Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

AIDS

  • Chapter
Prevention in Clinical Practice

  • 123 Accesses

Abstract

Since its recognition in 1981 the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become the most striking disease of the 20th century. It is a fatal disease that results in the death of virtually all affected patients within 3 years of diagnosis. Initially described in homosexual men and intravenous drug users,1-3 AIDS is now recognized as a disease that also affects hemophiliacs, children born to infected mothers, and, through blood transfusions or sexual contact with infected persons, virtually anyone. The recognition of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)—formerly named human T-lymphotrophic virus-type III (HTLV-III), lymphadenopathy-associated virus, or AIDS-related virus—as the causative agent of AIDS was followed by the development of an antibody test and detection of asymptomatic infections that greatly outnumber cases of AIDS. The actual number of infected persons in the United States is unknown. Estimates range from 1,000,000 to 1,500,000. How many infected persons will eventually develop AIDS is also unknown. Studies of homosexual men with HTLV-III antibody have found that 7–34% developed AIDS during the 12–72 months of observation from the time HTLV-III antibody was detected.4–7 The observation that immunological abnormalities are progressive over time in infected persons suggests that the number who eventually develop AIDS may be much higher.8,9

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Gottlieb, M. S., Schroff, R., Schauker, H. M., et al.: Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and mucosal candidiasis in previously healthy homosexual men: Evidence of a new acquired cellular immunodeficiency. N. Engl. J. Med 305: 1425–1431, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Masur, H., Michelis, M. A., Greene, J. B., et al.: An outbreak of community-acquire. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: Initial manifestations of cellular immune dysfunction. N. Engl. J. Med. 305: 1431–1438, 1981.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Siegal, F. P., Lopez, C., Hammer, G. S., et al.: Severe acquired immunodeficiency in male homosexuals, manifested by chronic peri and ulcerative herpes simplex lesions. N. Engl. J. Med. 305: 1439–1444, 1981.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Curran, J. W.: The epidemiology and prevention of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Ann. Intern. Med. 103: 657–662, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Feorino, R. M., Jaffe, H.W., Palmer, E., et al.: Transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: Evidence for persistent infection in blood donors. N. Engl. J. Med. 312: 1293–1296, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Jaffe, H. W., Darrow, W. W., Echenberg, D. F., et al.: The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in a cohort of homosexual men: A 6-year follow-up study. Ann. Intern. Med. 103: 210–214, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Goldert, J. J., Biggar, R. J., Weiss, S. H., et al.: Three year incidence of AIDS in five cohorts of HTLV-III infected risk group members. Science 231: 992–995, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Eyster, M. E., Gordert, J. J., Sarngadharan, M. G., et al.: Development and early natural history of HTLV-III antibodies in persons with hemophilia. JAMA 253: 2219–2223, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Melbye, M., Biggar, R. J., Ebbesen, P., et al.: Long-term seropositivity for human T-lymphotrophic virus type III in homosexual men without the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome’s development of immunologic and clinical abnormalities. Ann. Intern. Med. 104: 496–500, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Curran, J. W., Morgan, W. M., Hardy, A.M., et al.: The epidemiology of AIDS: Current status and future prospects. Science 229: 1351–1357, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Fischl, M. A., Richman, D. D., Grieco, M. H., et al.: The efficacy of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex. A double-blind, placebo controlled trial. N. Engl. J. Med 317: (4): 185–191, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Richman, D. D., Fischl, M. A., Grieco, M. H., et al.: The toxicity of azidothymidine (AZT) in the treatment of patients with AIDS and AIDS related complex. N. Engl. J. Med. 317: (4): 192–197, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Jaffe, H. W., Choi, K., Thomas, F. A., et al.: National case control study of Kaposi’s sarcoma an. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in homosexual men: Part 1, Epidemiologic results. Ann. Intern. Med. 99: 145–151, 1983.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Goldert, J. J., Sarngadharan, M. G., Biggar, R. J., et al.: Determinants of retrovirus (HTLV-III) antibody and immunodeficiency conditions in homosexual men. Lancet 2: 711–716, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Marmor, M., Friedmankein, A. E., Zolla-Pazner, S., et al.: Kaposi’s sarcoma in homosexual men: A seroepidemic case control study. Ann. Intern. Med. 100: 809–815, 1984.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Groopman, J. E., Mayer, K. H., Sarngadharan, M. G., et al.: Seroepidemiology of human T-lymphotrophic virus type III among homosexual men with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome or generalized lymphadenopathy and among asymptomatic controls in Boston. Ann. Intern. Med. 102: 334–337, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Melbye, M., Biggar, R. J., Ebbesen, R., et al.: Seroepidemiology of HTLV-III antibody in Danish homosexual men: Prevalence, transmission, and disease outcome. Br. Med. J. (Clin. Res.) 289: 573–575, 1984.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Melbye, M.: The natural history of human T lymphotrophic virus infection: The cause of AIDS. Br. Med. J. 292: 5–12, 1986.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Clameck, N., Sonnet, J., Taelman, H., et al.: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in African patients. N. Engl. J. Med. 310: 492–497, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Collaborative Study Group of AIDS in Haitian Americans: Risk factors for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) among Haitians residing in the United States: Evidence of heterosexual transmission. JAMA 257: 635–639, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Fischl, M., Dickinson, G. M., Scott, G., et al.: Heterosexual and household transmission of the human T-lymphotrophic virus type III. International Conference on AIDS (Communication 175: S22C). Paris, France. June 23-25, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Redfield, R. R., Markham, P. D., Salahuddin, S. Z., et al.: Frequent transmission of HTLV-III among spouses of patients with AIDS-related complex and AIDS. JAMA 253: 1571–1573, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Friedland, G. H., Saltzman, B. R., Rogers, M. F., et al.: Lack of transmission of HTLV-III/LAV infection to household contacts of patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex with oral candidiasis. N. Engl. J. Med. 314: 344–349, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Centers for Disease Control: Apparent transmission of human T-lymphotrophic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus from a child to a mother providing health care. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 35: 76–79, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Anonymous: Needlestick transmission of HTLV-III from a patient in Africa. Lancet 2: 1376–1377, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  26. McCray, E.: The cooperative needlestick surveillance group. Occupational risk of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome among health care workers. N. Engl. J. Med. 314: 1127–1132, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Stricof, R. L., and Morse, D. L.: HTLV-III/LAV seroconversion following a deep intramuscular needlestick injury. N. Engl. J. Med. 314: 1115, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Oksenhendler, E., Harzic, M., Le Roux, J. M., et al.: HIV infection with seroconversion after a superficial needlestick injury to the finger. N. Engl. J. Med. 315: 582, 1986.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Centers for Disease Control: Update: Human immunodeficiency virus infections in health-care workers exposed to blood of infected patients. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 36: 285–289, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Hirsch, M. S., Wormser, G. P., Schooley, R. T., et al.: Risk of nosocomial infection with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus III (HTLV-III). N. Engl. J. Med. 312: 1–4, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Update: Evaluation of human T-lymphotrophic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus infection in health care personnel—United States. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 34: 575–578, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Weiss, S. H., Saxinger, W. C., Rechtman, D., et al.: HTLV-III infection among health care workers: Association with needlestick injuries. JAMA 254: 2089–2093, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Schupbach, J., Popovic, M., Gildan, R. V., et al.: Serological analysis of a subgroup of human T-lymphotrophic retroviruses (HTLV-III) associated with AIDS. Science 224(4648): 503–505, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gerberding, J. L., Hopewell, P. C., Kaminsky, L. S., and Sande, M. A.: Transmission of hepatitus B without transmission of AIDS by accidental needlestick. N. Engl. J. Med. 312: 56, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Glaser, J. B., Garden, A.: Inoculation of cryptococcosis without transmission of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 313: 266, 1985.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Centers for Disease Control: Update on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)—United States. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 31: 507–514, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Centers for Disease Control: Revision of the case definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome for national reporting—United States. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 34: 373–375, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Gallo, R. C., Salahudden, S. Z., Popovic, M., et al.: Frequent detection and isolation of cytopathic retroviruses (HTLV-III) from patients with AIDS and at risk for AIDS. Science 224: 500–503, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Haverkos, H. W., Gottlieb, M. S., Killen, J. Y., and Edelman, R.: Classification of HTLV-III/LAV-related diseases (Letter). J. Infect. Dis. 152: 1095, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Redfield, R. R., Wright, D. C., and Tramont, E. C.: The Walter Reed staging classification for HTLV-III/LAV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 314: 131–132, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Centers for Disease Control: Classification system for human T-lymphotrophic virus type III/Lymphadenopathy-associated virus infections. Ann. Intern. Med. 105: 234–237, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Barre-Sinoussi, F., Chermann, J. C., Rey, F., et al.: Isolation of a T-lymphotrophic retrovirus from a patient at risk for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Science 220: 868–871, 1983.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Barin, F., McLane, M. F., Allan, J. S., et al.: Virus envelope protein of HTLV-III represents major target antigen for antibodies in AIDS patients. Science 228: 1094–1096, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Levy, J. A., Hoffman, A. D., Kramer, S. M., et al.: Isolation of lymphocytopathic retrovirus from San Francisco patients with AIDS. Science 225: 840–842, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sarngadharan, M. G., Popovic, M., Bruch, L., et al.: Antibodies reactive with human T-lymphotrophic retrovirus (HTLV-III) in the serum of patients with AIDS. Science 224: 506–508, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Weiss, S. H., Goedert, J. J., Sarngadharan, M. G., et al. Screening test for HTLV-III (AIDS agent) antibodies. JAMA 253: 221–225, 1985.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Centers for Disease Control: Results of human T-lymphotrophic virus type III test kits reported from blood collection centers—United States, April 22-May 19, 1985. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 34: 375–376, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ward, J. W., Grindon, A. J., Feorino, P. M., et al.: Laboratory and epidemiologic evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for antibodies to HTLV-III. JAMA 256: 357–361, 1986.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Medley, G. F., Anderson, R. M., Cox, D. R., and Billard, L.: Incubation period of AIDS in patients infected via blood transfusion. Nature 328: 719–721, 1987.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Conant, M. A., Spicer, D. W., and Smith, C. D.: Herpes simplex virus transmission: Condom studies. Sexually Transmitted Diseases 11(2): 94–95, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Katznelson, S., Drew, W. L., and Mintz, L.: Efficacy of the condom as a barrier to the transmission of cytomegalovirus. J. Infect. Dis. 150: 155–157, 1984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Centers for Disease Control: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): Precautions for clinical and laboratory staffs. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 31: 577–580, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Centers for Disease Control: Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Precautions for health care workers and allied professionals. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 32: 450–452, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Centers for Disease Control: Recommendations for preventing possible transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type III/Lymphadenopathy-associated virus from tears. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 34: 533–534, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Centers for Disease Control: Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus III/Lymphadenopathy-associated virus in the workplace. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 34: 681–686, 691-696, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Centers for Disease Control: Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with human T-lymphotropic virus type III/Lymphadenopathy-associated virus during invasive procedures. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 35: 221–223, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Centers for Disease Control: Recommended infection-control practices for dentistry. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 35: 237–242, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Centers for Disease Control: Recommendation for prevention of HIV transmission in health-care settings. Morbid. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 36: (25): 35–185, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami Veterans Administration Medical Center, Miami, Florida, 33101, USA

    Gordon M. Dickinson

Authors
  1. Gordon M. Dickinson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA

    Daniel M. Becker M.D., M.P.H.

  2. University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA

    Laurence B. Gardner M.D.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1988 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dickinson, G.M. (1988). AIDS. In: Becker, D.M., Gardner, L.B. (eds) Prevention in Clinical Practice. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5356-0_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5356-0_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5358-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5356-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation