products. J. Agr. Food Chem. 19, 937 (1971).
Telling, G. M., T. A. Bryce,, D. Hoar, D. Osborne, and D. Welti: Progress in the analysis of volatile N-nitroso compounds. In P. Bogovski and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso com- pounds in the environment, p. 12. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1975).
Terracini, B., P. N. Magee, and J. M. Barnes: Hepatic pathology in rats on low dietary levels of dimethylnitrosamine. Brit. J. Cancer 21, 55 (1967).
Thomson, W. A. R.: In Black’s Medical Dictionary, 23rd ed., p. 131. London: Adam & Charles Black (1958).
ThorburnBurns, D., and G. V. Alliston: Some studies on the photolytic decomposition stage in the estimation of N-nitrosamines. J. Food Technol. 6, 433 (1971).
Tinbergen, B. J.: Low-molecular meat fractions active in nitrite reduction. In B. Krol and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.): Proc. Internat. Symp. on Nitrite in Meat Products, p. 29. Wageningen (1974).
Tolstikov, G. A., U. M. Jemilev, V. P. Jurjev, F. B. Gershanov, and S. R. Rafikov: Hydroperoxide oxidation of some nitrogen-containing compounds catalysed by metals. Tetrahedron Letters No. 30, 2807 (1971).
Tomiyasu, Y., and B. Zenitani: Spoilage of fish and its preservation by chemical agents. Adv. Food Res. 7, 41 (1957).
United Kingdom: The preservatives in food regulations. S.I. No. 1119. London: HMSO (1974).
United Kingdom The public health (preservatives, etc. in food) regulations, S.R. & O No. 775. London: HMSO (1925).
Villa-Trevino, S.: A possible mechanism of inhibition of protein synthesis by dimethylnitrosamine. Biochem. J. 105, 625 (1967).
Vogel, A. I.: A text book of practical organic chemistry including qualitative organic analysis, 3rd ed., p. 426. London: Longman (1956).
Walker, E. A., and M. Castegnaro: A report on the present status of a collaborative study of methods for the trace analysis of volatile nitrosamines. In P. Bogovski and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds in the environment, p. 57. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1975).
Walle, T., and FI. Ehrsson: Quantitative gas chromatographic determination of picogram quantities of amino and alcoholic compounds by electron capture detection. Acta Pharm. Suec. 7, 389 (1970).
Walters, C. L.: The detection and estimation of trace amounts of N-nitrosamines in a food matrix. Lab. Pract. 20, 574 (1970).
Walters, C. L., D. G. Fueggle, and T. G. Lunt: The determination of total nonvolatile nitrosamines in microgram amounts. In P. Bogovski and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds in the environment, p. 22. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1975).
Walters, C. L., E. M. Johinson, and N. Ray: Separation and detection of volatile and non-volatile N-nitrosamines. Analyst 95, 485 (1970).
Wasserman, A. E.: A survey of analytical procedures for nitrosamines. In P. Bogovski, R. Preussmann, and E. A. Walker (eds.): N-Nitroso compounds analysis and formation, p. 10. Internat. Agency Res. on Cancer. Lyon (1972).
Wasserman, A. E.:Nitrite and the flavour of cured meat. In B. Krol and B. J. Tinbergen (eds.):Proc. Internat. Symp. on Nitrite in Meat Products, p. 173. Wageningen (1974).
Wasserman, A. E., and C. N. Huhtanen: Nitrosamines and the inhibition of Clostridia in medium heated with sodium nitrite. J. Food Sci. 37, 785 (1972).
Wasserman, A. E., W. Fiddler, R. C, Doerr, S. F. Osman, and C. J. Dooley: Dimethylnitrosa-mine in frankfurters. Food Cosmet. Toxicol. 10, 681, (1972).
Wick, E. L., E. Underriner, and E. Paneras: Volatile constituents of fish protein concentrate. J. Food Sci. 32, 365 (1967).
Woolford, G., R. J. Casselden, and C. L. Walters: Gaseous products of the interaction of sodium nitrite with porcine skeletal muscle. Biochem. J. 130, 82P (1972).
World Health Organisation: International standards for drinking water, 3rd ed., p. 36. Geneva: W.H.O. (1971).
Westlake, W. E., and F. A. Gunther: Advances in gas chromatographic detectors illustrated from application to pesticide residue evaluation. Residue Reviews 18, 175 (1967).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1976 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Crosby, N.T. (1976). Nitrosamines in foodstuffs. In: Gunther, F.A., Gunther, J.D. (eds) Residue Reviews. Residue Reviews, vol 64. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7059-8_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-7059-8_4
Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-7061-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-7059-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive