Abstract
In the last few hundred years, man has learned that the tools of ge netic selection are a powerful means of improving the utility of livestock. Genetic engineering of animals appears to be a logical extension of the man-animal relationship; albeit one that places more responsibility on man in his efforts to develop an ecosystem in which both man and animals persist. The prospects for genetic engineering of farm animals have improved dramatically because of recent discoveries in the field of gene regulation. Two fundamental tools have made possible the recently reported successful insertion of a cloned human growth hormone gene into pigs and sheep (21). These tools or biotechnologies are embryo micromanipulation and recombinant DNA technology. Judicious application of embryo manipulation and recombinant DNA will provide an opportunity to increase the utilization of animals for food, fiber, and biomedical products. Combining genetic manipulation with the well-established biotechnologies of semen and embryo preservation has increased man’s options for preserving genetic resources that at present seem to be dwindling through the loss of animal species in a technology-dominated world. In this chapter, I will discuss methods of genetic manipulation developed since 1950 that appear to have made the most impact on efforts to genetically engineer farm animals. I will also discuss the potential and problems that have arisen with different approaches to engineering animals. The development of recombinant DNA techniques is outside the scope of this chapter, but is obviously an essential part of genetic engineering.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bradley, A., M. Evans, M.H. Kaufman, and E. Robertson (1984) Formation of germ line chimaeras from embryo-derived teratocarcinoma cell lines. Nature 309:255–256.
Brem, G., H. Tenhumberg, and H. Kraublich (1984) Chimerism in cattle through microsurgical aggregation of morulae. Theriogenology 22:609.
Briggs, R., and T.J. King (1952) Transplantation of living nuclei from blastula cells into enucleated frogs’ eggs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 38:455–457.
Brinster, R.L. (1974) The effect of cells transferred into the mouse blastocyst on subsequent development. J. Exptl. Med. 140:1049–1056.
Brinster, R.L., H.Y. Chen, M.E. Trumbauer, M.K. Yagle, A.W. Senear, R. Warren, and R.D. Palmiter (1981) Somatic expression of herpes thymidine kinase in mice following injection of a fusion gene into eggs. Cell 27:223–231.
Butler, J.E., G.B. Anderson, R.H. BonDurant, and R.L. Pashen (1985) Production of ovine chimeras. Theriogenology 23:183.
Colman, A. (1975) Transcription of DNA’s of known sequence after injection into the eggs and oocytes of Xenopus laevis. Eur. J. Biochem.57:85–96.
Constantini, F., and E. Lacy (1981) Introduction of a rabbit ß-globin gene in the mouse germ line. Nature 294:92–94.
Evans, M.J., and M.H. Kaufman (1981) Establishment in culture of pluripotential cells from mouse embryos. Nature 292:154–156.
Fehilly, C.B., S.M. Willadsen, and E.M. Tucker (1984) Experimental chimerism in sheep. J. Reprod. Fert. 70:347–351.
Fehilly, C.B., S.M. Willadsen, and E.M. Tucker (1984) Interspecific chimerism between sheep and goats. Nature 307:634–636.
Fischberg, M., J.B. Gurdon, and J.R. Elsdale (1958) Nuclear transplantation in Xenopus laevis. Nature 181:424.
Frels, W.I., J.A. Bluestone, R.J. Hodes, M.R. Capecchi, and D.S. Singer (1985) Expression of a microinjected porcine class I major histocompatibility complex gene in transgenic mice. Science 228:577–580.
Gardner, R.L. (1968) Mouse chimeras obtained by injection of cells into the blastocyst. Nature 220:596–597.
Goldberg, D.A., J.W. Posakony, and T. Maniatis (1983) Correct developmental expression of a cloned alcohol dehydrogenase gene transduced into the Drosophila germ line. Cell 34:59–73.
Gordon, J.W., and F.H. Ruddle (1981) Integration and stable germ line transmission of genes injected into mouse pronuclei. Science 214: 1244–1246.
Gordon, J.W., G.A. Scangos, D.J. Plotkin, J.A. Barbosa, and F.H. Ruddle (1980) Genetic transformation of mouse embryos by microinjec tion of purified DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 77:7380–7384.
Graham, F.L., and A.J. Van Dereb (1973) A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 52:456–467.
Gurdon, J.B. (1962) Adult frogs derived from the nuclei of single somatic cells. Biology 4:256–273.
Gurdon, J.B., and R.A. Laskey (1970) The transplantation of single nuclei from single cultured cells into enucleate frogs’ eggs. J. Embr. and Exptl. Morph. 24:227–248.
Hammer, R.E., V.G. Pursel, C.E. Rexroad, R.J. Wall, D.J. Bolt, K.M. Ebert, R.D. Palmiter, and R.L. Brinster (1985) Production of transgenic rabbits, sheep and pigs by microinjection. Nature 315:680–683.
Harbers, K., D. Jahner, and R. Jaenish (1981) Microinjection of cloned retroviral genomes into mouse zygotes: Integration and expression in the animal. Nature 293:540–542.
Illmensee, K., and P.C. Hoppe (1981) Nuclear transplantation in Mus musculus: Developmental potential of nuclei from preimplantation embryos. Cell 23:9–18.
Jaenisch, R. (1976) Germ line integration and Mendelian transmission of exogenous Moloney leukemia virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA73:1260–1264.
Jaenisch, R., K. Harbers, A. Schnieke, J. Lohler, I. Chumakov, D. Jahner, D. Grotkopp, and E. Hoffman (1983) Germline integration of Moloney Murine Leukemia virus at the Mov-13 locus leads to recessive lethal mutation and early embryonic death. Cell 32:209–216.
Jaenisch, R., and B. Mintz (1974) Simian Virus 40 DNA sequences in DNA of healthy adult mice derived from preimplantation blastocysts injected with viral DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 71:1250–1254.
Jahner, D., and R. Jaenisch (1980) Integration of Moloney leukemia virus into the germ line of mice: Correlation between site of integration and virus activation. Nature 287:456–458.
King, T.J., and R. Briggs (1955) Changes in the nuclei of differentiating gastrula cells as demonstrated by nuclear transplantation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 41:321–325.
McGrath, J., and D. Solter (1983) Nuclear transplantation in the mouse embryo by microsurgery and cell fusion. Science 220:1300–1302.
McGrath, J., and D. Solter (1984) Inability of mouse blastomere nuclei transferred to enucleated zygotes to support development in vitro. Science 226:1317–1319.
Mertz, J.E., and J.B. Gurdon (1977) Purified DNAs are transcribed after microinjection into Xenopus oocytes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 74:1502–1506.
Miller, A.D., E.S. Ong, M.G. Rosenfeld, I.M. Verma, and R.M. Evans (1984) Infectious and selectable retrovirus containing an inducible rat growth hormone minigene. Science 225:993–998.
Mintz, B. (1962) Formation of genetically mosaic mouse embryos. Am. Zool. 2:432.
Mintz, B. (1971) Allophenic mice of multi-embryo origin. In Methods in Mammalian Embryology, J. Daniel, ed. W.H. Freeman, San Francisco, pp. 186–214.
Mintz, B., and K. Illmensee (1975) Normal genetically mosaic mice produced from malignant teratocarcinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 72:3585–3589.
O’Hare, K., and G.M. Rubin (1983) Structures of P transposable elements and their sites of insertion and excision in the Drosophila melanogaster genome. Cell 34:25–35.
Ornitz, D.M., R.D. Palmiter, R.E. Hammer, R.L. Brinster, G.H. Swift, and R.J. MacDonald (1985) Specific expression of an elastase-human growth hormone fusion gene in pancreatic acinar cells of transgenic mice. Nature 313:600–602.
Palmiter, R.D., R.L. Brinster, R.E. Hammer, M.E. Trumbauer, M.G. Rosenfeld, N.C. Birnberg, and R.M. Evans (1982) Dramatic growth of mice that develop from eggs microinjected with metallothionein-growth hormone fusion genes. Nature 300:611–615.
Palmiter, R.D., T.M. Wilkie, H.Y. Chen, and R.L. Brinster (1984) Transmission distortion and mosaicism in an unusual transgenic mouse pedigree. Cell 36:869–877.
Papaioannou, V.E., M.W. McBurney, R.L. Gardener, and M.J. Evans (1975) Fate of teratocarcinoma cells injected into early mouse embryos. Nature 258:70–73.
Paulson, K.E., N. Deka, C.W. Schmid, R. Misra, C.W. Schindler, M.G. Rush, L. Kadyk, and L. Leinwald (1985) A transposon-like element in human DNA. Nature 316:359–361.
Pighills, E., J.L. Hancock, and J.G. Hall (1968) Attempted induction of chimerism in sheep. J. Reprod. Fert. 17:543–547.
Rossant, J., and W.I. Frels (1980) Interspecific chimeras in mammals: Successful production of live chimeras between Mus musculus and Mus carol. Science 208:419–421.
Rubin, G., and A.C. Spralding (1982) Genetic transformation of Droso-phila with transposable element vectors. Science 218:348–353.
Rusconi, S., and W. Schaffner (1981) Transformation of frog embryos with a rabbit ß-globin gene. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 78:5051–5055.
Scangos, G., and F.H. Ruddle (1981) Mechanisms and applications of DNA-mediated gene transfer in mammalian cells-A review. Gene 14: 1–10.
Schnieke, A., K. Harbers, and R. Jaenisch (1983) Embryonic lethal mu tation in mice induced by retrovirus insertion in the -l(I) collagen gene. Nature 304:315–320.
Scholnick, S.B., B.A. Morgan, and J. Hirsh (1983) The cloned Dopa decarboxylase gene is developmentally regulated when reintegrated into the Drosophila genome. Cell 34:37–45.
Shani, M. (1985) Tissue-specific expression of rat myosin light-chain 2 gene in transgenic mice. Nature 314:283–286.
Smith, L.D. (1965) Transplantation of nuclei of primordial germ cells into enucleated eggs of Rana pipiens. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA54:101–107.
Spralding, A.C., and G. Rubin (1982) Transposition of cloned P elements into Drosophila germ line chromosomes. Science 218:341–347.
Stevens, L.C. (1970) The development of transplantable teratocarcinomas from intratesticular grafts of pre-and postimplantation embryos. Dev. Biol. 21:364–382.
Stewart, C.L., H. Stuhlmann, D. Jahner, and R. Jaenisch (1982) De novo methylation, expression, and infectivity of retroviral genomes introduced into embryonal carcinoma cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA79:4098–4102.
Tarkowski, A.K. (1961) Mouse chimaeras developed from fused eggs. Nature 190:857–860.
Tucker, E.M., R.M. Moor, and L.E.A. Rowson (1974) Tetraparental sheep chimeras induced by blastomere transplantation: Changes in blood type with age. Immunology 26:613–621.
Wagner, E.F., T.A. Stewart, and B. Mintz (1981) The human ß-globin gene and a functional viral thymidine kinase gene in developing mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 78:5016–5020.
Wagner, E.F., L. Covarrubias, T.A. Stewart, and B. Mintz (1984) Prenatal lethalities in mice homozygous for human growth hormone gene sequences integrated into the germ line. Cell 35:647–655.
Wagner, T.E., P.C. Hoppe, J.D. Jollick, D.R. Scholl, R.L. Hodinka, and J.B. Gault (1981) Microinjection of a rabbit ß-globin gene into zy gotes and its subsequent expression in adult mice and their offspring. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA 78:6376–6380.
Wall, R.J., V.G. Pursel, R.E. Hammer, and R.L. Brinster (1985) Development of porcine ova that were centrifuged to permit visualization of pronuclei and nuclei. Biol. Reprod. 32:645–651.
Wigler, M., S. Silverstein, L.S. Lee, A. Pellicer, Y.C. Cheng, and R. Axel (1977) Transfer of purified herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase genes to cultured mouse cells. Cell 11:223–232.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1986 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rexroad, C.E. (1986). History of Genetic Engineering of Laboratory and Farm Animals. In: Evans, J.W., Hollaender, A., Wilson, C.M. (eds) Genetic Engineering of Animals. Basic Life Sciences. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5110-8_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-5110-8_11
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-5112-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-5110-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive