Abstract
Cerebellar granule cells in culture exhibit specific survival requirements (e.g. Thangnipon et al., 1983; Kingsbury et al., 1985; Gallo et al., 1987a). These include chronic depolarization, usually effected by increasing the K+ concentration of the medium above the physiological level (≥20 mM). The dependence on ‘high’ K+ develops within a narrow window of time between 2 and 4 days in vitro (DIV) (Gallo et al., 1987a). It was also observed that the effect of depolarization on cell survival is mediated through stimulated Ca2+ influx via voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels (VSCC). On the basis of these findings we have put forward the hypothesis that the effect of high K+ in vitro mimics the influence of the first innervation the immediately postmigratory granule cells receive from the mossy fibres (Balázs and Jø/rgensen, 1987; Gallo et al., 1987a). Many of these fibres are glutamatergic (Somogyi et al., 1986) and granule cells are endowed with glutamate (Glu) receptors including the N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA)-preferring subtype (Cull-Candy et al., 1988), which is known to be linked to an ion channel whose Ca2+ permeability, in comparison with the other Glu receptor subtypes, is high (Mayer and Westbrook, 1987). The hypothesis predicted therefore that the trophic influence of the mossy fibre innervation is mediated through Ca2+ influx via the NMDA receptor-ionophore complex.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Balázs, R., and Jorgensen, O. S., 1987, Trophic function of excitatory transmitter amino acids, Neurosci., 22: S41.
Balázs, R., Patel, A. J., and Lewis, P. D., 1977, Metabolic influences on cell proliferation in the brain, in: “Biochemical Correlates of Brain Structure and Function”, A. N. Davidson, ed., Academic Press, New York.
Balázs, R., Hack, N., and Jorgensen, O. S., 1988a, Stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor has a trophic effect on differentiating granule cells, Neurosci. Lett., 87: 80–86.
Balázs, R., Jorgensen, O. S., and Hack, N., 1988b, N-methyl-D-aspartate promotes the survival of cerebellar granule cells in culture, Neurosci., 27: 437–451.
Balázs, R., Hack, N., Jorgensen, O. S., and Cotman, C. W., 1989a, N-methyl-D-aspartate promotes the survival of cerebellar granule cells: pharmacological characterization, Neurosci. Lett., 101: 241–246.
Balázs, R., Hack, N., and Jorgensen, O. S., 1989b, Selective stimulation of excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes and the survival of cerebellar granule cells in culture, Neurosci., submitted.
Balázs, R., Hack, N., and Jorgensen, O. S., 1989c, Interactions in the effects of stimulation of excitatory amino acid receptors and survival of cerebellar granule cells in culture, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., submitted.
Bock, E., Divac, I., Norrild, B., Thorn, N. A., Thorp-Pedersen, C., and Treiman, M., 1982, Synaptic membrane proteins in mammalian brain, Scand. J. Immun., 15: 223–240.
Bowman, C. L., and Kimelberg, H. K., 1984, Excitatory amino acids directly depolarize rat brain astrocytes in primary culture, Nature, 311: 656–659.
Brenneman, D. E., Yu, C., and Nelson, P. G., 1989, Multi-determinate regulation of neuronal survival: neuropeptides, excitatory amino acids and bioelectric activity, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., submitted.
Busnikov, G. A., 1984, The action of neurotransmitters and related substances on early embryogenesis, Pharmac. Ther., 25: 23–59.
Cowan, W. M., Fawcett, J. W., O’Leary, D. D. M., and Stanfield, B. B., 1984, Regressive events in neurogenesis, Science, 225: 1258–1265.
Cull-Candy, S. G., Howe, J. R., and Ogden, D. C., 1988, Noise of single channels activated by excita- tory amino acids in rat cerebellar granule neurones, J. Physiol., 400: 189–222.
Foster, A. C., and Fagg, G. E., 1984, Acidic amino acid binding sites in neuronal membranes: their characterization and relationship to synaptic receptors, Brain Res. Rev., 7: 103–164.
Gallo, V., Kingsbury, A., Balâzs, R., and Jorgensen, O. S., 1987a, The role of depolarization in the survival and differentiation of cerebellar granule cells in culture, J. Neurosci., 7: 2203–2213.
Gallo, V., Suergiu, R., Giovannini, C., and Levi, G., 1987b, Glutamate receptor subtypes in cultured cerebellar neurons: modulation of glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid release, J. Neurochem., 49: 1801–1809.
Gallo, V., Giovanni, C., and Levi, G., 1989, Quisqualic acid modulates kainate responses in cultured cerebellar granule cells, J. Neurochem., 52: 10–16.
Garthwaite, G., and Garthwaite, J., 1986, In vitro neurotoxicity of excitatory amino acids analogues during cerebellar development, Neurosci., 17: 755–767.
Garthwaite, G., and Garthwaite, J., 1987, Quinolinate mimics neurotoxic actions of N-methyl-Dasparate in rat cerebellar slices, Neurosci. Lett., 79: 35–39.
Garthwaite, J., 1990, Mechanisms of excitatory amino acid neurotoxicity in rat brain slices, in: Excitatory Amino Acids and Neuronal Plasticity, Y. Ben Ari, ed., Plenum Press, New York.
Hamburger, V., and Oppenheimer, R. W., 1982, Naturally occurring neuronal death in vertebrates, Neurosci. Commun., 1: 39–55.
Holopainen, I.,Enkvist, M. O. K., and Akerman, K. E. O., 1989, Glutamate receptor agonists increase intracellular Ca2+ independently of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in rat cerebellar granule cells, Neurosci. Lett., 98: 57–62.
Honoré, T., Davies, S. N., Drejer, J., Fletcher, E. J., Jacobsen, P., Lodge, D., and Nielsen, F. E. (1988) Quinoxalinediones: potent competitive non-NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists, Science, 241: 701–703.
Jorgensen, O. S., 1983, D2-protein and D3-protein as markers for synaptic turnover and concentration, J. Neur. Trans. Suppl., 18: 245–255.
Kettemann, H., and Schachner, M., 1985, Pharmacological properties of A- aminobutryic acid-, glutamate-, and asparate-induced depolarization in cultured astrocytes, J. Neurosci., 5: 3295–3301.
Kingsbury, A., and Balâzs, R., 1987, Effect of calcium agonists and antagonists on cerebellar granule cells, Eur. J. Pharmacol., 140: 275–283.
Kingsbury, A., Gallo, V., Woodhams, P., and Balks, R., 1985, Survival, morphology and adhesion properties of cerebellar interneurones cultured in chemically defined and serum supplemented medium, Dev. Brain Res., 17: 17–25.
Lauder, J. M., 1988, Neurotransmitters as morphogens, Progr. Brain Res., 73: 365–387.
Lehman, A., and Hansson, E., 1988, Kainate-induced stimulation of amino acid release from primary astroglial cultures of the rat hippocampus, Neurochem.Int., 13: 557–561.
Levi-Montalcini, R., 1982, Developmental neurobiology and the natural history of Nerve Growth Factor, A. Rev. Neurosci., 5: 341–361.
McCaslin, P. P., and Morgan, W. W., 1987, Cultured cerebellar cells as an in vitro model of excitatory amino acid receptor function, Brain Res., 417,:380–384.
Mattson, M. P., 1990, Interactions of excitatory amino acids and growth factors in the development and degeneration of hippocampal neuroarchitecture, in: “Excitatory Amino Acids and Neuronal Plasticity”, Y. Ben Ari., ed., Plenum Press, New York.
Mattson, M. P., Dou, P., and Kater, S. B., 1988, Outgrowth-regulating actions of glutamate in isolated hippocampal pyramidal neurons, J. Neurosci., 8: 2087–2100.
Mayer, M. L., and Westbrook, G. L., 1987, The physiology of excitatory amino acids in the vertebrate central nervous system, Prog. Neurobiol., 28: 197–276.
Moran, J., and Patel, A. J., 1989, Stimulation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor promotes the biochemical differentiation of cerebellar granule neurons and not astrocytes, Brain Res., in press.
Murphy, S. N., and Miller, R. J., 1989, Regulation of Ca++ influx into striatal neurons by kainic acid, J. Pharmacol.Exp. Ther., 249: 184–193.
Nicoletti, P., Wroblewski, J. T., Novelli, A., Alho, H., Guidotti, A., and Costa, E., 1986, The activation of inositol phospholipid metabolism as a signal-transducing system for excitatory amino acids in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells, J. Neurosci., 6: 1905–1911.
Nowycky, M. C., Fox, A. P., and Tsien, R. W., 1985, Three types of neuronal calcium channel with different calcium agonist sensitivity, Nature, 316: 440–443.
Nybroe, O., Albrechtsen, M., Dahlin, J., Linnemann, D., Lyles, J. M., Moller, C. S., and Bock, E., 1985, Biosynthesis of the neuronal cell adhesion molecule: Characterization of polypeptide C, J. Cell Biol., 10: 1–6.
Olverman, H. J., Jones, A. W., and Watkins, J. C., 1984, L-glutamate has higher affinity than other amino acids for [3H]-D-AP5 binding sites in rat brain membranes. Nature, 307: 460–462.
Patel, A. J., Hunt, A., and Sanfeliu, C., 1989, Cell-type specific effects of N-methyl-D-aspartate on biochemical differentiation of subcortical neurons in culture, Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., submitted.
Pearce, I. A., Cambray-Deakin, M. A., and Burgoyne, R. D., 1987, Glu-tamate acting on NMDA receptors stimulates neurite outgrowth from cerebellar granule cells, FEBS Lett., 223: 143147.
Ruijter, J. M., and Baker, R. E., 1989, The effects of potassium-induced depolarization, glutamate receptor antagonists and N-methyl-D- aspartate on neuronal survival in cultured neocortex explants. Int. J. Dev. Neurosci., submitted.
Simon, J. R., Contrera, J. F., and Kuhar, M. J., 1976, Binding of [3H] kainic acid, an analogue of L-glutamate, to brain membranes, J. Neurochem., 26: 141–146.
Somogyi, P., Halasy, K., Somogyi, J., Storm-Mathisen, S., and Ottersen, O. P., 1986, Quantification of immunogold labelling reveals enrichment of glutamate in mossy and parallel fibre terminals in cat cerebellum, Neurosci., 19: 1045–1050.
Stone, T. W., and Burton, N. R., 1988, NMDA receptors and ligands in the vertebrate CNS, Prog. Neurobiol., 30: 333–368.
Thangnipon, W., Kingsbury, A., Webb, M., and Balks, R., 1983, Observations on rat cerebellar cells in vitro: Influence of substatum, potassium concentration and relationship between neurones and astrocytes, Dev. Brain Res., 11: 177–189.
Usowicz, M. M., Gallo, V., and Cull-Candy, S. G., 1989, Multiple conduc-tance channels in type-2 astrocytes by excitatory amino acids, Nature, 339: 380–383.
Wong, E. H. F., Knight, A. R., and Woodruff, G. N., 1988, [3H]MK-801 labels a site on the Nmethyl-D-aspartate receptor channel complex in rat brain membranes, J. Neurochem., 50: 274–281.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1990 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Balázs, R., Hack, N. (1990). Trophic Effects of Excitatory Amino Acids in the Developing Nervous System. In: Ben-Ari, Y. (eds) Excitatory Amino Acids and Neuronal Plasticity. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 268. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5769-8_25
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5769-8_25
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5771-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5769-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive