Abstract
The focal nature of atherosclerotic lesions is associated with patterns of altered blood flow in the major arteries (1–3), although the precise nature of the flow in such regions is unclear. At the interface between flowing blood and the arterial wall, a confluent monolayer of endothelial cells operates as a signal-transduction system for hemodynamic forces associated with flow. Investigations of the influence of pressure, stretch and shear stress upon endothelial biology have therefore been conducted with a view to linking the precise flow profiles and the vessel wall pathophysiology. It is now clear that early atherogenesis develops in the presence of an intact endothelial monolayer (4–6, 10) consistent with the pivotal role that the endothelium may play in this disease process. The mechanisms by which physical forces influence endothelial biology, however, have yet to be fully defined.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
C.G. Caro, J.M. Fitzgerald, and R.C. Schroter, Atheroma and arterial wall shear, Observation, correlation and proposal of a shear dependent mass transfer mechanism for atherogenesis, Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 177:109–159 (1971).
J.T. Flaherty, V.J. Ferrans, J.E. Pierce, T.E. Carew, III, and D.L. Fry, Localizing factors in experimental atherosclerosis. In: “Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease”, pp. 40–83. W. Likoff, B.L. Segal, W. Insull, and S.J. Moyer, eds. Grune and Stratton. (1972).
J.F. Cornhill and M.R. Roach, A quantitative study of the localization of atherosclerotic lesions in the rabbit aorta, Atherosclerosis 23:489 (1976).
P.F. Davies, M.A. Reidy, T.B. Goode, and D.E. Bowyer, Scanning electron microscopy in the evaluation of endothelial integrity of the fatty streak lesion of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 25:125–130 (1976).
T.B. Goode, P.F. Davies, M.A. Reidy, and D.E. Bowyer, Aortic endothelial cell morphology observed in situ by scanning electron microscopy during atherogenesis in the rabbit, Atherosclerosis 27:235–251 (1977).
A. Faggiotto, R. Ross, and L. Harker, Studies of hypercholesterolemia in the non-human primate, I. Changes that lead to fatty streak formation, Arteriosclerosis 4:323 (1984).
D.L. Fry, Acute vascular endothelial changes associated with increased blood velocity gradients, Circ Res 22:165–197 (1968).
D.L. Fry, Response of the arterial wall to certain physical factors, Ciba Found Symp 12:93–110 (1972).
C.K. Zarins, D.P. Giddens, B.K. Bharadvaj, V.S. Sottiurai, R.F. Mabon, and S. Glagov, Carotid bifurcation atherosclerosis. Quantitative correlation of plaque localization with flow velocity profiles and wall shear stress, Circ Res 53:502–514 (1983).
D.N. Ku, D.P. Giddens, C.K.Zarins, and S. Glagov, Pulsatile flow and atherosclerosis in the human carotid bifurcation. Positive correlation between plaque location and low and oscillating shear stress, Arteriosclerosis 5:293–301 (1985).
S. Glagov, C.K. Zarins, K.E. Taylor, R.A. Bomberger, and D.P. Giddens, Evidence that high flow velocity and endothelial disruption are not the prinicipal factors in experimental plaque localization. In: “Fluid Dynamics as a Localizing Factor for Atherosclerosis”, pp. 208–211, G. Schettler, R.M. Nerem, H. Schmid-Schonbein and H. Morl, ed., Springer, Berlin (1983).
P.F. Davies, A. Remuzzi, E.J. Gordon, C.F. Dewey, and M.A. Gimbrone, Turbulent fluid shear stress induces vascular endothelial cell turnover in vitro, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:2114–2117 (1986).
T. Karino, M. Motomiya, and H.L. Goldsmith, Flow Patterns in Model and Natural Branching Vessels, in: “Fluid Dynamics as a Localizing Factor for Atherosclerosis”, pp. 60–70, G. Schettler, ed., Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg (1983).
C.F. Dewey, Jr, Dynamics of arterial flow, Adv Exp Med Biol 115:55–103 (1979).
M.H. Friedman, C.B. Bargeron, C.M. Hutchins, F.F. Mark, and O.J. Deters, Hemodynamic measurements in human arterial casts and their correlation with histology and luminal area, J Biomech Eng 102:247–251 (1980).
T. Karino and H.L. Goldsmith, Disturbed flow in models of branching vessels, Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 26:500–505 (1980).
D.N. Ku and D.P. Giddens, Laser Doppler anemometer measurement of pulsatile flow in a model carotid bifurcation, J Biomech 20:407–421 (1987).
R.J. Lutz, J.N. Cannon, K.B. Bischoff, R.L. Dedrick, R.K. Stiles, and D.L. Fry, Wall shear stress distribution in a model canine artery during steady flow, Circ Res 41:391–399 (1977).
S. Glagov, E. Weisenberg, C.K. Zarins, M.P. Stankunavicius, and B.A. Kolettis, Compensatory enlargement of human atherosclerotic coronary arteries, New Engl J Med 316:1371–1375 (1987).
S. Glagov, Hemodynamic risk factors: mechanical stress, mural architecture, medial nutrition and the vulnerability of arteries to atherosclerosis, in: “The Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis”, pp. 164–199, R.W. Wissler and J.C Geer, eds., Williams and Watkins, Baltimore, (1972).
C.K. Zarins, D.P. Giddens, B.K. Bharadvaj, V.S. Sottiurai, R.F. Mabon, and S. Glagov, Carotid bifurcation atherosclerosis. Quantitative correlation of plaque localization with flow velocity profiles and wall shear stress, Circ Res 53:502–514 (1983).
D.N. Ku, D.P. Giddnes, C.K. Zarins, and S. Glagov, Pulsatile flow and atherosclerosis in the human carotid bifurcation. Positive correlation between plaque location and low and oscillating shear stress, Arteriosclerosis 5:293–301 (1985).
D.N. Ku and D. Liepsch, The effects of non-newtonian viscoelasticity and wall elasticity on flow at a 90 bifurcation, Biorheology 23:359–370 (1986).
J.T. Flahery, J.E. Pierce, V.J. Ferrans, D.J. Patel, W.K. Tucker, and D.L. Fry, Endothelial nuclear patterns in the canine arterial tree with particular reference to hemodynamic events, Circ Res 30:23–32 (1972).
C.F. Dewey, S.R. Bussolari, M.A. Gimbrone, and P.F. Davies, The dynamic response of vascular endothelial cells to fluid shear stress, J Biomech Engin 103:177–185 (1981).
A. Remuzzi, C.F. Dewey, P.F. Davies, and M.A. Gimbrone, Orientation of endothelial cells in shear fields in vitro, Biorheology 21:617–630 (1984).
M. Sato, M.J. Levesque, and R.M. Nerem, Micropipette aspiration of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells exposed to shear stress, Arteriosclerosis 7:276–286 (1987).
P.F. Davies, C.F. Dewey, S.R. Bussolari, E.J. Gordon, and M.A. Gimbrone, Influence of hemodynamic forces on vascular endothelial function, J Clin Invest 73:1121–1129 (1984).
E.A. Sprague, V.L. Steinbach, R.M. Nerem, and C.J. Schwartz, Influence of a laminar steady-state fluid-imposed wall shear stress on the binding, internalization and degradation of low density lipoproteins by cultured arterial endothelium, Circulation 76:648–656 (1987).
S.M. Schwartz, and Benditt, E.P. Benditt, Clustering of replicating cells in aortic endothelium, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73:651–653 (1976).
S.M. Schwartz, Selection and characterization of bovine aortic endothelial cells, In Vitro 14:966 (1978).
B.A. Caplan, and C.J. Schwartz, Increased endothelial cell turnover in areas of in vivo Evans Blue uptake in the pig aorta, Atherosclerosis 17:401 (1973).
H.P. Sdougos, S.R. Bussolari, and C.F. Dewey, Secondary flow and turbulence in a cone-and-plate device, J Fluid Mech 138:379–404 (1984).
S.L. Diamond, S.G. Eskin, and L.V. McIntire, Fluid flow stimulates tissue plasminogen activator secretion by cultured human endothelial cells, Science 243:1483–1485 (1989).
M. Yoshizumi, M. Murihara, T. Sugiyama, F. Takaku, M. Yanagisawa, T. Masaki, and Y. Yazaki, Hemodynamic shear stress stimulates endothelin production by cultured endothelial cells, Biochem Biophys Res Comm 161:859–864 (1989).
A.J. Hudspeth, How the ear’s works work, Nature 341:397–404 (1989).
S.P. Olesen, D.E. Clapham, and P.F. Davies, Haemodynamic shear stress activates a K+ current in vascular endothelial cells, Nature 331:168–170 (1988).
J.B. Lansman, T.J. Hallam, and T.J. Rink, Single stretch-activated ion channels in vascular endothelial cells as mechanotransducers, Nature 325:811–813 (1987).
P.F. Davies, How do vascular endothelial cells respond to flow?,News in Physiol Sci (NIPS) 4:22–26 (1989).
P.F. Davies, S.P. Olesen, D.E. Clapham, E.E. Morrel, and F.J.Schoen, Endothelial Communication, Hypertension 11:563–572 (1988).
P.M. VanHoutte, G.M. Rubanyi, V.M. Miller, and D.S. Houston, Endothelial relaxing factors, Ann Rev Physiol 48:307–320 (1986).
R. Busse, H. Fichtner, A. Luckhoff, and M. Kohlhardt, Hyperpolarization and increased free calcium in Ach stimulated endothelial cells, Am J Physiol 255:H965–H969.
E.F. Grabowski, E.A. Jaffe, and B.B. Weksler, Protascyclin production by cultured endothelial cell monolayers exposed to step increases in shear stress, J Lab Clin Med 105:36–43 (1985).
J.A. Frangos, S.G. Eskin, L.V. McIntire, and C.L. Ives, Flow Effects on Prostacyclin Production by Cultured Human Endothelial Cells, Science 227:1477–1479 (1985).
R.O. Dull, and P.F. Davies, Differential endothelial cytosolic calcium responses to hemodynamic shear stress in vitro, Circulation Suppl 2:481 (1989).
M.J. Berridge, and R.F. Irvine, Inositol Phosphates and cell signalling, Nature 341:197–205.
B.L. Langille, M.A. Reidy, and R.L. Kline, Injury and repair of endothelium at sites of flow disturbances near abdominal aortic coarctations in rabbits, Arteriosclerosis 6:146–154 (1986).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Davies, P.F., Dull, R.O. (1990). How Does the Arterial Endothelium Sense Flow? Hemodynamic Forces and Signal Transduction. In: Diana, J.N. (eds) Tobacco Smoking and Atherosclerosis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 273. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5829-9_28
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5829-9_28
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5831-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5829-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive