Abstract
Liquid 4He is one of the most intensively studied systems in the history of physics. The weak attractive forces between the atoms and their large zero point motion combine to stabilize the liquid phase of helium under its saturated vapor pressure even at absolute zero. The effects of the Bose statistics of the helium atoms are important in the liquid, and at a sufficiently low temperature liquid 4He undergoes a second order phase transition to a superfluid phase. The efforts over many decades to understand the superfluidity of liquid 4He have produced innovative ideas and techniques of broad significance in both theory and experiment. Today liquid helium enjoys a unique status as a model system for the study of several aspects of many body physics. Ironically, it has attained this status despite the fact that a detailed microscopic theory of the liquid does not exist. A glance at the current state of our understanding of one of the simplest properties of liquid 4He, its momentum distribution, will serve to bring this irony into focus.
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Sokol, P.E., Snow, W.M. (1991). Momentum Distributions in Liquid Helium. In: Wyatt, A.F.G., Lauter, H.J. (eds) Excitations in Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Quantum Fluids. NATO ASI Series, vol 257. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5937-1_4
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