Abstract
A world with acute health problems, economic depression, war or the threat of nuclear annihilation, and high injury rates is not one where environmental issues are likely to be the focus of attention. Only when short-term health problems are under control, income is at a high level, and other immediate threats such as war are viewed as being under control is the environment likely to emerge as a major social concern (Lave, 1980a). The late 1960s was such a time in the United States and in much of the developed world. Spectacular progress had been made in lowering the infant mortality rate and vanquishing infectious disease. Trauma was viewed as basically being under control, due in part to the creation of the National Highway Transportation Safety Administration and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). The perceived threat of nuclear war had receded far from the preoccupation of the early 1950s. Per capita income had increased steadily in the post-war period and fears of a deep depression had evaporated with the steady performance of the economy over two and a half decades. In short, immediate, high-level concerns had been satisfied and other issues might emerge to take their place.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ackerman, B., and Hassler, W., 1981, Clean Coal, Dirty Air ,Yale University Press, New Haven.
American Bar Association, 1979, Federal Regulation: Roads to Reform, Final Report and Recommendations of the Commission on Law and the Economy ,American Bar Association, New York.
American Enterprise Institute, 1979, Government Regulation: Proposals for Procedural Reform ,American Enterprise Institute, Washington.
Anderson, E., and the Carcinogen Assessment Group (CAG) of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1983, Quantitative approaches in use to assess cancer risks, Risk Anal. 3:277–295.
Byrd, D., and Lave, L., 1987, Significant risk is not the antonym of de minimis risk, in: De Minimis Risk, Contemporary Issues in Risk Analysis ,Vol. 2 (C. Whipple, ed.), pp. 41–60, Plenum Press, New York.
Carson, R., 1962, Silent Spring ,Houghton-Mifflin, New York.
Cohen, B., 1985, Risks in our society, in: Nuclear Energy: A Sensible Alternative (K. Ott and B. Spinrad, eds.), pp. 317–325, Plenum Press, New York.
Council on Environmental Quality, 1980, The Global 2000 Report to the President: Entering the 21st Century, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington.
Crandall, R., 1983, Controlling Industrial Pollution: The Economics and Politics of Clean Air ,Brookings Institution, Washington.
Doll, R., and Peto, R., 1981, The Causes of Cancer ,Oxford University Press, New York.
Fischhoff,- B., Lichtenstein, S., Slovic, P., Darby, S., and Keeny, R., 1981, Acceptable Risk ,Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Lash, J., Gillman, K., and Sheridan, D., 1984, A Season of Spoils: The Story of the Reagan Administration’s Attack on the Environment ,Pantheon, New York.
Lave, L., 1980a, Environmental risks, in: Societal Risk Analysis: How Safe is Safe Enough (R. Schwing and W. Albers, eds.), Plenum Press, New York.
Lave, L., 1980b, Health, safety, and environmental regulation, in: Setting National Priorities: Agenda for the 1980s (J. Pechman, ed.), pp. 131–168, Brookings Institution, Washington.
Lave, L., 1981, The Strategy of Social Regulation ,Brookings Institution, Washington.
Lave, L., 1982, Quantitative Risk Assessment in Regulation, Brookings Institution ,Washington.
Levy, R., 1981, The decline in cardiovascular disease mortality, Ann. Rev. Public Health ,2:49–70.
Melnick, R., 1983, Regulation and the Courts: The Case of the Clean Air Act ,Brookings Institution, Washington.
Mendeloff, J., 1979, Regulating Safety: An Economic and Political Analysis of Occupational Safety and Health Policy ,MIT Press, Cambridge.
Milvy, P., 1986, A general guideline for management of risk from carcinogens, Risk Anal. 6:69–80.
Milvy, P., 1987, Actual and perceived risks from chemical carcinogens, in: De Minimis Risk: Contemporary Issues in Risk Analysis ,Vol. 2 (C. Whipple, ed.), pp. 75–86, Plenum Press, New York.
Nader, R., 1965, Unsafe at Any Speed ,Grossman, New York.
National Cancer Institute (NCI), 1987, Cancer Goals for 2000 ,Department of Health and Human Services, Washington.
National Research Council (NRC), Committee for a Study on Saccharin and Food Safety Policy, 1979, Food Safety Policy ,National Academy Press, Washington.
Office of Science and Technology Policy, 1984, Chemical carcinogens: Notice of review of the science and its associated principles, Fed. Regist. 49(100):21593-21661, (Books 1 and 2, May 22, 1984).
Office of Technology Assessment, 1981, Assessment of Technologies of Determining Cancer Risks from the Environment ,U.S. Office of Technology Assessment, Washington.
Omenn, G., 1982, Predictive identification of hypersensitive individuals, J. Occup. Med. 24:369–74.
Pashigian, B., 1985, Environmental regulation: Whose self-interests are being protected? Econ. Inq. ,23:551– 584.
Peltzman, S., 1983, An Economic Interpretation of the History of Congressional Voting in the Twentieth Century ,University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
Shelling, T., 1968, The life you save may be your own, in: Problems in Public Expenditure Analysis (S. Chase, ed.), pp. 127–161, Brookings Institution, Washington.
Simon, J., and Kahn, H., 1984, The Resourceful Earth: A Response to Global 2000 ,Blackwell, New York.
Supreme Court of the United States, 1980, Industrial Union Department, AFL-CIO v. American Petroleum Institute ,448 U.S. 607.
Weidenbaum, M., and de Fina, R., 1978, The Cost of Federal Regulation of Economic Activity ,American Enterprise Institute, Washington.
Whelan, E., 1985, Toxic Terror: The Truth About the Cancer Scare ,Jameson Books, Ottawa, Illinois.
Whipple, C. (ed.), 1987, De Minimis Risk: Contemporary Issues in Risk Analysis ,Vol. 2, Plenum Press, New York.
Wildavsky, A., 1979, No risk is the highest risk of all, Am. Sci. 67:32–37.
Wilson, J., 1980, The Politics of Regulation ,Basic Books, New York.
Zeckhauser, R., and Shepard, D., 1976, Where now for saving lives? Law Contemp. Prob. ,40:5–45.
References for table 2
Suta, B., Assessment of Human Exposures to Atmospheric Ethylene Dichloride ,SRI International (May 1979).
EPA, Office of Policy Analysis, Unit Risk Estimates For Toxic Air Pollution ,Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Maximum Exposure Levels and Population Totals (1984).
EPA, Lindane PD-4 (draft) (August 1983).
Anderson, E. L., “Quantitative Approaches in Use to Assess Cancer Risk,” Risk Analysis 3 ,No. 4, 277–295 (1983).
Cothern, R. C., et al., Development of Quantitative Estimates of Uncertainty in Environmental Risk Assessment When the Scientific Data Base is Inadequate (Draft), Office of Drinking Water, EPA, Wash ington, D.C.
Bussard, D., Memorandum dated 3/15/84, EPA, Washington, D.C.
Gorman, T., NESHAP briefing paper, OPPE, EPA (1984).
Office of Air Quality and Standards, Need for Regulation of Coke Oven Emissions and Acrylonitrile Under CAA ,briefing paper, EPA, Washington, D.C. (March 1984).
Dobkowski, D., Memorandum to A. Jennings dated 4/3/84, Acting Director Statistical Policy Division, EPA, Washington, D.C.
Chemical Coordination Staff for the Six Month Air Toxics Study “Acceptable Risk Levels and Federal Regulations . . .,” EPA, Washington, D.C. (May 1984).
Haemisegger, E., Jones, A., et al, The Air Toxics Problem in the United States: An Analysis of Cancer Risks for Selected Pollutants ,EPA (Final Agency Internal Review); Washington, D.C. (May 1985).
Kumazawa, S. et al., Occupational Exposure to Ionizing Radiation in the United States ,EPA, Washington, D.C. (March 1983).
Britton, B., Risk Characteristics for Various Pollutants Regulated or Being Considered by EPA Program Offices ,Chemical and Statistical Policy Division, EPA, Washington, D.C. (1985).
Milvy, P., Estimates of Cancers from Perchloroethylene (PCE) Exposure (4/3/84) and Health Assessment Document for Tetrachloraethylene ,EPA, Washington, D.C. (December 1983).
EPA-OHEA, Health Assessment Document for Chromium, 7/83 draft.
Office of Radiation Programs, Background Information; Final Rules for Radionuclides ,11 (October 23, 1982).
EPA, Draft Alachlor PD-1 (12/4/84), 54.
EPA, Draft Captan PD-2/3 (2/5/85), 11–68.
EPA, Captofol PD-1 (December 1984).
EPA, Office of Toxic Substances, Assessment of Cancer Risk to Workers, Exposure to 1,3-Butadiene in Plants Producing Synthetic Rubber, Plastics and Resins (November 21, 1984).
Preliminary Economic Analysis of Proposed Regulations for the Use of Nitrites in Metalworking Fluids; PHD, Inc. (October 1984).
EPA registration standard, 21 (June 1984).
EPA, Preliminary Folpet Risk Assessment Briefing Paper for S.I.S., OPP (1985).
EPA, Regulatory Impact Analysis, Regulatory Flexibility Analysis and Paperwork Reduction Act Analysis for Proposed Regulations to Control Volatile Synthetic Organic Chemicals (VOCs) in Drinking Water (EPA -570/9-85-004) (Calculated from pages 1–5 and IV-8) (May 1985).
EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs Position Document 2/3 on Wood Preservatives, 364, 582, 589 (1984).
Cothern, R. C., Coniglio, W. A., and Marcus, W. L., Techniques for the Assessment of the Carcinogenic Risk to the U.S. Population Due to Exposure from Selected Volatile Organic Compounds from Drinking Water Via the Ingestion, Inhalation, and Dermal Routes (EPA-570/9-85-001) (July 25, 1984). (Calculations based on the multistage model for extrapolation of risk to low dose).
Nero, A. V., Jr., “Risk and Policy Implications of Indoor Exposure to 222Rn Decay Products and Other Air Pollutants.” Paper presented at the 1985 Annual Meeting of the Society for Risk Analysis, Alexandria, Va.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1988 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lave, L.B. (1988). Managing Environmental Risks. In: Travis, C.C. (eds) Carcinogen Risk Assessment. Contemporary Issues in Risk Analysis, vol 3. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5484-0_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5484-0_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5486-4
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5484-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive