Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Localization and Evolution of Two Human Phospholipase A2 Genes and Two Related Genetic Elements

  • Chapter
Phospholipase A2

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 275))

Abstract

Mammals are now known to contain at least two distinct classes of phospholipases A2, the progenitors of which can be seen in the venoms of snakes. Mammalian “Type I-” PLA2, synthesized primarily by the pancreas, is also present in smaller amounts in other tissues including lung, spleen, and kidney. Recently, a mammalian “Type II-” PLA2 has been sequenced, and shown to occur in platelets, synovial cells and fluid, cells of inflammatory peritoneal exudate, liver, intestine, kidney, and placenta. This form, referred to here as Type IIA PLA2, could play a key role in arachidonate release in both normal and pathologic inflammation. The genes encoding both forms have also been recently cloned. Here, the sites of synthesis and respective roles of the two known enzymes are discussed, along with an analysis of the evolutionary conservation of Type IIA PLA2 gene sequence. In addition, two related genetic elements containing sequences homologous to a portion of Type II PLA2 are described, which map to the same chromosome as the Type IIA PLA2 gene (chromosome 1). Either or both of these could also encode a portion of additional mammalian PLA2s.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. L.M.G. Van Golde, and S.G. van den Bergh, Introduction: general pathway in the metabolism of lipids in mammalian tissues, in: “Lipid Metabolism in Mammals”, F. Snyder, ed., Plenum Publishing Corp., New York (1977).

    Google Scholar 

  2. P. Elsbach, J. Weiss, R. Franson, S. Beckerdite-Quagliata, A. Schneider, and L. Harris, Separation and purification of a potent bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein and a closely associated phospholipase A2 from rabbit polymorphonuclear leukocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 254:11000 (1979).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. M.F. Heath, and W. Jacobson, The action of lung lysosomal phospholipases on dipalmitoyl phosphotidylcholine and its significance for the synthesis of pulmonary surfactant, Pediatr. Res. 14:254 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. H.M. Verheij, A.J. Slotboom, and G.H. De Haas, Structure and function of phospholipase A2, Rev. Physiol. Biochem. Pharmacol. 91:91 (1981).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. R.F. Irvine, How is the level of free arachidonic acid controlled in mammalian cells?, Biochem. J. 204:3 (1982).

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. F. Snyder, Chemical and biochemical aspects of platelet activating factor: a novel class of acetylated ether-linked choline-phospholipids, Med. Res. Rev. 5:107 (1985).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. P. Vadas and W. Pruzanski, Role of Extracellular Phospholipase A2 in Inflammation, in: “Adv. in Inflamm. Res.”, I. Otterness, R. Capetola, and S. Wong, eds., Raven Press, New York 7:51 (1984).

    Google Scholar 

  8. W. Pruzanski, P. Vadas, J. Kim, H. Jacobs, and E. Stefanski, Phospholipase A2 activity associated with synovial fluid cells, J. Rheumatol. 15:791 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  9. P. Vadas, W. Pruzanski, E. Stefanski, L. Johnson, J. Seilhamer, R. Mustard, Jr., and J. Bohnen, Phospholipase A2 in acute bacterial peritonitis in man, in: “Cell Activation and Signal Initiation: Receptor and Phospholipase Control of Inositol Phosphate, PAF, and Eicosanoid Production,” E. Dennis, ed., Alan R. Liss, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  10. P. Vadas, W. Pruzanski, and E. Stefanski, Extracellular phospholipase A2: causative agent in circulatory collapse of septic shock?, Agents and Actions 24:320 (1988).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. P. Vadas, W. Pruzanski, E. Stefanski, B. Sternby, R. Mustard, J. Bohnen, I. Fraser, V. Farewell, and C. Bombardier, Pathogenesis of hypotension in septic shock: correlation of circulating phospholipase A2 levels with circulatory collapse, Crit. Care Med. 16:1 (1988).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. P. Vadas, W. Pruzanski, E. Stefanski, J. Ruse, V. Farewell, J. McLaughlin, and C. Bombardier, Concordance of endogenous Cortisol and phospholipase A2 levels in gram-negative septic shock: a prospective study, J. Lab Clin. Med. 111:584 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. P. Vadas, W. Pruzanski, J. Kim, and V. Fornasier, The proinflammatory effect of intra-articular injection of soluble human and venom phospholipase A2, Am. J. Pathol. 134:807 (1989).

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. M.J. Dufton, D. Eaker and R.C. Hider, Concormational properties of phospholipases A2: Secondary structure prediction, circular dichroism and relative interface hydrophobicity, Eur. J. Biochem. 137:537 (1983).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. M.J. Dufton and R.C. Hider, Classification of phospholipase A2 according to sequence. Evolutionary and pharmacological implications, Eur. J. Biochem. 137:545 (1983).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. R. Renetseder, S. Brunie, B.W. Dijkstra, J. Drenth, and P.B. Sigler, A comparison of the crystal structures of phospholipase A2 from bovine pancreas and Crotalus atrox venom, J. Biol. Chem. 260:11627 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. A.L. Slotboom, H.M. Verheij, and G.H. De Haas, On the mechanism of phospholipase A2, New Comp. Biochem. 4:354 (1982).

    Google Scholar 

  18. R.L. Heinrikson, E.T. Krueger, and P.S. Keim, J. Biol. Chem. 252:4913 (1977).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. R.M. Kini, and H.J. Evans, Structure-function relationships of phospholipases: the anticoagulant region of phospholipase A2, J. Biol. Chem. 262:14402 (1987).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. W.C. Puijk, H.M. Verheij, and G.H. De Haas, The primary structure of phospholipase A2 from porcine pancreas: a reinvestigation. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 492:254 (1977).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. O. Ohara, M. Tamiki, E. Nakamura, Y. Tsuruta, Y. Fujii, M. Shin, H. Teraoka, and M. Okamoto, Dog and rat pancreatic phospholipases A2: Complete amino acid sequences deduced from complimentary DNAs. J. Biochem. 99:733 (1986).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. H.M. Verheij, J. Westerman, B. Sternby, and G. De Haas, The complete primary sequence of phospholipase A2 from human pancreas, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 747:93 (1983).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. J.J. Seilhamer, T.L. Randall, M. Yamanaka, and L.K. Johnson, Pancreatic phospholipase A2: Isolation of the human gene and cDNAs from porcine pancreas and human lung, DNA 5:519 (1986).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. R. Verger, F. Ferrato, CM. Mansback, and G. Pieroni, Novel intestinal phospholipase A2: purification and some molecular characteristics. Biochemistry 21:6883 (1982).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. H.W. Chang, I. Kudo, M. Tomita, and K. Inoue, Purification and characterization of extracellular phospholipase A2 from peritoneal cavity of caseinate-treated rat, J. Biochem. 102:147 (1987).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. M. Hayakawa, I. Kudo, M. Tomita, and K. Inoue, Purification and characterization of a membrane-bound phospholipase A2 from rat platelets, J. Biochem. 103:263 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. M. Hayakawa, I. Kudo, M. Tomita, S. Nojima, and K. Inoue, The primary structure of rat platelet phospholipase A2, J. Biochem. 104:767 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. T. Ono, H. Tojo, S. Kuramitsu, H. Kagamiyama, and M. Okamoto, Purification and characterization of a membrane-associated phospholipase A2 from rat spleen: its comparison with a cytosolic phospholipase A2 S-l, J. Biol. Chem. 263:5732 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. M. Hayakawa, K. Horigome, I. Kudo, M. Tomita, S. Nojima, and K. Inoue, Amino acid composition and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of rat platelet secretory phospholipase A2, J. Biochem. 101:1311 (1987).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. A.J. Aarsman, J.G. de John, E. Arnoldussen, F.W. Neys, P.D. van Wassenaar, and H. Van den Bosch, Immunoaffinity purification, partial sequence, and subcellular localization of rat liver phospholipase A2, J. Biol. Chem. 264:10008 (1989).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  31. J. Forst, J. Weiss, P. Elsbach, J.M. Maranganore, I. Reardon, and R.L. Heinrikson, Biochemistry 25:8381 (1986).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. C. E. Ooi, G. Wright, J. Weiss, and P. Elsbach, Purification to homogeneity and properties of rabbit granulocyte PLA2, Clin. Res. 36:465A (1988).

    Google Scholar 

  33. H. Mizushima, I. Kudo, K. Horigome, M. Murakami, M. Hayakawa, D.K. Kim, E. Kondo, M. Tomita, and K. Inoue, Purification of rabbit platelet secretory phospholipase A2 and its characteristics, J. Biochem. 105:520 (1989).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. S. Hara, I. Kudo, K. Matsuta, T. Miyamoto, and K. Inoue, Amino acid composition and NH2-terminal amino acid sequence of human phospholipase A2 purified from rheumatoid synovial fluid, J. Biochem. 104:326 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. J. Seilhamer, S. Plant, W. Pruzanski, J. Schilling, E. Stefanski, P. Vadas, and L. Johnson, Multiple forms of phospholipase A2 in arthritic synovial fluid, J. Biochem. 106:730 (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  36. J.J. Seilhamer, P. Vadas, S. Plant, J.A. Miller. J. Kloss, W. Pruzanski, and L.K. Johnson, Cloning and reconbinant expression of phospholipase A2 present in rheumatoid arthritic synovial fluid, J. Biol. Chem. 264:5335 (1989).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. R.M. Kramer, C. Hession, B. Johansen, G. Hayes, P. McGray, E.P. Chow, R. Tizzard, and R.B. Pepinski, Structure and properties of a human non-pancreatic phospholipase A2, J. Biol. Chem. 264:5768 (1989).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. C. Lai and K. Wada, Phospholipase A2 from human synovial fluid purification and structural homology to the placental enzyme, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 157:488 (1988).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. C. van den Bergh, A. Slotboom, H. Verheij, and G. de Haas, The role of Asp-49 and other conserved amino acids in phospholipases A2 and their importance for enzymatic activity, J. Cell. Biochem. 39:379 (1989).

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. H. Tojo. T. Ono, S. Kuramitsu, H. Kagamiyama, and M. Okomoto, A phospholipase A2 in the supernatant fraction of rat spleen: its similarity to rat pancreatic phospholipase A2, J. Biol. Chem. 263:5724 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. H. Tojo, T. Ono, and M. Okamoto, A pancreatic-type phospholipase A2 in rat gastric mucosa, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 151:1188 (1988).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Y. Matsuda, M. Ogawa, T. Shibata, K. Nakaguchi, J. Nishijima, C. Wakasugi, and T. Mori, Distribution of immunoreactive pancreatic phospholipase A2 (IPPL-2) in various tissues, Res. Commun, in Chem. Pathol, and Pharmacol. 58:281 (1987).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. D. Bar-Sagi, J. Suhan, F. McCirmick, and J. Feramisco, Localization of phospholipase A2 in normal and ras-transformed cells, J. Cell Biol. 106:1649 (1988).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. T. Nevalainen, J. Escola, A. Aho, V. Havia, T. Lovgren, and V. Nanto, Immunoreactive phospholipase A2 in serum in acute pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer, Clin. Chem. 31:1116 (1985).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. J.J. Seilhamer, T.L. Randall, L.K. Johnson, C. Heinzmann, I. Klisak, R.S. Sparkes, and A.J. Lusis, Novel gene exon homologous to pancreatic phospholipase A2: sequence and chromosomal mapping of both human genes, J. Cell. Biochem. 39:327 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. P. Lind and D. Eaker, Complete amino-acid sequence of a nonneurotoxic, non-enzymatic phospholipase A2 homolog from the venom of the Australian tiger snake Notechis scutatus, Eur. J. Biochem. 111:403 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. J. Seilhamer, S. Frank, P. Vadas, W. Pruzanski, A.J. Lusis, and L.K. Johnson, Chromosomal mapping of human synovial fluid PLA2 and a related exon, manuscript in preparation.

    Google Scholar 

  48. M.A. Innis, K.B. Myambo, D.H. Gelfand, and M.D. Brow, DNA sequencing with Thermus aquaticus DNA polymerase and direct sequencing of polymerase chain reaction-amplified DNA, Biochemistry 85:9436 (1988).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. S. Mount, A catalogue of splice junction sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 10:459 (1982).

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. J. Maranganore and R. Heindrikson, The Lysine-49 phospholipase A2 from the venom of Agkistrodon piscivorus piscivorus: relation of structure and function to other phospholipases A2, J. Biol. Chem. 261:4797 (1986).

    Google Scholar 

  51. M.J. Geisow, Common domain structure of Ca2+ and lipid-binding proteins, Febs. Lett. 203:99 (1986).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. K. Weber, and N. Johnsson, Repeating sequence homologies in the p36 target protein of retroviral protein kinases and lipocortin, the p37 inhibitor of phospholipase A2, Febs. Lett. 203:95 (1986).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. M.O. Dayhoff, Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure, Suppl. 5:273 (1978).

    Google Scholar 

  54. R.H. Kretsinger, Structure and evolution of calcium-modulated proteins, CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 8:119 (1980).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. S. Sahu, and W.S. Lynn, Characterization of phospholipase A from pulmonary secretions of patients with alveolar proteinosis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 489:307 (1977).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. N.C.C. Gray, and K.P. Strickland, The purification and characterization of a phospholipase A2 activity from the 106000 X G pellet (microsomal fraction) of bovine brain acting on phosphatidylinositol. Can. J. Biochem. 60:108 (1982).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. R.M. Kramer, C. Wuthrich, C. Bollier, P.R. Allegrini, and P. Zahler, Isolation of phospholipase A2 from sheep erythrocyte membranes in the presence of detergents, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 507:381 (1978).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. L. Aron, S. Jones, and C. J. Fielding, Human plasma lecithincholesterol acyl transferase, J. Biol. Chem. 253:7220 (1978).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. R. Ulevitch, Y. Watanabe, M. Sano, M. Lister, R. Deems, and E. Dennis, Solubilization, purification, and characterization of a membrane-bound phospholipase A2 from the p388Dl macrophagelike cell line, J. Biol. Chem. 263:3079 (1988).

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. P. Antaki, J. Langais, P. Ross, P. Guerette, and K. Roberts, Evidence for two forms of phospholipase A2 in human semen, Gamete Research 18:305 (1988).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. S. Parthasarathy, U. Steinbrecher, J. Barnett, J. Witzum, and D. Steinberg, Essential role of phospholipase A2 activity in endothelial cell cell-induced modification of low density lipoprotein, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 82:3000 (1985).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. A.J. Pierik, J. Nijssen, A. Aarsman, H. Van den Bosch, Calcium-independent phospholipase A2 in rat tissue cytosols. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 962:345 (1988).

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. J. Seilhamer, P. Vadas, W. Pruzanski, S. Plant, E. Stefanski, and L. Johnson, Synovial fluid phospholipase A2 in arthritis, in: “Therapeutic Approaches to Inflammatory Diseases”, A.J. Lewis, N.S. Doherty, and N.R. Ackerman, ed., Elsevier, New York (1989).

    Google Scholar 

  64. van Binsbergen, et. al., manuscript in preparation.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Salix Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 1507 Kennewick Drive, Sunnyvale, CA, 94087, USA

    Lorin K. Johnson

  2. The Wellesley Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, M4Y 1J3

    Susan Frank & Aldons J. Lusis

  3. the Depts. of Medicine and Microbiology and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA

    Peter Vades & Waldemar Pruzanski

  4. Ideon Corporation, 515 Galveston Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, USA

    Jeffrey J. Seilhamer

Authors
  1. Lorin K. Johnson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Susan Frank
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Peter Vades
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Waldemar Pruzanski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Aldons J. Lusis
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Jeffrey J. Seilhamer
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. New York Medical College, Valhalla, New York, USA

    Patrick Y-K Wong

  2. University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA

    Edward A. Dennis

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Johnson, L.K., Frank, S., Vades, P., Pruzanski, W., Lusis, A.J., Seilhamer, J.J. (1990). Localization and Evolution of Two Human Phospholipase A2 Genes and Two Related Genetic Elements. In: Wong, P.YK., Dennis, E.A. (eds) Phospholipase A2 . Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 275. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5805-3_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5805-3_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5807-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5805-3

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation