Abstract
The basal ganglia, by strict definition, are “large subcortical nuclear masses classically considered to be telencephalic derivatives” (Carpenter, 1983). However, there are other regions of the brain, such as the substantia nigra, that are closely related to the basal ganglia, but which lie outside of the telencephalon. It has been known for a long time that the centromedian (CM) and parafascicular (Pf) nuclei are intimately associated with the basal ganglia. These nuclei are part of the thalamus and represent the caudal group of intralaminar nuclei. The present paper will concentrate on recent evidence from other laboratories, as well as from data generated by my associates and I, about these nuclei in the cat.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Arikuni, T., and Kubota, K., 1986, The organization of prefrontocaudate projections and their laminar origin in the macaque monkey: a retrograde study using HRP-gel, J. Comp. Neurol., 244:492.
Beckstead, R.M., 1984, The thalamostriatal projection in the cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 223:313.
Beckstead, R.M., Domesick, V.B., and Nauta, W.J.H., 1979, Efferent connections of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area in the rat. Brain Res., 175:191.
Beckstead, R.M., and Kersey, K.S., 1985, Immunohistochemical demonstration of differential substance P-, met-enkephalin-, and glutamic-aciddecarboxylase-containing cell body and axon distributions in the corpus striatum of the cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 232:481.
Bentivoglio, M., Macchi, G., and Albanese, A., 1981, The cortical projections of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei, as studied in cat and rat with the multiple fluorescent retrograde tracing technique, Neurosci. Letts. 26:5.
Berman, A.L., 1968, “The Brain Stem of the Cat. A Cytoarchitectonic Atlas with Stereotaxic Coordinates,” The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Berman, A.L., and Jones, E.G., 1982, “The Thalamus and Basal Telencephalon of the Cat. A Cytoarchitectonic Atlas with Stereotaxic Coordinates,” The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Carpenter, M.B., 1983, Interconnections between the corpus striatum and brain stem nuclei, in: “The Basal Ganglia: Structure and Function,” J.S. McKenzie, R.E. Kemm, and C.N. Wilcock, eds., Plenum Press, New York.
Carpenter, M.B., Nakano, K., and Kim, R., 1976, Nigrothalamic projections in the monkey demonstrated by autoradiographic techniques, J. Comp. Neurol., 165:401.
Carpenter, M.B., and Peter, P., 1972, Nigrostriatal and nigrothalamic fibers in the rhesus monkey, J. Comp. Neurol., 144:93.
Clavier, R.M., Atmadja, S., and Fiberger, H.C., 1978, Nigrothalamic projections in the rat as demonstrated by orthograde and retrograde tracing techniques, Brain Res. Bull., 1:379.
Comans, P.E., and Snow, P.J., 1981, Ascending projections to nucleus parafascicularis of the cat, Brain Res., 230:337.
DeVito, J.L., and Anderson, M.E., 1982, An autoradiographic study of efferent connections of the globus pallidus in Macaca mulatta, Exp. Brain Res., 46:107.
Divac, I., LaVail, J.H., Rakic, P., and Winston, K.R., 1977, Heterogeneous afferents to the inferior parietal lobule of the rhesus monkey revealed by the retrograde transport method, Brain Res., 123:197.
Duggan, A.W., and Hall, J.G., 1977, Morphine, naloxone, and the responses of medial thalamic neurones of the cat, Brain Res., 122:49.
Edwards, S.B., 1972, The ascending and descending projection of the red nucleus in the cat: an experimental study using an autoradiographic tracing method, Brain Res., 48:45.
Gerfen, C.R., Staines, W.A., Aubuthnott, G.W., and Fibiger, H.C., 1982, Crossed connections of the substantia nigra in the rat, J. Comp. Neurol., 207:283.
Graham, J., 1977, An autoradiographic study of the efferent connections of the superior colliculus in the cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 173:629.
Graybiel, A.M., and Hickey, T.L., 1982, Chemospecificity of ontogenetic units in the striatum: demonstration by combining [3H] thymidine neuronography and histochemical staining, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 79:198.
Graybiel, A.M., Pickel, V.M., Joh, T.H., Reis, D.J., and Ragsdale, C.W., 1981, Direct demonstration of a correspondence between the dopamine islands and acetylcholinesterase patches in the developing striatum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 78:5871.
Graybiel, A.M., and Ragsdale, C.W., 1978a, Histochemically distinct compartments in the striatum of human, monkey, and cat demonstrated by acetylthiocholinesterase staining, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., U.S.A., 75:5723.
Graybiel, A.M., and Ragsdale, C.W., 1978b, Striosomal organization of the caudate nucleus: I. Acetylcholinesterase histochemistry of the striatum in the cat, rhesus monkey, and human being, Neurosci. Abstr., 4:44.
Graybiel, A.M., Ragsdale, C.W., and Moon Edley, S., 1979, Compartments in the striatum of the cat observed by retrograde cell labeling, Exp. Brain Res., 34:189.
Graybiel, A.M., Ragsdale, C.W., Yoneoka, E.S., and Elde, R.P., 1981, An immunohistochemical study of enkephalins and other neuropeptides in the striatum of the cat with evidence that the opiate peptides are arranged in register with the striosomal compartments visible by acetylcholinesterase staining, Neuroscience, 6:377.
Grofová, I., and Rinvik, E., 1974, Cortical and pallidal projections to the nucleus ventralis lateralis thalami, Anat. Embryol., 146:113.
Guillery, R.W., 1966, A study of Golgi preparations from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the adult cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 128:21.
Harding, B.N., 1973a, An ultrastructural study of the centre median and ventrobasal thalamic nuclei of the monkey, Brain Res., 54:335.
Harding, B.N., 1973b, An ultrastructural study of the termination of afferent fibres within the ventrolateral and centre median nuclei of the monkey thalamus, Brain Res., 54:341.
Harnois, C., and Filion, M., 1982, Pallidofugal projections to thalamus and midbrain: a quantitative antidromic activation study in monkeys and cats, Exp. Brain Res., 47:277.
Harting, J.K., Huerta, M.F., Frankfurter, A.J., Strominger, N.L., and Royce, G.J., 1980, Ascending pathways from the monkey superior colliculus: an autoradiographic analysis, J. Comp. Neurol., 192:853.
Hazlett, J.C., Dutta, C.R., and Fox, C.A., 1976, The neurons in the centromedian-parafascicular complex of the monkey (Macaca mulatta): a Golgi study, J. Comp. Neurol., 168:41.
Hendry, S.H.C., Jones, E.G., and Graham, J., 1979, Thalamic relay nuclei for cerebellar and certain related fiber systems in the cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 185:679.
Herkenham, M., 1980, laminar organization of thalamic projections to the rat neocortex, Science, 207:532.
Herkenham, M., and Nauta, W.J.H., 1977, Afferent connections of the habenular nuclei in the rat: a horseradish peroxidase study, with a note on the fiber-of-passage problem, J. Comp. Neurol., 173:123.
Herkenham, M., and Pert, C.B., 1981, Mosaic distribution of opiate receptors, parafascicular projections, and acetylcholinesterase in rat striatum, Nature, 291:415.
Holstege, G., and Collewijn, H., 1982, The efferent connections of the nucleus of the optic tract and the superior colliculus in the rabbit, J. Comp. Neurol., 209:139.
Hopkins, D.A., and Holstege, G., 1978, Amygdaloid projections to the mesencephalon, pons, and medulla oblongata in the cat, Exp. Brain Res., 32:529.
Hopkins, D.A., and Lawrence, D.G., 1975, On the absence of a rubrothalamic projection in the monkey with observations on some ascending mesencephalic projections, J. Comp. Neurol, 161:269.
Huerta, M.F., and Harting, J.K., 1982, Tectal control of spinal cord activity: neuroanatomical demonstration of pathways connecting the superior colliculus with the cervical spinal cord grey, in: “Descending Pathways to the Spinal Cord,” Progress in Brain Res, Vol. 57, H.G.J.M. Kuypers and G.F. Martin, eds., Elsevier Biomedical Press, Amsterdam.
Ilinsky, I.A., and Kultas-Ilinsky, K., 1984, An autoradiographic study of topographical relationships between pallidal and cerebellar projections to the cat thalamus, Exp. Brain Res., 54:95.
Ingram, W.R., Hannet, F.I., and Randon, S.W., 1932, The topography of the nuclei of the diencephalon of the cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 55:333.
Itoh, K., and Mizuno, N., 1977, Topographical arrangement of thalamocortical neurons in the centrolateral nucleus (CL) of the cat, with special reference to a spino-thalamo-motor cortical path through the CL, Exp. Brain Res., 30:471.
Jasper, H.H., and Ajmone-Marsan, C., 1954, “A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Diencephalon of the Cat,” National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa.
Jayaraman, A., 1985, Organization of thalamic projections in the nucleus accumbens and the caudate nucleus in cats and its relation with hippocampal and other subcortical afferents, J. Comp. Neurol., 231:396.
Jones, E.G., 1985, “The Thalamus,” Plenum Press, New York.
Jones, E.G., and Burton, H., 1974, Cytoarchitecture and somatic sensory connectivity of thalamic nuclei other than of ventrobasal complex in the cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 154: 395.
Jones, E.G., and Leavitt, R.Y., 1974, Retrograde axonal transport and the demonstration of nonspecific projections to the cerebral cortex and striatum from thalamic intralaminar nuclei in the rat, cat, and monkey, J. Comp. Neurol., 154:349.
Jones, E.G., Wise, S.P., and Coulter, J.D., 1979, Differential thalamic relationships of sensory-motor and parietal cortical fields in monkeys, J. Comp. Neurol., 183:833.
Kaelber, W.W., and Smith, T.B., 1979, Projections of the zona incerta in the cat, with stimulation controls, Exp. Neurol., 63:177.
Kalil, K., 1978, Patch-like termination of thalamic fibers in the putamen of the rhesus monkey: an autoradiographic study, Brain Res., 333:339.
Kasdon, D.L., and Jacobson, S., 1978, The thalamic afferents to the inferior parietal lobule of the rhesus monkey, J. Comp. Neurol., 177:685.
Katz, L.C., Burkhalter, A., and Dreyer, W.J., 1984, Fluorescent latex microspheres as a retrograde neuronal marker forin vivo and in vitro studies of visual cortex, Nature, 310:498.
Kievet, J., and Kuypers, H.J.M., 1975, Subcortical afferents to the frontal lobe in the rhesus monkey studied by means of retrograde horseradish peroxidase transport, Brain Res., 85:261.
Kim, R., Nakano, K., Jayaraman, A., and Carpenter, M.B., 1976, Projections of the globus pallidus and adjacent structures: an autoradiographic study in the monkey, J. Comp. Neurol., 169:263.
Kitai, S.T., 1981, Electrophysiology of the corpus striatum and brain stem integrating system, in: “Handbook of Neurophysiology,” V.B. Brooks, ed., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.
Kitai, S.T., Kocsis, J.D., and Wood, J., 1976, Origin and characteristics of the cortico-caudate afferents: An anatomical and electrophysiological study, Brain Res., 118:137.
Kuo, J.S., and Carpenter, M.B., 1973, Organization of pallidothalamic projections in the rhesus monkey, J. Comp. Neurol., 151:201.
Künzle, H., 1976, Thalamic projections from the precentral motor cortex in Macaca fascicularis, Brain Res., 105:253.
Künzle, H., and Akert, K., 1977, Efferent connections of cortical area 8 (frontal eye field) in Macaca fascicularis: a reinvestigation using the autoradiographic technique, J. Comp. Neurol., 173:147.
Leontovich, T.A., 1975, Quantitative analysis and classification of subcortical forebrain neurons,in: “Golgi Centennial Symposium,” M. Santini, ed., Raven Press, New York.
Leontovich, T.A., and Zhukova, G.P., 1963, The specificity of the neuronal structure and topography of the reticular formation in the brain and spinal cord of Carnivora, J. Comp. Neurol., 121:347.
Luys, J.B., 1865, Recherches sur le système nerveux cérébro-spinal: sa structure, ses fonctions, et ses maladies, J.B. Baillière, Paris.
McGuinness, C.M., and Krauthamer, G.M., 1980, The afferent projections to the centrum medianum of the cat as demonstrated by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase, Brain Res., 184:255.
Mehler, W.R., 1966, Further notes on the center median nucleus of Luys, in: “The Thalamus,” D.P. Purpura and M.D. Yahr, eds., Columbia University Press, New York.
Mesulam, M., 1978, Tetramethyl benzidine for horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry: a non-carcinogenic blue reaction-product with superior sensitivity for visualizing neural afferents and efferents, J. Histochern. Cytochem., 26: 106.
Mesulam, M., 1982, Principles of horseradish peroxidase neurohistochemistry and their applications for tracing neural pathways-axonal transport, enzyme histochemistry, and light microscopic analysis, In: “Tracing Neural Connections with Horseradish Peroxidase,” M. Mesulam, ed., John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Mesulam, M., Van Hoesen, G.W., Pandya, D.N., and Geschwind, T., 1977, Limbic and sensory connections of the inferior parietal lobule (area PG) in the rhesus monkey: a study with a new method for horseradish peroxidase histochemistry, Brain Res., 136:393.
Moon Edley, S., and Graybiel, A.M., 1983, The afferent and efferent connections of the feline nucleus tegmenti pedunculopontinus, pars compacta, J. Comp. Neurol., 217:187.
Morán, A., Avendaño, C., and Reinoso-Suárez, F., 1982, Thalamic afferents to the motor cortex in the cat: a horseradish peroxidase study, Neurosci. Letts., 33:229.
Nauta, H.J.W., 1979, Projections of the pallidal complex: an autoradiographic study in the cat, Neuroscience, 4:1853.
Nauta, W.J.H., and Mehler, W.R., 1966, Projections of the lentiform nucleus in the monkey, Brain Res., 1:3.
Nauta, W.J.H., and Whitlock, D.G., 1954, An anatomical analysis of the non-specific thalamic projection system, in: “Brain Mechanisms and Consciousness,” J.F. Delafresnaye, ed., Blackwell, Oxford.
Niimi, K., and Kuwahara, E., 1973, The dorsal thalamus of the cat and comparison with monkey and man, J. Hirnforsch., 14:303.
Norita, M., and Kawamura, K., 1980, Subcortical afferents to the monkey amygdala: an HRP study, Brain Res., 190:225.
Oka, H., 1980, Organization of the cortico-caudate projections: a horseradish peroxidase study in the cat, Exp. Brain Res., 40:203.
Parent, A., and DeBellefeuille, L., 1983, The pallidointralaminar and pallidonigral projections in primate as studied by retrograde double-labeling method, Brain Res., 278:11.
Parent, A., Mackey, A., and DeBellefeuille, L., 1983, The subcortical afferents to caudate nucleus and putamen in primate: a fluorescence retrograde double labeling study, Neuroscience, 10:1137.
Pearl, G.S., and Anderson, K.V., 1980, Interactions between nucleus centrum medianum and gigantocellular nociceptive neurons, Brain Res. Bull., 5:203.
Pearson, J.C., Norris, J.R., and Phelps, C.H., 1984, The cytoarchitecture and some efferent projections of the centromedian-parafascicular complex in the lesser bushbaby (Galago senegalensis), J. Comp. Neurol., 225:554.
Peschanski, M., and Besson, J.M., 1984, A spino-reticulo-thalamic pathway in the rat: an anatomical study with reference to pain transmission, Neuroscience, 12:165.
Powell, T.P.S., and Cowan, W.M., 1956, A study of thalamo-striate relations in the monkey, Brain, 79:364.
Price, J.L., and Amaral, D.G., 1981, An autoradiographic study of the projections of the central nucleus of the monkey amygdala, Neuroscience, 1:1242.
Ragsdale, C.W., and Graybiel, A.M., 1981, The fronto-striatal projection in the cat and monkey, and its relationship to inhomogeneities established by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry, Brain Res., 208:259.
Ramón y Cajal, S., 1904, Las fibras nerviosas de origen cerebral del tuberculo o cuadrigémino anterior y tálamo óptico, C.R. Congr. Intern. Med., Madrid, 14:36.
Ramón y Cajal, S., 1911, “Histologie du Système Nerveux de l’Homme et des Vertèbrès,” Maloine, Paris.
Ramón-Moliner, E., 1962, An attempt at classifying nerve cells on the basis of their dendritic patterns, J. Comp. Neurol., 119:211.
Ramón-Moliner, E., 1975, Specialized and generalized dendritic patterns, in: “Golgi Centennial Symposium, Perspectives in Neurobiology,” M. Santini, ed., Raven Press, New York.
Ricardo, J.A., 1981, Efferent connections of the subthalamic region in the rat, II. The zona incerta, Brain Res. 214:43.
Rinvik, E., 1968, A re-evaluation of the cytoarchitecture of the ventral nuclear complex of the cat’s thalamus on the basis of corticothalamic connections, Brain Res., 8:237.
Rioch, D.M., 1929, Studies on the diencephalon of Carnivora: Part I, The nuclear configuration of the thalamus, epithalamus, and hypothalamus of the dog and cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 49:1.
Rioch, D.M., 1931, A note on the centre mèdian nucleus of Luys, J. Anat. 65:324.
Royce, G.J., 1978a, Cells of origin of subcortical afferents to the caudate nucleus: a horseradish peroxidase study in the cat, Brain Res., 153:465.
Royce, G.J., 1978b, Autoradiographic evidence for a discontinuous projection to the caudate nucleus from the centromedian nucleus in the cat, Brain Res., 146:145.
Royce, G.J., 1982, Laminar origin of cortical neurons which project upon the caudate nucleus : a horseradish peroxidase investigation in the cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 205:8.
Royce, G.J., 1983a, Single thalamic neurons which project to both the rostral cortex and caudate nucleus studied with the fluorescent double labeling method, Exp. Neurol., 79:773.
Royce, G.J., 1983b, Cells of origin of corticothalamic projections upon the centromedian and parafascicular nuclei in the cat, Brain Res., 258:11.
Royce, G.J., 1983c, Cortical neurons with collateral projections to both the caudate nucleus and the centromedian-parafascicular thalamic complex: a fluorescent retrograde double labeling study in the cat, Exp. Brain Res., 50:157.
Royce, G.J., and Harting, J.K., 1976, Projections of the superior colliculus to the intralaminar thalamic nuclei in the cat and rhesus monkey, Neurosci. Abstr., 2:1090.
Royce, G.J., and Laine, E.J., 1984, Efferent projections of the caudate nucleus, including cortical projections of the striatum and other basal ganglia: an autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase investigation in the cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 226:28.
Royce, G.J., and Mourey, R.J., 1985, Efferent connections of the centromedian and parafascicular thalamic nuclei: an autoradiographic investigation in the cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 235:277.
Sato, M., Ttoh, K., and Mizuno, N., 1979, Distribution of thalamo-caudate neurons in the cat as demonstrated by horseradish peroxidase, Exp. Brain Res., 34:143.
Scheibel, M.E., and Scheibel, A.B., 1966, Patterns of organization in specific and nonspecific thalamic fields, in: “The Thalamus,” D.P. Purpura and M.D. Yahr, eds., Columbia University Press, New York.
Schlag, J., and Schlag-Rey, M., 1970, Induction of oculomotor responses by electrical stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in the cat, Brain Res., 22:1.
Schwab, M., Agid, Y., Glowinski, L., and Thoenen, H., 1977, Retrograde axonal transport of 125I-tetanus toxin as a tool for tracing fiber connections in the central nervous system: connections of the rostral part of the rat neostriatum, Brain Res., 126:211.
Simma, K., 1950, Zur Cytoarchitektonik des menschlichen Centrum medianum thalami, Monatsschr. Psychiatr. Neurol., 120:119.
Steriade, M., Sakai, K., and Jouvet, M., 1984, Bulbo-thalamic neurons related to thalamocortical activation processes during paradoxical sleep, Exp. Brain Res., 54:463.
Strick, P.L., 1970, Cortical projections of the feline thalamic nucleus ventralis lateralis, Brain Res., 20:130.
Strick, P.L., 1973, Light microscopic analysis of the cortical projection of the thalamic ventrolateral nucleus in the cat, Brain Res., 55:1.
Strick, P.L., 1975, Multiple sources of thalamic input to the primate motor cortex, Brain Res., 88:372.
Strick, P.L., and Sterling, P., 1974, Synaptic termination of afferents from the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus in the cat motor cortex: a light and electron microscopic study, J. Comp. Neurol., 153:77.
Strominger, N.L., Truscott, T.C., Miller, R.A., and Royce, G.J., 1979, An autoradiographic study of the rubroolivary tract in the rhesus monkey, J. Comp. Neurol., 183:33.
Sugimoto, T., and Hattori, T., 1983, Confirmation of thalamosubthalamic projections by electron microscopic autoradiography, Brain Res., 267:335.
Sugimoto, T., Hattori, T., Mizuno, N., Itoh, K., and Sato, M., 1983, Direct projections from the centre median-parafascicular complex to the subthalamic nucleus in the cat and rat, J. Comp. Neurol., 214:209.
Sugimoto, T., Mizuno, N., and Itoh, K., 1981, An autoradiographic study of the terminal distribution of cerebellothalamic fibers in the cat, Brain Res., 215:29.
Tseng, G., and Royce, G.J., 1986, A Golgi and ultrastructural analysis of the centromedian nucleus of the cat, J. Comp. Neurol., 245:359.
Tsubokawa, T., and Moriyasu, N., 1975, Follow-up results of centre median thalamotomy for relief of intractable pain: a method of evaluating the effectiveness during operation, Confin. Neurol., 37:280.
VanBuren, J.M., and Borke, R.C., 1972, “Variations and Connections of the Human Thalamus, I. The Nuclei and Cerebral Connections of the Human Thalamus,” Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Vedovato, M., 1978, Identification of afferent connections to cortical area 6αβ of the cat by means of retrograde horseradish peroxidase transport, Neurosci. Letts., 9:303.
Vogt, B.A., Rosene, D.L., and Pandya, D.N., 1979, Thalamic and cortical afferents differentiate anterior from posterior cingulate cortex in the monkey, Science, 204:205.
Vogt, C., and Vogt, O., 1941, Thalamusstudien I-III: I. Zur Einfuhrung, II. Homogenitat und Grenzgestaltung der Grisea des Thalamus, III. Das Griseum centrale (Centrum medianum Luys), J. Psychol. Neurol., 50:32.
Yamamoto, T., Samejima, A., and Oka, H., 1985, An intracellular analysis of the entopeduncular inputs on the centrum medianum-parafascicular nuclear complex in cats, Brain Res., 348:343.
Watanabe, K., and Kawana, E., 1982, The cells of origin of the incertofugal projections to the tectum, thalamus, tegmentum, and spinal cord in the rat: a study using the autoradiographic and horseradish peroxidase methods, Neuroscience, 7:2389.
Woolsey, C.N., 1958, Organization of somatic sensory and motor areas of the cerebral cortex,in: “Biological and Biochemical Bases of Behavior,” H.E. Harlow and C.N. Woolsey, eds., University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1987 Plenum Press, New York
About this paper
Cite this paper
Royce, G.J. (1987). Recent Research on the Centromedian and Parafascicular Nuclei. In: Carpenter, M.B., Jayaraman, A. (eds) The Basal Ganglia II. Advances in Behavioral Biology, vol 32. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5347-8_20
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5347-8_20
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5349-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5347-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive