Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Cigarette Smoking and Endothelial Injury: A Review

  • Chapter
Tobacco Smoking and Atherosclerosis

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 273))

Abstract

There is overwhelming epidemiological evidence that an association exists between cigarette smoking and cardiovascular disease, in particular atherosclerosis (Auerbach et al., 1965, 1976; Auerbach and Garfinkel 1980; Dawber et al., 1959; Doll and Peto, 1976; Eastcott, 1962; Kannel et al., 1976; Laing et al., 1981; Murphy and Mustard, 1966; Sackett et al., 1968; Spain and Bradess, 1970; Strong and Richards, 1976). Despite these considerable epidemiological data, the component or components of cigarette smoke responsible for this relationship and the mechanisms through which they mediate their effects remain unknown.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ahlsten, G., Ewald, U., and Tuvemo, T., 1986, Maternal smoking reduces prostacyclin formation in human umbilical arteries, A study on strictly selected pregnancies, Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 65:645.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, D.R., Browse, N.L., Rutt, D.L., Butler, L., and Fletcher, C., 1988, The effect of cigarette smoke, nicotine, and carbon monoxide on the permeability of the arterial wall, J. Vasc. Surg., 7:139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alster, P., and Wennmalm, A., 1983, Effect of nicotine on prostacyclin formation in rat aorta, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 86:441.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alster, P., and Wennmalm, A., 1984, Effect of nicotine on the formation of prostacyclin-like activity and thromboxane in rabbit aorta and platelets, Br. J. Pharmacol, 81:55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alster, P., Brandt, R., Koul, B.L., Nowak, J., and Sonnenfeld, D.T., 1986, Effect of nicotine on prostacyclin formation in human endocardium in vitro, Gen. Pharmacol, 17, 441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, A.K., Davies, R.F., and Turner, D.M., 1976, The effects of carbon monoxide on the development of atherosclerosis in the white carneau pigeon, Atherosclerosis, 23:333.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asmussen, I., 1977, Ultrastructure of the human placenta at term. Observations on placentas from newborn children of smoking and nonsmoking mothers, Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 56:119.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asmussen, I., 1978a, Ultrastructure of human umbilical veins. Observations on veins from newborn children of smoking and nonsmoking mothers, Acta. Obstet. Gynecol. Scand., 57:253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asmussen, I., 1978b, Arterial changes in infants of smoking mothers, Postgrad. Med. J., 54:200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asmussen, I., 1980, Ultrastructure of the villi and fetal capillaries in the placentas delivered by smoking and nonsmoking mothers, Br. J. Obstet., 87:239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asmussen, I., 1982a, Chromatin changes of endothelial cells in umbilical arteries in smokers, Clin. Cardiol., 5:653.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asmussen, I., 1982b, Ultrastructure of the umbilical arteries from new-born smoking and nonsmoking mothers, Acta. Path. Scand., 90:375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asmussen, I., 1982c, Ultrastructure of the umbilical artery from a newborn delivered at term by a mother who smoked 80 cigarettes per day, Acta Path. Scand., 90:397.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asmussen, I., 1984, Mitochondrial proliferation in endothelium. Observations on umbilical arteries from newborn children of smoking mothers, Atherosclerosis, 50:203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Asmussen, I., and Kjeldsen., K., 1975, Intima; ultrastructure from newborn children of smoking and non-smoking mothers, Circ. Res., 36:577.

    Google Scholar 

  • Astrup, P., 1972, Some physiological and pathological effects of moderate carbon monoxide exposure, Br. Med. J., 4:447.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Astrup, P., and Kjeldsen, K., 1973, Carbon Monoxide, smoking and atherosclerosis, Med. Clins. N. Amer., 58:323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach, O., Carter, H.W., Garfinkel, L., and Hammond, E.C.,1976, Cigarette smoking and coronary artery disease: A macroscopic and microscopic study, Chest, 70:697.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach, O., and Garfinkel, L., 1980, Atherosclerosis and aneurysm of the aorta in relation to smoking habit and age, Chest, 78:805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auerbach, O., Hammond, E.C., and Garfinkel, L., 1965, Smoking in relation to atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries, New Engl. J. Med., 273:775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Balint, G.A., and Varro, V., 1986, The effect of cigarette smoke on gastrointestinal mucosal endogenous prostacyclin level (experimental and clinical observations), Agents Actions, 19:224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bazin, M., Turcotte, H., Lagace, R., and Boutet, M., 1981, Effects cardiovasculaires de la fumee de cigarette chez le rat. Etude de la permeabilite endotheliale aortique et capillaire myocardique chez le rat, Rev. Can. Biol., 40:263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blaes, N. Piovella, F., Samaden, A., Boutherin-Falson, O., and Ricetti, M., 1986, Nicotine alters fibronectin and factor VIII/vWF in human vascular endothelial cells, Br. J. Haematol., 64:675.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blow. C.M., 1988, Mesothelium as a non-thrombogenic surface, in, “Platelet-Vessel Wall Interactions,” R.M. Pittilo and S.J. Machin, eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booyse, F.M., Osikowicz, G., and Quarfoot, A.J., 1981a, Effects of chronic oral consumption of nicotine on the rabbit aortic endothelium, Am. J. Pathol., 102:229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booyse, F.M., Osikowicz, G., and Radek, J., 1981b, Effect of nicotine on cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells, Thromb. Res., 23:169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bull, H.A., 1988, The use of cultured endothelial cells in the study of platelet-vessel wall interactions, in, “Platelet-Vessel Wall Interactions,” R.M. Pittilo and S.J. Machin, eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bull, H.A., Pittilo, R.M., Blow, D.J., Blow, C.M., Rowles, P.M., Woolf, N., and Machin, S.J., 1985, The effects of nicotine on PGI2 production by rat aortic endothelium, Thromb. Haemostas., 54:472.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bull, H.A., Pittilo, R.M., Woolf, N., and Machin, S.J., 1988, The effect of nicotine on human endothelial cell release of prostaglandins and ultrastructure, Br. J. exp. Path., 69:413.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Busacca, M., Balconi, G., Pietra, A., et al., 1984, Maternal smoking and prostacyclin production by cultured endothelial cells, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 148:1127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bylock, A., Bondjers, G., Jansson, I., and Hansson, H.A., 1979, Surface ultrastructure of human arteries with special reference to the effects of smoking, Acta. Path. Microbiol. Scand. Sect. A, 87:201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clarke, J.M.F., Pittilo, R.M., Machin, S.J. and Woolf, N., 1984, A study of the possible role of mesothelium as a surface for flowing blood, Thromb. Haemostas., 51:57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Csonka, E., Somogyi, A., Augustin, J., Haberbosch, W., Schettler, G., and Jellinek, H., 1985, The effect of nicotine on cultured cells of vascular origin, Virchows Arch (pathol anat), 407:441.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dadak, C, Leithner, C, Sinzinger, H., and Silberbauer, K., 1981, Diminished prostacyclin formation in umbilical arteries of babies born to women who smoke, Lancet, 1, 94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawber, T.R., Kannel, W.B., Revotskie, N., Stokes, J., Kagan, A., and Gordon, T., 1959, Some factors associated with the development of coronary heart disease: Six years follow-up experience in the Framingham study, Am. J. Pub. Health., 4:1349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doll, R., and Peto, R., 1976, Mortality in relation to smoking: 20 years observations on male British doctors, Br. Med. J., 4:1525.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eastcott, H.H.G., 1962, Rarity of lower limb ischaemia in nonsmokers, Lancet, 2:1117.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Effeney, D.J., 1987, Prostacyclin production by the heart: effect of nicotine and carbon monoxide, J. Vasc. Surg., 5:237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, R., Clark, S.A., Day, W.A. and Murray, F.E.M., 1988, Nicotine decreases the porosity of the rat liver sieve: a possible mechanism for hypercholesterolaemia, Br. J. exp. Path., 69:345.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glavind, J., Hartmann, F., Clemmensen, J., Jessen, K.E., and Dam, H., 1952, Studies on the role of lipoperoxides in human pathology. II. The presence of peroxidized lipids in the atherosclerotic aorta, Acta Path. Scand., 30:1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haust, M.D., 1971, The morphogenesis and fate of potential and early atherosclerotic lesions in man, Hum. Pathol., 2:1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hladovek, J., 1978, Endothelial injury by nicotine and its prevention, Experientia, 34:1585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hollweg, H.G., and Buss, H., 1980, Problems with the preparation of blood vessels for scanning electron microscopy. A critical review., Scanning, 3:3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hugod, C, Hawkins, L.H., Kjeldsen, K., Thomsen, H.K., and Astrup, P., 1978, Effect of carbon monoxide exposure on aortic and coronary intimai morphology in the rabbit, Atherosclerosis, 30:333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeremy, J.Y., Mikhailidis, A.M., and Dandona, P., 1985a, Cigarette smoke extracts, but not nicotine, inhibit prostacyclin (PGI2) synthesis in human, rabbit and rat vascular tissue, Prostaglandins Leukot. Med., 19:261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeremy, J.Y., Mikhailidis, A.M., and Dandona, P., 1985b, Cigarette smoke extracts inhibit prostacyclin synthesis by the rat urinary bladder, BR. J. Cancer, 51:837.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jeremy, J.Y., Mikhailidis, A.M., Thompson, C.S. and Dandona, P., 1986, The effect of cigarette smoke and diabetes mellitus on muscarinic stimulation of prostacyclin by the rat penis, Diabetes Res., 3:467.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kannel, W.B., McGee, D. and Gordon, T., 1976, A general cardiovascular risk profile — The Framingham Study, Am. J. Cardiol., 38:4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kjeldsen, K., Astrup, P., and Wanstrup, J., 1972, Ultrastructural intimai changes in the rabbit aorta after a moderate carbon monoxide exposure, Atherosclerosis, 16:67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laing, S.P., Greenhalgh, R.M. and Taylor, G.W., 1981, The prevalence of cigarette smoking in patients with arterial disease, in: “Smoking and Arterial Disease,” R.M. Greenhalgh, ed., Pitman Medical, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levene, C.I., Bartlet, C.P., Fornieri, C., and Heale, G., 1985, Effect of hypoxia and carbon monoxide on collagen synthesis in cultured porcine and bovine aortic endothelium, Br. J. exp. Pathol., 66:399.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubawy, W.C., Culpepper, B.T., and Valentovic, M.A., 1986, Alterations in prostacyclin and thromboxane formation by chronic cigarette smoke exposure: temporal relationships and whole smoke vs. gas phase, J. Appl. Toxicol., 6:77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, M., and Hess, H., 1981, Acute effects of low carbon monoxide concentrations on blood rheology, platelet function, and the arterial wall in the minipig, Res. Exp. Med., 178:201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mileikowsky, G.N., Nadler, J.L., Huey, F., Francis, R., and Roy, S., 1988, Evidence that smoking alters prostacyclin formation and platelet aggregation in women who use oral contraceptives, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 159:1547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, E.A,, and Mustard, J.F., 1966, Tobacco and Thrombosis, Am. J. Pub. Health, 56:1061.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nadler, J.L., Velasco, J.S., and Horton, R., 1983, Cigarette smoking inhibits prostacyclin production, Lancet, i:1248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama, T., Kodama, M., and Nagata, C., 1984, Generation of hydrogen peroxide and superoxoide anion radical from cigarette smoke, Gann, 75:95.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nicholson, L.J., Clarke, J.M.F., Pittilo, R.M., Machin, S.J., and Woolf, N., 1984, The mesothelial cell as a non-thrombogenic surface, Thromb. Haemostas., 52:102.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noronha-Dutra, A.,A., and Steen, E.M., 1982, Lipid peroxidation as a mechanism of injury in cardiac myocytes, Lab. Invest., 47:346.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petty, R.G., and Pearson, J.D., 1989, Endothelium — the axis of vascular health and disease, J. Royal. Coll. Phys., 23:92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pittilo, R.M., Clarke, J.M.F., Harris, D., Mackie, I.J., Rowles, P.M., Machin, S.J., and Woolf, N., 1984, Cigarette smoking and platelet adhesion, Brit. J. Haematol., 58:627.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pittilo, R.M., Mackie, I.J., Rowles, P.M., Machin, S.J., and Woolf, N., 1982. Effects of cigarette smoking on the ultrastructure of rat thoracic aorta and its ability to produce prostacyclin, Thromb. Haemostas., 48:173.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pittilo, R.M., Nicholson, L. J., Clarke, J.M.F., Blow. C.M., and Woolf, N., 1985, Cigarette smoke-induced injury of peritoneal mesothelial cells, Br. J. Exp. Path., 65:365.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pittilo, R.M., 1988a, Endothelium and the vessel wall, in, “Platelet-Vessel Wall Interactions,”, R.M. Pittilo and S.J. Machin, eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pittilo, R.M., 1988b, Smoking and platelet-vessel wall interactions, in, “Platelet-Vessel Wall Interactions,”, R.M. Pittilo and S.J. Machin, eds., Springer-Verlag, Berlin.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Pittilo, R.M., and Bull, H.A., 1988, The effects of nicotine on endothelial morphology and prostacyclin production, in, “The Pharmacology of Nicotine,”M. Rand, K. Tharau, IRL Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pomerantz, K.B., Hajjar, D.P., 1989, Eicosanoids in regulation of arterial smooth muscle cell phenotype, proliferative capacity, and cholesterol metabolism, Arteriosclerosis, 9:413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reidy, M.A., 1985, Biology of disease. A reassessment of endothelial injury and arterial lesion formation, Lab. Invest., 53:513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reidy, M.A. and Schwartz, S.M., 1983, Endothelial injury and regeneration. IV. Endotoxin: a non-denuding injury to aortic endothelium, Lab. Invest., 48:25.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reidy, M.A. and Schwartz, S.M., 1984, Recent advances in molecular pathology: arterial endothelium — assessment of in vivo injury, Exp. Mol. Pathol., 41:419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reinders, J.H., Brinkman, H.J.M., van Mourik, J.A., and de Groot, P,G., 1986, Cigarette smoke impairs endothelial cell prostacyclin production, Arteriosclerosis,, 6:15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberge, S., Bazin, M., and Boutet, M., 1983, Endothelial cell modifications in rat thoracic aorta. Effects of ovariectomy and cigarette smoke, Experientia, 39:72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ross, R. 1986, The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis — an update, New Engl. J. Med., 314:488.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sackett, D.L., Gibson, R.W., Bross, I.D.J., and Ickren, J.W., 1968, Relation between aortic atherosclerosis and the use of cigarettes and alcohol, New Engl. J. Med., 279:1413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, A.J., Culpepper, B.T., and Lubawy, W.C., 1987, Alterations in prostacyclin and thromboxane formation following chronic exposure to high and low nicotine cigarettes in rats, Artery, 14:216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherratt, A.J., Culpepper, B.T., and Lubawy, W.C., 1988, Prostacyclin and thromboxane formation following chronic exposure to cigarette smoke condensate administered via osmotic pumps in rats. A method for chronic administration of particulates of whole smoke, J. Pharmacol. Methods, 20:47.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sieffert, G.F., Keown, K., and Moore, W.S., 1981, Pathologic effect of tobacco smoke inhalation on arterial intima, Surgical Forum, 32:333.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonnfield, T., and Wennmalm, A., 1980, Inhibition by nicotine of the formation of prostacyclin-like activity in rabbit and human vascular tissue, Br. J. Pharmacol., 71:609.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spain, D.M., Bradess, V.A., 1970, Sudden death from coronary heart disease: Survival time, frequency of thrombi, and cigarette smoking, Chest, 58:107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoel, I., Giessen, W.J. vd, Wolsman, E., Verbeugt, F.W.A., Ten Hoor, F., Quadt, F.J.A., and Hugenholtz, P.G., 1982, Effect of nicotine on production of prostacyclin in human umbilical artery, Br. Heart J., 48: 493.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staubesand, J., Hugod, C, Mau, G., and Seydewitz, V., 1984, Intimal ultrastructural morphology of umbilical cord vasculature in babies born to cigarette smoking mothers. Vasa, 13:138.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strong, J.P., and Richards, M.L., 1976, Cigarette smoking and atherosclerosis in autopsied men, Atherosclerosis, 23:451.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toivanen, J., Ylikorkala, O., and Viinikka, L., 1986, Effects of smoking and nicotine on human prostacyclin and thromboxane production in vivo and in vitro, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 82:301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, H.K., 1974, Carbon monoxide induced atherosclerosis in primates — an electron microscopic study on the coronary arteries of Macaca irus monkeys, Atherosclerosis, 20:233.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van der Veen, F., and Fox, H., 1982, The effects of cigarette smoking on the human placenta: a light and electron microscopic study, Placenta, 3:243.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Webster, W.S., Clarkson, T.B., and Lofland, H.B., 1970, Carbon monoxide-aggravated atherosclerosis in the squirrel monkey, Exp Molec Pathol, 13:36.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wennmalm, A., 1978a, Nicotine inhibits release of 6-keto prostaglandin F1 from isolated perfused rabbit heart, Acta Physiol. Scand., 103:107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wennmalm, A., 1978b, Effects of nicotine on cardiac prostaglandin and platelet thromboxane synthesis, Br. J. Pharmac., 64:559.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wennmalm, A., 1980, Nicotine inhibits hypoxia and arachidonic acid induced release of prostacyclin-like activity in rabbit hearts, Br. J. Pharmacol., 69:545.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wennmalm, A., 1982, Interaction of nicotine and prostaglandins in the cardiovascular system, Prostaglandins, 23:139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, N., and Wilson-Holt, N., 1981, Cigarette smoking and atherosclerosis, in: “Smoking and Arterial Disease”, R.M. Greenhalgh, ed., Pitman Medical, Bath, England.

    Google Scholar 

  • Woolf, N., 1987, The pathology of atherosclerosis with particular reference to the effects of hyperlipidaemia, Eur. Heart J., 8:3.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ylikorkala, O, Viinikka, L., and Lehtovirta, P., 1985, Effect of nicotine on fetal prostacyclin and thromboxane in humans, Obstet. Gynecol., 66:102.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, M., and McGeachie, J., 1987, The effect of nicotine on aortic endothelium. A quantitative ultrastructural study, Atherosclerosis, 63:33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Life Sciences, Kingston Polytechnic, Penrhyn Road, Kingston upon Thames, Surrey, KT1 2EE, UK

    R. Michael Pittilo

Authors
  1. R. Michael Pittilo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Tobacco and Health Research Institute, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA

    John N. Diana

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Michael Pittilo, R. (1990). Cigarette Smoking and Endothelial Injury: A Review. In: Diana, J.N. (eds) Tobacco Smoking and Atherosclerosis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 273. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5829-9_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5829-9_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5831-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5829-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation