Skip to main content

The Thyroid

  • Chapter
  • 51 Accesses

Part of the book series: Contemporary Endocrinology ((COE,volume 2))

Abstract

In the years that have elapsed since the publication of the first volume, some strides have been made in defining certain aspects of the localization, metabolic clearance, and disposition of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). This is due in large part to the increasing availability of improved methods for the radioimmunoassay (RIA) of TRH. A detailed review on all aspects of TRH physiology has recently been published.1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Jackson, I. M. D., 1982, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone, N. Engl. J. Med. 306: 145–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. Kubek, M., Wilber, J. F., and George, J. M., 1979, The distribution and concentration of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in discrete human hypothalamic nuclei, Endocrinology 105: 537–540.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Aizawa, T., and Greer, M. A., 1981, Delineation of the hypothalamic area controlling thyrotropin secretion in the rat, Endocrinology 109: 1731–1738.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Engler, D., Scanlon, M. F., and Jackson, I. M. D., 1981, Thyrotropinreleasing hormone in the systemic circulation of the neonatal rat is derived from the pancreas and other extraneural tissues, J. Clin. Invest. 67: 800–808.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. Shambaugh, G., III, Kubek, M., and Wilber, J. F., 1979, Thyrotropinreleasing hormone activity in the human placenta, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48: 483–486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Youngblood, W. W., Humm, J., Lipton, M. A., and Kizer, J. S., 1980, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-like bioactivity in placenta: Evidence for the existence of substances other than Pyroglu-His-Pro-NH2 (TRH) capable of stimulating pituitary thyrotropin release, Endocrinology 106: 541–546.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Bhandaru, L., and Emerson, C. H., 1980, Evidence for the presence of the putative TRH metabolite, deamido-TRH, in human urine, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 410–412.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Emerson, C. H., Vogel, W., Currie, B. L., and Okal, T., 1980, Concentrations of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and deamido-TRH, and TRH deamidase activity in brain, Endocrinology 107: 443–449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Yanagisawa, T., Prasad, C., and Peterkofsky, A., 1980, The subcellular and organ distribution and natural form of histidyl-proline diketopiperazine in rat brain determined by a specific radioimmunoassay, J. Biol. Chem. 255: 10290–10298.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Emerson, C. H., Alex, S., Braverman, L. E., and Safran, M. S., 1981, A study of the effect of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone metabolite, histidyl proline diketopiperazine, on prolactin in vivo, Endocrinology 109: 1375–1379.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Morley, J. E., Garvin, T. J., Pekary, A. E., Utiger, R. D., Nair, M. G., Baugh, C. M., and Hershman, J. M., 1979, Plasma clearance and plasma half-disappearance time of exogenous thyrotropin-releasing hormone and pyroglutamyl-N’-methyl-histidyl prolineamide, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48: 377–380.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Emerson, C. H., Mishal, A., Mahabeer, H. L., and Currie, B. L., 1979, Lack of evidence for thyrotropin-releasing hormone deamidation in normal and hyperthyroid human sera, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49: 138–140.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Jackson, I. M. D., Papapetrou, P. D., and Reichlin, S., 1979, Metabolic clearance of thyrotropin-releasing hormone in the rat in hypothyroid and hyperthyroid states: Comparison with serum degradation in vitro, Endocrinology 104: 1292–1298.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Naor, Z., Snyder, G., Fawcett, C. P., and McCann, S. M., 1980, Pituitary cyclic nucleotides and thyrotropin-releasing hormone action: The relationship of adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate and guanosine 3’,5’-monophosphate to the release of thyrotropin and prolactin, Endocrinology 106: 1304–1310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Snyder, G., Naor, Z., Fawcett, C. P., and McCann, S. M., 1981, Action of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on mammotrophs and thyrotrophs, Am. J. Physiol. 241: E298 - E304.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Roti, E., Gnudi, A., Robuschi, G., Emanuele, R., Benassi, L., and Braverman, L. E., 1982, Response of growth hormone (GH) to thyrotropinreleasing hormone (TRH) during fetal life, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 54: 1255–1257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Snyder, P. J., Muzyka, R., Johnson, J., and Utiger, R. D., 1980, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone provokes abnormal follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone responses in men who have pituitary adenomas and FSH hypersecretion, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 744–748.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  18. Faden, A. I., Jacobs, T. P., and Holaday, J. W., 1981, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone improves neurologic recovery after spinal trauma in cats, N. Engl. J. Med. 305: 1063–1067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Holaday, J. W., D’Amato, R. J., and Faden, A. I., 1981, Thyrotropinreleasing hormone improves cardiovascular function in experimental endotoxic and hemorrhagic shock, Science 213: 216–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Parker, D. C., Pekary, A. E., and Hershman, J. M., 1976, Effect of normal and reversed sleep—wake cycles upon nyctohemeral rhythmicity of plasma thyrotropin: Evidence suggestive of an inhibitory influence in sleep, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43: 318–329.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Minuto, F., Bagnasco, M., Giusti, M., Grimaldi, G., Biassoni, P., Ferrini, O., and Giordano, G., 1981, Twenty-four hour profile of integrated TSH concentration in puberty, J. Endocrinol. Invest. 4: 7–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Spencer, C. A., Greenstadt, M. A., Wheeler, W. S., Kletzky, O. A., and Nicoloff, J. T., 1980, The influence of long-term low dose thyrotropinreleasing hormone infusions on serum thyrotropin and prolactin concentrations in man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 771–775.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Hinkle, P. M., Perrone, M. H., and Schonbrunn, A., 1981, Mechanism of thyroid hormone inhibition of thyrotropin-releasing hormone action, Endocrinology 108: 199–205.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Silva, J. E., and Larsen, P. R., 1978, Contributions of plasma triiodothyronine and local thyroxine monodeiodination to triiodothyronine to nuclear triiodothyronine receptor saturation in pituitary, liver, and kidney of hypothyroid rats, J. Clin. Invest. 61: 1247–1259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Larsen, P. R., Dick, T. E., Markovitz, B. P., Kaplan, M. M., and Gard, T. G., 1979, Inhibition of intrapituitary thyroxine to 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine conversion prevents the acute suppression of thyrotropin release by thyroxine in hypothyroid rats, J. Clin. Invest. 64: 117–128.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Kleinmann, R. E., Vagenakis, A. G., and Braverman, L. E., 1980, The effect of iopanoic acid on the regulation of thyrotropin secretion in eu-thyroid subjects, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 399–403.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Larsen, P. R., 1982, Feedback regulation of thyrotropin secretion by thyroid hormones, N. Engl. J. Med. 306: 23–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Scanlon, F., Chan, V., Heath, M., Pourmand, M., Rodriguez-Arnao, M. D., Weightman, R., Lewis, M., and Hall, R., 1981, Dopamine’ gic control of thyrotropin a-subunit, thyrotropin 3-subunit, and prolactin in euthyroidism and hypothyroidism: Dissociated responses to dopamine receptor blockade with metoclopramide in hypothyroid subjects, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 360–365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Feek, C. M., Sawers, J. S. A., Brown, N. S., Seth, J., Irvine, W.J., and Toft, A. D., 1980, Influence of thyroid status on dopaminergic inhibition of thyrotropin and prolactin secretion: Evidence for an additional feedback mechanism in the control of thyroid hormone secretion, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 585–589.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Pamenter, R. W., and Hedge, G. A., 1980, Inhibition of thyrotropin secretion by physiological levels of corticosterone, Endocrinology 106: 162–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Cobb, W. E., Reichlin, S., and Jackson, I. M. D., 1981, Growth hormone secretory status is a determinant of the thyrotropin response to thyrotropinreleasing hormone in euthyroid patients with hypothalamic—pituitary disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 324–329.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Tamagna, E. I., Hershman, J. M., and Jorgensen, E. C., 1979, Thyrotropin suppression by 3,5-dimethyl-3’-isopropyl-t.-thyroxine in man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48: 196–200.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Bech, K., Feldt-Rasmussen, U., and Madsen, S. N., 1981, Influence of thyroglobulin on basal and stimulated human thyroid adenylate cyclase activity, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 264–269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Zakarija, M., Witte, A., and McKenzie, J. M., 1980, Influence of cholera toxin on in vitro refractoriness to thyrotropin of thyroids from rats fed propylthiouracil, Endocrinology 107: 2045–2050.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Holmes, S. D., Titus, G., Chou, M., and Field, J. B., 1980, Effects of thyrotropin and cholera toxin on the thyroidal adenylate cyclase—adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate system, Endocrinology 107: 2076–2081.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Zakarija, M., and McKenzie, J. M., 1980, Influences of cholera toxin on thyroid stimulation by thyrotropin and thyroid-stimulating antibody, Endocrinology 107: 2051–2054.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Engström, G., and Ericson, L. E., 1981, Effect of graded doses of thyrotropin on exocytosis and early phase of endocytosis in the rat thyroid, Endocrinology 108: 399–405.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Ericson, L. E., and Wollman, S. H., 1980, Increase in the rough endoplasmic reticulum in capillary endothelial cells and pericytes in hyperplastic rat thyroid glands, Endocrinology 107: 732–737.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Laurberg, P., 1981, Iodothyronine secretion from perfused dog thyroid lobes after prolonged thyrotropin treatment in vivo, Endocrinology 109: 1560–1565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Laurberg, P., 1980, Iodothyronine release from the perfused canine thyroid following cessation of stimulation, J. Clin. Invest. 65: 488–495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Laurberg, P., 1980, Secretion of 3,3’-diiodothyronine by the perfused canine thyroid isolated in situ, Endocrinology 107: 989–993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  42. Wollman, S. H., and Ekholm, R., 1981, Site of iodination in hyperplastic thyroid glands deduced from autoradiographs, Endocrinology 108: 2082–2085.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  43. Rosenberg, I. N., and Goswami, A., 1979, Purification and characterization of a flavoprotein from bovine thyroid with iodotyrosine deiodinase activity, J. Biol. Chem. 254: 12318–12325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Hildebrandt, J. D., and Halmi, N. S., 1980, Intrathyroidally generated iodide: The role of propylthiouracil-sensitive processes in its production, Endocrinology 107: 830–838.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Hildebrandt, J. D., and Halmi, N. S., 1981, Intrathyroidally generated iodide: The role of transport in its utilization, Endocrinology 108: 842–849.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Chiraseveenuprapund, P., and Rosenberg, I. N., 1981, Effects of hydrogen peroxide-generating systems on the Wolff-Chaikoff effect, Endocrinology 109: 2095–2101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Uchimura, H., Chiu, S. C., Kuzaya, N., Ikeda, H., Ito, K., and Nagataki, S., 1980, Effect of iodine enrichment in vitro on the adenylate cyclaseadenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate system in thyroid glands from normal subjects and patients with Graves’ disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 1066–1070.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Sherwin, J. R., and Mills, I., 1980, Epinephrine inhibits thyrotropin-stimulated adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate accumulation in cat thyroid tissue, Endocrinology 106: 28–34.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Pisarev, M. A., Cardinali, D. P., Juvenal, G. J., Vacas, M. I., Barontini, M., and Boado, R. J., 1981, Role of the sympathetic nervous system in the control of the goitrogenic response in the rat, Endocrinology 109: 2202–2207.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Maayan, M. L., Volpert, E. M., and From, A., 1981, Norepinephrine and thyrotropin effects on the thyroid in vitro: Simultaneous stimulation of iodide organification and antagonism of thyroxine release, Endocrinology 109: 930–934.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Van Sande, J., Dumont, J. E., Melander, A., and Sundler, F., 1980, Presence and influence of cholinergic nerves in the human thyroid, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 500–502.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Ahren, B., Alumets, J., Ericsson, M., Fahrenkrug, J., Fahrenkrug, L., Hâkanson, R., Hedner, P., Loren, I., Melander, A., Rerup, C., and Sundler, F., 1980, VIP occurs in intrathyroidal nerves and stimulates thyroid hormone secretion, Nature (London) 287: 343–345.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Van Herle, A. J., Vassart, G., and Dumont, J. E., 1979, Control of thyroglobulin synthesis and secretion, N. Engl. J. Med. 301: 307–314.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Scherberg, N. H., Vassart, G., Lecocq, R., Dumont, J. E., and Refetoff, S., 1981, Modulation of thyroglobulin messenger RNA accumulation in the rat thyroid, Endocrinology 109: 1650–1656.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Haeberli, A., Kneubuehl, F., and Studer, H., 1981, Changes in the polypeptide assembly of guinea pig thyroglobulin induced by thyrotropin-regulated thyroid activity, Endocrinology 109: 523–529.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Ikekubo, K., Kishihara, M., Sanders, J., Sutton, J., and Schneider, A. B., 1981, Differences between circulating and tissue thyroglobulin in rats, Endocrinology 109: 427–432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Unger, J., Van Heuverswyn, B., Decoster, C., Cantraine, F., Mockel, J., and Van Herle, A., 1980, Thyroglobulin and thyroid hormone release after intravenous administration of bovine thyrotropin in man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 590–504.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Bayer, M. F., and Kriss, J. P., 1979, Immunoradiometric assay for serum thyroglobulin: Semiquantitative measurement of thyroglobulin in antithyroglobulin-positive sera, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49: 557–564.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Mariotti, S., Martino, E., Cupini, C., Lari, R., Giani, C., Baschieri, L., and Pinchera, A., 1982, Low serum thyroglobulin as a clue to the diagnosis of thyrotoxicosis factitia, N. Engl. J. Med. 307: 410–412.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Banerjee, R. K., and Datta, A. G., 1981, Gastric peroxidase—Localization, catalytic properties and possible role in extrathyroidal thyroid hormone formation, Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 96: 208–214.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Braverman, L. E., Ingbar, S. H., and Sterling, K., 1970, Conversion of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) in athyreotic human subjects, J. Clin. Invest. 49: 855–864.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Chopra, I. J., 1980, A radioimmunoassay for measurement of 3’-monoiodothyronine, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 117–123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Willets, P., Crossley, D. N., Ramsden, D. B., and Hoffenberg, R., 1979, The role of thyronine in thyroid hormone metabolism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49: 658–660.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Faber, J., Busch-Srensen, M., Rogowski, P., Kirkegaard, C., SiersbaekNielsen, K., and Friss, T., 1981, Urinary excretion of free and conjugated 3’,5’-diiodothyronine and 3,3 ’ -diiodothyronine, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 587–593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Faber, J., Faber, O. K., Lund, B., Kirkegaard, C., and Wahren, J., 1980, Hepatic extraction and renal production of 3,3’-diiodothyronine and 3’,5’diiodothyronine in man, J. Clin. Invest. 66: 941–945.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. McGuire, R. A., and Hays, M. T., 1981, A kinetic model of human thyroid hormones and their conversion products, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 852–862.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Warren, D. W., LoPresti, J. S., and Nicoloff, J. T., 1981, A new method for measurement of the conversion ration of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in eu thyroid man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 1218–1222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  68. Pardridge, W. M., 1981, Transport of protein-bound hormones into tissues in vivo, Endocr. Rev. 2: 103–123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Pardridge, W. M., and Mietus, L. J., 1980, Influx of thyroid hormones into rat liver in vivo—differential availability of thyroxine and triiodothyronine bound by plasma proteins, J. Clin. Invest. 66: 367–374.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Yoshida, K., and Davis, P. J., 1980, Estimation of intracellular free triiodothyronine in man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 667–669.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Felicetta, J. V., Green, W. L., and Nelp, W. B., 1980, Inhibition of hepatic binding of thyroxine by cholecystographic agents, J. Clin. Invest. 65: 1032–1040.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Acheson, K. J., and Burger, A. G., 1980, A study of the relationship between thermogenesis and thyroid hormones, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 84–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Emrich, D., and Weinheimer, B. (eds.), 1980, Thyroid 1979, J. Mol. Med. 4:3–258, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Melmed, S., Nademanee, K., Reed, A. W., Hendrickson, J. A., Singh, B. N., and Hershman, J. M., 1981, Hyperthyroxinemia with bradycardia and normal thyrotropin secretion after chronic amiodarone administration, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 997–1001.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Chopra, I. J., Solomon, D. H., Teco, G. N. C., and Nguyen, A. H., 1980, Inhibition of hepatic outer ring monodeiodination of thyroxine and 3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine by sodium salicylate, Endocrinology 106: 1728–1734.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Greeley, G. H., Jr., Jahnke, G., Nicholson, G. F., and Kizer, J. S., 1980, Decreased serum 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels accompanying acute and chronic ritalin treatment of developing rats, Endocrinology 106: 898–904.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  77. Cavalieri, R. R., and Pitt-Rivers, R., 1981, The effects of drugs on the distribution and metabolism of thyroid hormones, Pharm. Rev. 33: 55–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  78. Chopra, I. J., Solomon, D. H., Teco, G. N. C., and Eisenberg, J. B., 1982, An inhibitor of the binding of thyroid hormones to serum proteins is present in extrathyroidal tissues, Science 215: 407–409.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kaptein, E. M., Spencer, C. A., Kamiel, M. B., and Nicoloff, J. T., 1980, Prolonged dopamine administration and thyroid hormone economy in normal and critically ill subjects, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 387–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  80. Slag, M. F., Morley, J. E., Elson, M. K., Crowson, T. W., Nuttall, F. Q., and Shafer, R. B., 1981, Hypothyroxinemia in critically ill patients as a predictor of high mortality, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 245: 43–45.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  81. Kaptein, E. M., Grieb, D. A., Spencer, C. A., Wheeler, W. S., and Nicoloff, J. T., 1981, Thyroxine metabolism in the low thyroxine state of critical nonthyroidal illnesses, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 764–771.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Pardridge, W. M., Slag, M. F., Morley, J. E., Elson, M. K., Shafer, R. B., and Mietus, L. J., 1981, Hepatic bioavailability of serum thyroid hormones in nonthyroidal illness, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 913–916.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Geola, F. L., Chopra, I. J., and Geffner, D. L., 1980, Patterns of 3,3’,5’triiodothyronine monodeiodination in hypothyroidism and nonthyroid illnesses, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 336–340.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  84. Braverman, L. E., Abreau, C. M., Brock, P., Kleinmann, R., Fournier, L., Odstrchel, G., and Schoemaker, H. J. P., 1980, Measurement of serum free thyroxine by RIA in various clinical states, J. Nucl. Med. 21: 233–239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Chopra, I. J., Van Herle, A. J., Teco, G. N. C., and Nguyen, A. H., 1980, Serum free thyroxine in thyroidal and nonthyroidal illnesses: A comparison of measurements by radioimmunoassay, equilibrium dialysis, and free thyroxine index, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 135–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Bayer, M. F., and McDougall, I. R., 1980, Radioimmunoassay of free thyroxine in serum: Comparison with clinical findings and results of conventional thyroid-function tests, Clin. Chem. 26: 1186–1192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Kaptein, E. M., Maclntyre, S. S., Weiner, J. M., Spencer, C. A., and Nicoloff, J. T., 1981, Free thyroxine estimates in nonthyroidal illness: Comparison of eight methods, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 1073–1077.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Melmed, S., Geola, F. L., Reed, A. W., Pekary, A. E., Park, J., and Hershman, J. M., 1982, A comparison of methods for assessing thyroid function in nonthyroidal illness, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 54: 300–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Boss, A. M. B., and Kingstone, D., 1981, Further observations on serum free thyroxine concentrations during pregnancy, Br. Med. J. 283: 584.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Slag, M. F., Morley, J. E., Elson, M. K., Labrosse, K. R., Crowson, T. W., Nuttall, F. Q., and Shafer, R. B., 1981, Free thyroxine levels in critically ill patients-A comparison of currently available assays, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 246: 2702–2706.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Kaplan, M. M., Larsen, P. R., Crantz, F. R., Dzau, V. J., Rossing, T. H., and Haddow, J. E., 1982, Prevalence of abnormal thyroid function test results in patients with acute medical illnesses, Am. J. Med. 72: 9–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Gavin, L. A., Rosenthal, M., and Cavalieri, R. R., 1979, The diagnostic dilemma of isolated hyperthyroxinemia in acute illness, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 242: 251–253.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Cohen, K. L., and Swigar, M. E., 1979, Thyroid function screening in psychiatric patients, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 242: 254–257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Levy, R. P., Jensen, J. B., Laus, V. G., Agle, D. P., and Engel, I. M., 1981, Serum thyroid hormone abnormalities in psychiatric disease, Metabolism 30: 1060–1064.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Pont, A., Spratt, D. I., McDougall, I. R., Miller, M. B., McLaughlin, W. T., and Bayer, M. F., 1981, Hyperthyroxinemia in acute psychiatric patients, Program of the American Thyroid Association, 57th Annual Meeting, p. T-4.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Gardner, D. F., Carithers, R. L., Jr., and Utiger, R. D., 1982, Thyroid function tests in patients with acute and resolved hepatitis B virus infection, Ann. Intern. Med. 96: 450–452.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Faber, J., Thomsen, H. F., Lumholtz, I. B., Kirkegaard, C., SiersbaekNielsen, K., and Friss, T., 1981, Kinetic studies of thyroxine, 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine, 3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine, 3’,5’-diiodothyronine, 3,3’-diiodothyronine, and 3’-monoiodothyronine in patients with liver cirrhosis, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 978–984.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Afrasiabi, M. A., Vaziri, N. D., Gwinup, G., Mays, D. M., Barton, C. H., Ness, R. L., and Valenta, L. J., 1979, Thyroid function studies in the nephrotic syndrome, Ann. Intern. Med. 90: 335–338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Felicetta, J. V., Green, W. L., Haas, L. B., Kenny, M. A., Sherrard, D. J., and Brunzell, J. D., 1979, Thyroid function and lipids in patients with chronic renal disease treated by hemodialysis: With comments on the “free thyroxine index,” Metabolism 28: 756–763.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Lim, V. S., Henriquez, C., Seo, H., Refetoff, S., and Martino, E., 1980, Thyroid function in a uremic rat model—Evidence suggesting tissue hypothyroidism, J. Clin. Invest. 66: 946–954.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Thompson, P., Jr., Burman, K. D., Lukes, Y. G., McNeil, J. S., Jackson, B. D., Latham, K. R., and Wartofsky, L., 1980, Uremia decreases nuclear 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine receptors in rats, Endocrinology 107: 1081–1084.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Fujii, S., Akai, T., Tanaka, S., Nakatani, K., Kinoshita, M., Seki, J., and Wada, M., 1981, Thyroid hormone abnormalities in patients with diabetes mellitus, J. Endocrinol. Invest. 4: 71–74.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Mayfield, R. K., Sagel, J., and Colwell, J. A., 1980, Thyrotoxicosis without elevated serum triiodothyronine levels during diabetic ketoacidosis, Arch. Intern. Med. 140: 408–410.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Ahmad, N., and Cohen, M. P., 1981, Thyroid storm with normal serum triiodothyronine level during diabetic ketoacidosis, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 245: 2516–2517.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Gonzalez, C., Montoya, E., Jolin, T., and Gonzalez, M., 1980, Effect of streptozotocin diabetes on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in the rat, Endocrinology 107: 2099–2103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Bagchi, N., Brown, T. R., Shivers, B., Lucas, S., and Mack, R. E., 1981, Decreased thyroidal response to thyrotropin in diabetic mice, Endocrinology 109: 1428–1432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Wiersinga, W. M., Frank, H. J. L., Chopra, I. J., and Solomon, D. H., 1982, Alterations in hepatic nuclear binding of triiodothyronine in experimental diabetes mellitus in rats, Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 99: 79–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Las, M. S., and Surks, M. L., 1981, Dissociation of serum triiodothyronine concentration and hepatic nuclear triiodothyronine-binding capacity in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, Endocrinology 109: 1259–1263.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Das, D. K., and Ganguly, M., 1981, Diabetes, hypophysectomy, or thyroidectomy reduces nuclear L-triiodothyronine-binding capacity of rat lung, Endocrinology 109: 296–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  110. Maturlo, S. J., Rosenbaum, R. L., Pan, C., and Surks, M. I., 1980, Variable thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone after small decreases in plasma free thyroid hormone concentrations in patients with nonthyroidal diseases, J. Clin. Invest. 66: 451–456.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  111. Wood, D. G., and Samols, E., 1982, Impaired thyroid stimulating hormone secretion with decreased free T4 in nonthyroidal illness, Clin. Res. 30: 494A.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Kumara-Siri, M. H., Lee, K., and Surks, M. I., 1981, Regulation of thyrotropin secretion in rats bearing the Walker 256 carcinoma, Endocrinology 109: 1760–1768.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Eisenstein, Z., Balsom, A., Garber, J. R., and Ingbar, S. H., 1980, A study of the properties of the enzyme in rat liver that deiodinates 3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine to 3,3’-diiodothyronine, Endocrinology 107: 530–537.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Heinen, E., Basler, M., Herrmann, J., Hafner, D., and Krüskemper, H. L., 1980, Enzyme kinetic and substrate-binding studies of the thyroxine to 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine converting enzyme in the rat liver microsomal fraction, Endocrinology 107: 1198–1204.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Chopra, I. J., 1981, Characteristics of outer ring (5’- or 3’-) monodeiodination of 3’,5’- and 3,3’-diiodothyronine: Evidence suggesting one outer ring monodeiodinase for various iodothyronines, Endocrinology 108: 464–471.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  116. Visser, T. J., Leonard, J. L., Kaplan, M. M., and Larsen, P. R., 1982, Molecular mechanisms of thyroid hormone 5’-deiodination in rat brain and pituitary, 64th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, p. 132.

    Google Scholar 

  117. Maeda, M., and Ingbar, S. H., 1982, Evidence that the 5’-monodeiodinases for thyroxine (T4) and for 3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine (reverse T3, rT3) are separate enzymes, 64th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, p. 133.

    Google Scholar 

  118. dem Brinke, D. A., Köhrle, J., Ködding, R., and Hesch, R.-D., 1980, Sub-cellular localization of thyroxine-5-deiodinase in rat liver, J. Endocrinol. Invest. 3: 73–76.

    Google Scholar 

  119. Cavalieri, R. R., Gavin, L. A., and Bui, F., 1977, Conversion of thyroxine to 3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine (reverse-T3) by a soluble enzyme system of rat liver, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 79: 897–902.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Fekkes, D., Overmeeren-Kaptein, E. V., Docter, R., Hennemann, G., and Visser, T. J., 1979, Location of rat liver iodothyronine deiodinating enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 587: 12–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Maciel, R. M. B., Ozawa, Y., and Chopra, I.J., 1979, Subcellular localization of thyroxine and reverse triiodothyronine outer ring monodeiodinating activities, Endocrinol. 104: 365–370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Takaishi, M., Shimizu, T., and Shishiba, Y., 1979, Solubilization of thyroxine-5’-deiodinase activity from rat liver microsome fraction, Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 92: 694–701.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Fekkes, D., Overmeeren, E. V., Hennemann, G., and Visser, T. J., 1980, Solubilization and partial characterization of rat liver iodothyronine deiodinases, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 613: 41–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Leonard, J. L., and Rosenberg, I. N., 1980, lodothyronine 5’-deiodinase from rat kidney: Substrate specificity and the 5’-deiodination of reverse triiodothyronine, Endocrinology 107: 1376–1383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Kaplan, M. M., 1980, Thyroxine 5’-monodeiodination in rat anterior pituitary homogenates, Endocrinology 106: 567–576.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Crantz, F. R., and Larsen, P. R., 1980, Rapid thyroxine to 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine conversion and nuclear 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine binding in rat cerebral cortex and cerebellum, J. Clin. Invest. 65: 935–938.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Kaplan, M. M., McCann, U. D., Yaskoski, K. A., Larsen, P. R., and Leonard, J. L., 1981, Anatomical distribution of phenolic and tyrosyl ring iodothyronine deiodinases in the nervous system of normal and hypothyroid rats, Endocrinology 109: 397–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  128. Tanaka, K., Inada, M., Ishii, H., Naito, K., Nishikawa, M., Mashio, Y., and Imura, H., 1981, Inner ring monodeiodination of thyroxine and 3,5,3’-Ltriiodothyronine in rat brain, Endocrinology 109: 1619–1624.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Leonard, J. L., Kaplan, M. M., Visser, T. J., Silva, J. E., and Larsen, P. R., 1981, Cerebral cortex responds rapidly to thyroid hormones, Science 214: 571–573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  130. Nishikawa, M., Inada, M., Naito, K., Ishii, H., Tanaka, K., Mashio, Y., Nakao, K., Nakai, Y., Udaka, F., and Imura, H., 1981, 3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine (reverse T3) in human cerebrospinal fluid, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 1030–1035.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Melmed, S., Nelson, M., Kaplowitz, N., Yamada, T., and Hershman, J. M., 1981, Glutathione-dependent thyroxine 5’-monodeiodination modulates growth hormone production by cultured nonthyrotropic rat pituitary cells, Endocrinology 108: 970–976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  132. Roti, E., Fang, S. L., Green, K., Emerson, C. H., and Braverman, L. E., 1981, Human placenta is an active site of thyroxine and 3,3’,5-triiodothyronine tyrosyl ring deiodination, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 498–501.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Roti, E., Fang, S. L., Braverman, L. E., and Emerson, C. H., 1982, Rat placenta is an active site of inner ring deiodination of thyroxine and 3,3’,5triiodothyronine, Endocrinology 110: 34–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Roti, E., Fang, S. L., Green, K., Braverman, L. E., and Emerson, C. H., 1983, Inner ring deiodination of thyroxine and 3,3’,5-triiodothyronine by human fetal membranes, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 147: 788–792.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  135. El-Zaheri, M., Vagenakis, A. G., Hinerfeld, L., Emerson, C. H., and Braverman, L. E., 1981, Maternal thyroid function is the major determinant of amniotic fluid reverse T3 in the rat, J. Clin. Invest. 67: 1126–1133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Erickson, V. J., Cavalieri, R. R., and Rosenberg, L. L., 1981, Phenolic and nonphenolic ring iodothyronine deiodinases from rat thyroid gland, Endocrinology 108: 1257–1264.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  137. Ishii H., Inada, M., Tanaka, K., Mashio, Y., Natto, K., Nishikawa, M., and Imura, H., 1981, Triiodothyronine generation from thyroxine in human thyroid: Enhanced conversion in Graves’ thyroid tissue, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 1211–1217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Borges, M., Eisenstein, Z., Burger, A. G., and Ingbar, S. H., 1981, Immunsequestration: A new technique for studying peripheral iodothyronine metabolism in vitro, Endocrinology 108: 1665–1671.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Pittman, C. S., Shimizu, T., Burger, A., and Chambers, J. B., Jr., 1980, The nondeiodinative pathways of thyroxine metabolism: 3,5,3’,5’-tetraiodothyroacetic acid turnover in normal and fasting human subjects, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 712–716.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Gavin, L. A., Bui, F., McMahon, F., and Cavalieri, R. R., 1980, Sequential deiodination of thyroxine to 3,3’-diiodothyronine via 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine and 3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine in rat liver homogenate, J. Biol. Chem. 254: 49–53.

    Google Scholar 

  141. Gavin, L. A., McMahon, F. A., and Moeller, M., 1981, Dietary modification of thyroxine deiodination in liver is not mediated by hepatic sulfhydryls, J. Clin. Invest. 65: 943–946.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  142. Harris, A. R., Fang, S. L., Hinerfeld, L., Braverman, L. E., and Vagenakis, A. G., 1979, The role of sulfhydryl groups on the impaired hepatic 3’,3,5triiodothyronine generation from thyroxine in the hypothyroid, starved, fetal, and neonatal rodent, J. Clin. Invest. 63: 516–524.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Balsam, A., Ingbar, S. H., and Sexton, F., 1979, Observations on the factors that control the generation of triiodothyronine from thyroxine in rat liver and the nature of the defect induced by fasting, J. Clin. Invest. 63: 1145–1156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Kaplan, M. M., 1979, Subcellular alterations causing reduced hepatic thyroxine-5’-monodeiodinase activity in fasted rats, Endocrinology 104: 58–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Chopra, I. J., 1980, Alterations in monodeiodination of iodothyronines in the fasting rat: Effects of reduced nonprotein sulfhydryl groups and hypothyroidism, Metabolism 29: 161–167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Gavin, L. A., McMahon, F. A., and Moeller, M., 1981, Carbohydrate in contrast to protein feeding increases the hepatic content of active thyroxine-5’-deiodinase in the rat, Endocrinology 109: 530–536.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Sato, K., and Robbins, J., 1981, Thyroid hormone metabolism in primary cultured rat hepatocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 68: 475–483.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Senga, O., Pittman, C. S., Lindsay, R. H., Chambers, J. B., Jr., and Hill, J. B., Jr., 1982, Comparison of the peripheral thyroid hormone metabolism in normal rats and in rats receiving prolonged glucagon infusion, Endocrinology 110: 2011–2017.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  149. Sorimachi, K., and Robbins, J., 1978, Thyroxine inactivation by starvation in cultured hepatocarcinoma cells: Formation of reverse triiodothyronine, Norm. Metab. Res. 10: 459–575.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Sato, K., and Robbins, J., 1981, Glutathione deficiency induced by cystine and/or methionine deprivation does not affect thyroid hormone deiodination in cultured rat hepatocytes and monkey hepatocarcinoma cells, Endocrinology 109: 844–852.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Takai, N. A., Rapoport, B., and Yamamoto, M., 1980, Biliary excretion of iodothyronines in rats as determined by high pressure liquid chromatography: Effect of starvation, Endocrinology 107: 176–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Balsam, A., Sexton, F., and Ingbar, S. H., 1981, The influence of fasting and the thyroid state on the activity of thyroxine 5’-monodeiodinase in rat liver: a kinetic analysis of microsomal formation of triiodothyronine from thyroxine, Endocrinology 108: 472–477.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Burger, A. G., Weissel, M., and Berger, M., 1980, Starvation induces a partial failure of triiodothyronine to inhibit the thyrotropin response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 1064–1067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  154. Gardner, D. F., Kaplan, M. M., Stanley, C. A., and Utiger, R. D., 1979, Effect of tri-iodothyronine replacement on the metabolic and pituitary responses to starvation, N. Engl. J. Med. 300: 579–584.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Schwartz, H. L., Lancer, S. R., and Oppenheimer, J. H., 1980, Thyroid hormones influence starvation-induced hepatic protein loss in the rat: Possible role of thyroid hormones in the generation of labile protein, Endocrinology 107: 1684–1692.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Oppenheimer, J. H., and Schwartz, H. L., 1980, Factors determining the level of activity of 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine-responsive hepatic enzymes in the starved rat, Endocrinology 107: 1460–1468.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Mariash, C. N., Kaiser, F. E., Schwartz, H. L., Towle, H. C., and Oppenheimer, J. H., 1980, Synergism of thyroid hormone and high carbohydrate diet in the induction of lipogenic enzymes in the rat, J. Clin. Invest. 67: 1126–1134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Forciea, M. A., Schwartz, H. L., Towle, H. C., Mariash, C. N., Kaiser, F. E., and Oppenheimer, J. H., 1981, Thyroid hormone-carbohydrate interaction in the rat, J. Clin. Invest. 67: 1739–1747.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Mariash, C. N., McSwigan, C. R., Towle, H. C., Schwartz, H. L., and Oppenheimer, J. H., 1981, Glucose and triiodothyronine both induce malic enzyme in the rat hepatocyte culture, J. Clin. Invest. 68: 1485–1490.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Simat, B. M., Towle, H. C., Schwartz, H. L., and Oppenheimer, J. H., 1980, Difference between thyroidectomized and hypophysectomized animals in their hepatic ribonucleic acid response to thyroid hormone, Endocrinology 107: 1338–1344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Walker, P., Weichsel, M. E., Jr., Hoath, S. B., Poland, R. E., and Fisher, D. A., 1981, Effect of thyroxine, testosterone, and corticosterone on nerve growth factor (NGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) concentrations in adult female mouse submaxillary gland: Dissociation of NGF and EGF responses, Endocrinology 109: 582–587.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Gambert, S. R., Ingbar, S. H., and Hagen, T. C., 1981, Interaction of age and thyroid hormone status on Nat-K+ ATPase in rat renal cortex and liver, Endocrinology 108: 27–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Dratman, M. B., Futaesaku, Y., Crutchfield, F. L., Berman, N., Payne, B., Sar, M., and Stumpf, W. E., 1982, Iodine-125-labeled triiodothyronine in rat brain: Evidence for localization in discrete neural systems, Science 215: 309–312.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Kriz, B. M., Fong, B. B., and Goldfine, I. D., 1981, Quantitative electron microscope autoradiographs of 125I-L-triiodothyronine: Evidence for multiple sites of hormone localization, Clin. Res. 29: 506A.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Sterling, K., 1979, Thyroid hormone action at the cell level, N. Engl. J. Med. 300: 117–124, 173–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Segal, J., and Ingbar, S. H., 1980, Direct and synergistic interactions of 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine and the adrenergic system in stimulating sugar transport by rat thymocytes, J. Clin. Invest. 65: 958–966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Maxfield, F. R., Willingham, M. C., Pastan, I., Dragsten, P., and Cheng, S.-Y., 1981, Binding and mobility of the cell surface receptors for 3,3’,5triiodo-L-thyronine, Science 211: 63–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Young, R. A., Braverman, L. E., and Rajatanavin, R., 1982, Low protein-high carbohydrate diet induces alterations in the serum thyronine binding proteins in the rat, Endocrinology 110: 1607–1612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  169. Smallridge, R. C., Glass, A. R., Wartofsky, L., Ward, K. G., and Burman, K. D., 1980, Investigations into the etiology of elevated serum triiodothyronine (T3) levels in protein malnourished rats, 62nd Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, p. 223.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Okamura, K., Taurog, A., and Krulich, L., 1981, Elevation of serum 3,5,3’triiodothyronine and thyroxine levels in rats fed Remington diets: Opposing effects of nutritional deficiency and iodine deficiency, Endocrinology 108: 1247–1256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Okamura, K., Taurog, A., and DiStefano, J. J., III, 1981, Elevated serum levels of T3 without metabolic effect in nutritionally deficient rats, attributable to reduced cellular uptake of T3, Endocrinology 109: 673–675.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  172. Hennemann, G., Docter, R., Krenning, E. P., Bos, G., Otten, M., and Visser, T. J., 1979, Raised total thyroxine and free thyroxine index but normal free thyroxine: A serum abnormality due to inherited increased affinity of iodothyronines for serum binding protein, Lancet 1: 639–642.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Lee, W. N. P., Golden, M. P., van Herle, A. J., Lippe, B. M., and Kaplan, S. A., 1979, Inherited abnormal thyroid hormone-binding protein causing selective increase of total serum thyroxine, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49: 292–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Stockigt, J. R., Topliss, D. J., Barlow, J. W., White, E. L., Hurley, D. M., and Taft, P., 1981, Familial euthyroid thyroxine excess: An appropriate response to abnormal thyroxine binding associated with albumin, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 353–359.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Ruiz, M., Rajatanavin, R., Young, R. A., Taylor, C., Brown, R., Braverman, L. E., and Ingbar, S. H., 1982, Familial dysalbuminemic hyperthyroxinemia, N. Engl. J. Med. 306: 635–639.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  176. Moses, A. C., Lawlor, J., Haddow, J., and Jackson, I. M. D., 1982, Familial euthyroid hyperthyroxinemia resulting from increased thyroxine binding to thyroxine-binding prealbumin, N. Engl. J. Med. 306: 966–969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. Morley, J. E., Shafer, R. B., Elson, M. K., Slag, M. F., Raleigh, M. J., Brammer, G. L., Yuwiler, A., and Hershman, J. M., 1980, Amphetamine-induced hyperthyroxinemia, Ann. Intern. Med. 93: 707–709.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  178. Geola, F. L., Hershman, J. M., Reed, A. W., and Premachandra, B. N., 1981, Circulating thyroid hormone autoantibodies in a hypothyroid patient: Effect on thyroxine metabolic clearance rate, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Me-tab. 53: 580–586.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  179. Inada, M., Nishikawa, M., Naito, K., Oishi, M., Kurata, S., and Imura, H., 1980, Triiodothyronine-binding immunoglobulin in a patient with Graves’ disease and its effect on metabolism and radioimmunoassay of triiodothyronine, Am. J. Med. 68: 787–792.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Gärtner, R., Henze, R., Horn, K., Pickardt, C. R., and Scriba, P. C., 1981, Thyroxine-binding globulin: Investigation of microheterogeneity, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 657–664.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  181. Garnick, M. B., and Larsen, P. R., 1979, Acute deficiency of thyroxine-binding globulin during L-asparaginase therapy, N. Engl. J. Med. 301: 252–253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  182. Yabu, Y., Amino, N., Nakatani, K., Ichihara, K., Azukizawa, M., and Miyai, K., 1980, Graves’ disease associated with elevated serum thyroxine-binding globulin concentrations, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 325–329.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Smals, A. G., Ross, A. H., and Kloppenborg, P. W. C., 1981, Dichotomy between serum free triiodothyronine and free thyroxine concentrations in familial thyroxine-binding globulin deficiency, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 917–922.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. Fisher, D. A., and Klein, A. H., 1981, Thyroid development and disorders of thyroid function in the newborn, N. Engl. J. Med. 304: 702–712.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  185. Porterfield, S. P., and Hendrich, C. E., 1981, Alterations of serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine, and thyrotropin in the progeny of hypothyroid rats, Endocrinology 108: 1060–1063.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Coulombe, P., Ruel, J., and Dussault, J. H., 1980, Effects of neonatal hypo-and hyperthyroidism on pituitary growth hormone content in the rat, Endocrinology 107: 2027–2033.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Avivi, A., Shemesh, M., and Lindner, H. R., 1981, The ontogeny of the thyrotropin-thyroid axis in early bovine embryos, Endocrinology 109: 1611–1618.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  188. Oliver, C., Giraud, P., Lissitzky, J. C., Conte-Devolx, B., and Gillioz, P., 1981, Influence of thyrotropin-releasing hormone on the secretion of thyrotropin in neonatal rats, Endocrinology 108: 179–182.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  189. Theodoropoulos, T., Braverman, L. E., and Vagenakis, A. G., 1979, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone is not required for thyrotropin secretion in the perinatal rat, J. Clin. Invest. 63: 588–594.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Tonooka, N., and Greer, M. A., 1978, Evidence that control of fetal thyrotropin secretion is independent of both the fetal and maternal hypothalamus, Endocrinology 102: 852–858.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  191. Frankel, S., and Lange, G., 1980, Maturation of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid response in the rat to acute cold, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2: E223 - E226.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Walker, P., Coulombe, P., and Dussault, J. H., 1980, Effects of triiodothyronine on thyrotropin-releasing hormone-induced thyrotropin release in the neonatal rat, Endocrinology 107: 1731–1737.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Klein, A. H., and Fisher, D. A., 1980, Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-stimulated pituitary and thyroid gland responsiveness and 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine suppression in fetal and neonatal lambs, Endocrinology 106: 697–701.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  194. Roti, E., Gnudi, A., Braverman, L. E., Robuschi, G., Emanuele, R., Bandini, P., Benassi, L., Pagliani, A., and Emerson, C. H., 1981, Human cord blood concentrations of thyrotropin, thyroglobulin, and iodothyronines after maternal administrations of thyrotropin-releasing hormone, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 813–817.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  195. Pezzino, V., Filetti, S., Belfiore, A., Proto, S., Donzelli, G., and Vigneri, R., 1981, Serum thyroglobulin levels in the newborn, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 364–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  196. Ket, J. L., de Vijlder, J. J. M., Bikker, H., Gons, M. H., and Tegelaers, W. H. H., 1981, Serum thyroglobulin levels: The physiological decrease in infancy and the absence in athyroidism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 1301–1303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  197. Tenore, A., Parks, J. S., Gasparo, M., and Koldovsky, O., 1980, Thyroidal response to peroral TSH in suckling and weaned rats, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 1: E428 — E430.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Borges, M., LaBourene, J., and Ingbar, S. H., 1980, Changes in hepatic iodothyronine metabolism during ontogeny of the chick embryo, Endocrinology 107: 1751–1761.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  199. Galton, V. A., and Munck, K., 1981, Metabolism of thyroxine in Rana catesbeiana tadpoles during metamorphic climax, Endocrinology 109: 1127–1131.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  200. Galton, V. A., 1980, Binding of thyroid hormones in vivo by hepatic nuclei of Rana catesbeiana tadpoles at different stages of metamorphosis, Endocrinology 107: 1910–1915.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Galton, V. A., and Cohen, J. S., 1980, Action of thyroid hormones in premetamorphic tadpoles: An important role of thyroxine?, Endocrinology 107: 1820–1826.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Gonzales, L. W., and Ballard, P. L., 1981, Identification and characterization of nuclear 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine-binding sites in fetal human lung, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 21–28.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Hitchcock, K. R., Harney, J., and Reichlin, S., 1980, Hormones and the lung. III. Thyroid hormone uptake kinetics of perinatal rat lung, Endocrinology 107: 294–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  204. Ballard, P. L., Benson, B. J., Brehier, A., Carter, J. P., Kriz, B. M., and Jorgensen, E. C., 1980, Transplacental stimulation of lung development in the fetal rabbit by 3,5-dimethyl-3’-isopropyl-L-thyroxine, J. Clin. Invest. 65: 1407–1417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Matsuura, N., Yamada, Y., Nohara, Y., Konishi, J., Kasagi, K., Endo, K., Kojima, H., and Wataya, K., 1980, Familial neonatal transient hypothyroidism due to maternal TSH-binding inhibitor immunoglobulins, N. Engl. J. Med. 303: 738–741.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  206. Czernichow, P., Vandalem, J. L., and Hennen, G., 1981, Transient neonatal hyperthyrotropinemia: A factitious syndrome due to the presence of heterophilic antibodies in the plasma of infants and their mothers, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 387–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Gendrel, D., Feinstein, M.-C., Grenier, J., Roger, M., Ingrand, J., Chaussain, J.-L., Canlorbe, P., and Job, J.-B., 1981, Falsely elevated serum thyrotropin (TSH) in newborn infants: Transfer from mothers to infants of a factor interfering in the TSH radioimmunoassay, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 62–65.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  208. Sugenoya, A., Kidd, A., Row, V. V., and Volpe, R., 1979, Correlation between thyrotropin-displacing activity and human thyroid-stimulating activity by immunoglobulins from patients with Graves’ disease and other thyroid disorders, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48: 398–402.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Kuzuya, N., Chiu, S. C., Ikeda, H., Uchimura, H., Ito, K., and Nagataki, S., 1979, Correlation between thyroid stimulators and 3,5,3’-triiodothyronine suppressibility in patients during treatment for hyperthyroidism with thionamide drugs: Comparison of assays by thyroid-stimulating and thyrotropin-displacing activities, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48: 706–711.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Endo, K., Amir, S. M., and Ingbar, S. H., 1981, Development and evaluation of a method for the partial purification of immunoglobulins specific for Graves’ disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 1113–1123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Kishihara, M., Nakao, Y., Baba, Y., Kobayashi, N., Matsukura, S., Kuma, K., and Fujita, T., 1981, Interaction between thyrotropin (TSH) binding inhibitor immunoglobulins (TBII) and soluble TSH receptors in fat cells, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 665–670.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Davies, T. F., 1981, Autoantibodies to the human thyrotropin receptor are not species specific, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 426–430.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Ealey, P. A., Marshall, N. J., and Ekins, R. P., 1981, Time-related thyroid stimulation by thyrotropin and thyroid-stimulating antibodies, as measured by the cytochemical section bioassay, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 483–487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Loveridge, N., Zakarija, M., Bitensky, L., and McKenzie, J. M., 1979, The cytochemical bioassay for thyroid-stimulating antibody of Graves’ disease: Further experience, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49: 610–615.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Hinds, W. E., Takai, N., Rapoport, B., Filetti, S., and Clark, O. H., 1981, Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin bioassay using cultured human thyroid cells, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 1204–1210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  216. Stöcke, G., Wahl, R., and Seif, F. J., 1981, Micromethod of human thyrocyte cultures for detection of thyroid-stimulating antibodies and thyrotropin, Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 97: 369–375.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Bidey, S. P., Marshall, N. J., and Ekins, R. P., 1981, Adenylate cyclase activity and the accumulation and release of adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate in normal human thyroid tissue slice preparations: Responses to thyrotropin and thyroid-stimulating antibodies, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 246–253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  218. Atkinson, S., and Kendall-Taylor, P., 1981, The stimulation of thyroid hormone secretion in vitro by thyroid-stimulating antibodies, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 1263–1266.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  219. Ozawa, Y., Maciel, R. M. B., Chopra, I. J., Solomon, D. H., and Beall, G. N., 1979, Relationships among immunoglobulin markers in Graves’ disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48: 381–387.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  220. Kasagi, K., Konishi, J., Endo, K., Mori, T., Nagahara, K., Makimoto, K., Kuma, K., and Torizuka, K., 1980, Adenylate cyclase activity in thyroid tissue from patients with untreated Graves’ disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 492–499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  221. Kuzuya, N., Uchimura, H., Ikeda, H., Chiu, S. C., Hamada, N., Ito, K., and Nagataki, S., 1980, Adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate concentrations and responsiveness to thyrotropin and thyroid-stimulating immunoglob- ulins in normal and Graves’ thyroids, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 59–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  222. Drexhage, H. A., Bottazzo, G. F., Doniach, D., Bitensky, L., and Chayen, J., 1980, Evidence for thyroid-growth-stimulating immunoglobulins in some goitrous thyroid diseases, Lancet 2: 287–292.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  223. Takata, I., Suzuki, Y., Saida, K., and Sato, T., 1980, Human thyroid stimulating activity and clinical state in antithyroid treatment of juvenile Graves’ disease, Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 94: 46–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Fenzi, G., Hashizume, K., Roudebush, C. P., and DeGroot, L. J., 1979, Changes in thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins during antithyroid therapy, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48: 572–576.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  225. Teng, C. S., and Yeung, R. T. T., 1980, Changes in thyroid-stimulating antibody activity in Graves’ disease treated with antithyroid drug and its relationship to relapse: A prospective study, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 144–147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  226. McGregor, A. M., Smith, B. R., Hall, R., Petersen, M. M., Miller, M., and Dewar, P. J., 1980, Prediction of relapse in hyperthyroid Graves’ disease, Lancet 1: 1101–1103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Zakarija, M., McKenzie, J. M., and Banovac, K., 1980, Clinical significance of assay of thyroid-stimulating antibody in Graves’ disease, Ann. Intern. Med. 93: 28–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Karlsson, F. A., and Dahlberg, P. A., 1981, Thyroid stimulating antibodies (TSAb) in patients with Graves’ disease undergoing antithyroid drug treatment: Indicators of activity of disease, Clin. Endocrinol. 14: 579–585.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. McGregor, A. M., Petersen, M. M., McLachlan, S. M., Rooke, P., Smith, B. R., and Hall, R., 1980, Carbimazole and the autoimmune response in Graves’ disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 303: 302–307.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  230. McGregor, A. M., Ibbertson, H. K., Smith, B. R., and Hall, R., 1980, Carbimazole and autoantibody synthesis in Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Br. Med. J. 281: 968–969.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Hallengren, B., Forsgren, A., and Melander, A., 1980, Effects of antithyroid drugs on lymphocyte function in vitro, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 298–301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  232. Weiss, I., and Davies, T. F., 1981, Inhibition of immunoglobulin-secreting cells by antithyroid drugs, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 1223–1228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  233. Fujiwara, H., Torisu, M., Sugisaki, T., and Okano, H., 1981, Immune complex deposits in thyroid glands of patients with Graves’ disease, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 19: 109–117.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Ohtaki, S., Endo, Y., Horinouchi, K., Yoshitake, S., and Ishikawa, E., 1981, Circulating thyroglobulin—antithyroglobulin immune complex in thyroid diseases usig enzyme-linked immunoassays, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 239–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  235. Van der Heide, D., Bolk, J. H., De Bruin, T. W. A., Van Es, L. A., Daha, M. R., Bussemaker, T. K., Goslings, B. M., and Querido, A., 1980, Circulating immune complexes and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins before, during, and after antithyroid drug therapy in patients with Graves’ disease, Lancet 1: 1376–1379.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  236. Jordan, S. C., Johnston, W. H., and Bergstein, J. M., 1978, Immune complex glomerulonephritis mediated by thyroid antigens, Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med. 102: 530–533.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  237. Horvath, F., Jr., Teague, P., Gaffney, E. F., Mars, D. R., and Fuller, T. J., 1979, Thyroid antigen associated immune complex glomerulonephritis in Graves’ disease, Am. J. Med. 67: 901–904.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  238. Jordan, S. C., Buckingham, B., Sakai, R., and Olson, D., 1981, Studies of immune-complex glomerulonephritis mediated by human thyroglobulin, N. Engl. J. Med. 304: 1212–1215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Okita, N., Kidd, A., Row, V. V., and Volpe, R., 1980, Sensitization of T-lymphocytes in Graves’ and Hashimoto’s disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 316–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  240. Okita, N., Topliss, D., Lewis, M., Row, V. V., and Volpe, R., 1981, T-lymphocyte sensitization in Graves’ and Hashimoto’s diseases confirmed by an indirect migration inhibition factor test, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 523–527.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Okita, N., How, J., Topliss, D., Lewis, M., Row, V. V., and Volpe, R., 1981, Suppressor T lymphocyte dysfunction in Graves’ disease: Role of the H-2 histamine receptor-bearing suppressor T lymphocytes, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 1002–1007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  242. Okita, N., Row, V. V., and Volpe, R., 1981, Suppressor T-lymphocyte deficiency in Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 528–533.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  243. MacLean, D. B., Miller, K. B., Brown, R., and Reichlin, S., 1981, Normal immunoregulation of in vitro antibody secretion in autoimmune thyroid disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 801–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  244. Tanaka, T., Katayama, S., Kuma, K., Tamai, H., Matsuzuka, F., and Hidaka, H., 1980, Clinical and pathological significance of sibling Graves’ disease, Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 94: 498–502.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  245. Banovac, K., Zakarija, M., McKenzie, J. M., Witte, A., and Sekso, M., 1981, Absence of thyroid-stimulating antibody and long acting thyroid stimulator in relatives of Graves’ disease patients, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 651–653.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  246. Carey, C., Skosey, C., Pinnamaneni, K. M., Barsano, C. P., and DeGroot, L. J., 1980, Thyroid abnormalities in children of parents who have Graves’ disease: Possible pre-Graves’ disease, Metabolism 29: 369–376.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  247. Tamai, H., Ohsako, N., Takeno, K., Fukino, O., Takahashi, H., Kuma, K., Kumagai, L. F., and Nagataki, S., 1980, Changes in thyroid function in eu-thyroid subjects with a family history of Graves’ disease: A follow-up study of 69 patients, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 1123–1127.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  248. Mather, B. A., Roberts, D. F., Scanlon, M. F., Mukhtar, E. D., Davies, T. F., Smith, B. R., and Hall, R., 1980, HLA antigens and thyroid autoantibodies in patients with Graves’ disease and their first degree relatives, Clin. Endocrinol. 12: 155–163.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  249. Dallow, R. L., 1978, Reliability of orbital diagnostic tests: Ultrasonography, computerized tomography, and radiography, Ophthalmology 85: 1218–1228.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  250. Kriss, J. P., and Mehdi, S. Q., 1979, Cell-mediated lysis of lipid vesicles containing eye muscle protein: Implications regarding pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 76: 2003–2007.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  251. Sergott, R. C., Felberg, N. T., Savino, P. J., Blizzard, J. J., and Schatz, N. J., 1981, Graves’ ophthalmopathy-immunologic parameters related to corticosteroid therapy, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 20: 173–182.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  252. Teng, C. S., Crombie, A. L., Hall, R., and Ross, W. M., 1980, An evaluation of supervoltage orbital irradiation for Graves’ ophthalmopathy, Clin. Endocrinol. 13: 545–551.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  253. Wall, J. R., Strakosch, C. R., Fang, S. L., Ingbar, S. H., and Braverman, L. E., 1979, Thyroid binding antibodies and other immunological abnormalities in patients with Graves’ ophthalmopathy: Effect of treatment with cyclophosphamide, Clin. Endocrinol. 10: 79–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Bigos, S. T., Nisula, B. C., Daniels, G. H., Eastman, R. C., Johnston, H. H., and Kohler, P. O., 1979, Cyclophosphamide in the management of advanced Graves’ ophthalmopathy, Ann. Intern. Med. 90: 921–923.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Amino, N., Yuasa, T., Yabu, Y., Miyai, K., and Kumahara, Y., 1980, Exophthalmos in autoimmune thyroid disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 1232–1234.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  256. Tamai, H., Nakagawa, T., Ohsako, N., Fukino, O., Takahashi, H., Matsuzuka, F., Kuma, K., and Nagataki, S., 1980, Changes in thyroid functions in patients with euthyroid Graves’ disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 108–112.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  257. Buckingham, B. A., Costin, G., Roe, T. F., Weitzman, J. J., and Kogut, M. D., 1981, Hyperthyroidism in children-A reevaluation of treatment, Am. J. Dis. Child. 135: 112–117.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  258. Freitas, J. E., Swanson, D. P., Gross, M. D., and Sisson, J. C., 1979, Iodine-131: Optimal therapy for hyperthyroidism in children and adolescents?, J. Nucl. Med. 20: 847–850.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Zonszein, J., Santangelo, R. P., Mackin, J. F., Lee, T. C., Coffey, R. J.,and Canary, J. J., 1979, Propranolol therapy in thyrotoxicosis—A review of 84 patients undergoing surgery, Am. J. Med. 66: 411–416.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Rubenfeld, S., Silverman, V. E., Welch, K. M. A., Mallette, L. E., and Kohler, P. O., 1979, Variable plasma propranolol levels in thyrotoxicosis, Med. Intell. 300: 353–354.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Riddell, J. G., Neill, J. D., Kelly, J. G., and McDevitt, D. G., 1980, Effects of thyroid dysfunction on propranolol kinetics, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 28: 565–574.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  262. Feely, J., Forrest, A., Gunn, A., Hamilton, W., Stevenson, I., and Crooks, J., 1980, Propranolol dosage in thyrotoxicosis, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 658–661.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Feek, C. M., Sawers, J. S. A., Irvine, W. J., Beckett, G. J., Ratcliffe, W. A., and Toft, A. D., 1980, Combination of potassium iodide and propranolol in preparation of patients with Graves’ disease for thyroid surgery, N. Engl. J. Med. 302: 883–885.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  264. Emerson, C. H., and El-Zaheri, M. M. S., 1980, Potassium iodide and propranolol in Graves’ disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 303: 527–528.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  265. Feely, J., Crooks, J., Forrest, A. L., Hamilton, W. F. D., Gunn, A., and Browning, M. C. K., 1981, Altered endocrine response to partial thyroidectomy in propranolol-prepared hyperthyroid patients, Clin. Endocrinol. 14: 597–604.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Nilsson, O. R., Melander, A., and Tegler, L., 1980, Effects and plasma levels of propranolol and metoprolol in hyperthyroid patients, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 18: 315–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Ross, P. J., Jones, M. K., and John, R., 1980, The effect of propranolol withdrawal on thyroid hormones in normal and hyperthyroid subjects, Clin. Endocrinol. 13: 27–31.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  268. Rubin, P. C., 1981, Beta-blockers in pregnancy, N. Engl. J. Med. 305: 1323–1326.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  269. Bradley, E. L., III, DiGirolamo, M., and Tarcan, Y., 1980, Modified subtotal thyroidectomy in management of Graves’ disease, Surgery 87: 623–629.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  270. Rasmusson, B., Borgeskov, S., and Holm-Hansen, B., 1980, Changes in serum calcitonin in patients undergoing thyroid surgery, Surgery 146: 15–17.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Wilkin, T. J., Isles, T. E., Gunn, A., Crooks, J., and Beck, J. S., 1979, Short-term triiodothyronine in prevention of temporary hypothyroidism after subtotal thyroidectomy for Graves’ disease, Lancet 2: 63–66.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  272. Sawers, J. S. A., Toft, A. D., Irvine, W. J., Brown, N. S., and Seth, J., 1980, Transient hypothyroidism after iodine-131 treatment of thyrotoxicosis, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 226–229.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Tamai, H., Nakagawa, T., Takahashi, H., Ohsako, N., Fukino, O., Shinzato, R., Suematsu, H., Matsuzuka, F., Kuma, K., and Nagataki, S., 1980, Triiodothyronine suppression tests and TSH-releasing hormone tests before and after 1–131 therapy for Graves’ disease, J. Nucl. Med. 21: 240–245.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Vasily, D. B., and Tyler, W. B., 1980, Propylthiouracil-induced cutaneous vasculitis—Case presentation and review of the literature, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 243: 458–461.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Weiss, M., Hassin, D., and Bank, H., 1980, Propylthiouracil-induced hepatic damage, Arch. Intern. Med. 140: 1184–1185.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  276. Greer, M. A., Kammer, H., and Bouman, D. J., 1977, Short-term antithyroid therapy for the thyrotoxicosis of Graves’ disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 297: 173–176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  277. Burr, W. A., Fitzgerald, M. G., and Hoffenberg, R., 1979, Relapse after short-term antithyroid therapy of Graves’ disease, N. Engl. J. Med. 300: 200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Tamai, H., Nakagawa, T., Fukino, O., Ohsako, N., Shinzato, R., Suematsu, H., Kuma, K., Matsuzuka, F., and Nagataki, S., 1980, Thionamide therapy in Graves’ disease: Relation of relapse rate to duration of therapy, Ann. Intern. Med. 92: 488–490.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Slingerland, D. W., and Burrows, B. A., 1979, Long-term antithyroid treatment in hyperthyroidism, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 242: 2408–2410.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  280. Wood, L. C., and Ingbar, S. H., 1979, Hypothyroidism as a late sequela in patients with Graves’ disease treated with antithyroid agents, J. Clin. Invest. 64: 1429–1436.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  281. Yamamoto, M., Igarashi, T., Kimura, S., Tsukamoto, S., Togawa, K., and Ogata, E., 1979, Thyroid suppression test and outcome of hyperthyroidism treated with antithyroid drugs and triiodothyronine, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48: 72–77.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  282. Wilkin, T. J., Isles, T. E., Crooks, J., Gunn, A., and Beck, J. S., 1981, Patterns of change in the early (20-minute) radioiodine uptake during carbimazole treatment for Graves’ disease and their relationship to outcome, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 1067–1072.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  283. Gardner, D. F., and Utiger, R. D., 1979, The natural history of hyperthyroidism due to Graves’ disease in remission: Sequential studies of pituitary–thyroid regulation and various serum parameters, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49: 417–421.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  284. Cooper, D. S., Saxe, V. C., Maloof, F., and Ridgway, E. C., 1981, Studies of propylthiouracil using a newly developed radioimmunoassay, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 204–213.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  285. Kampmann, J. P., Mortensen, H. B., Bach, B., Waldorff, S., Kristensen, M. B., and Hansen, J. M., 1979, Kinetics of propylthiouracil in the elderly, Acta Med. Scand. 624: 93–98.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  286. Skellern, G. G., Knight, B. I., Low, C. K. L., Alexander, W. D., McLarty, D. G., and Kalk, W. J., 1980, The pharmacokinetics of methimazole after oral administration of carbimazole and methimazole, in hyperthyroid patients, Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 9: 137–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  287. Dahlberg, P. A., Karlsson, F. A., Lindström, B., and Wide, L., 1981, Studies of thyroid hormone and methimazole levels in patients with Graves’ disease on a standardized anti-thyroid drug regimen, Clin. Endocrinol. 14: 555–562.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  288. Sugrue, D., McEvoy, M., Feely, J., and Drury, M. I., 1980, Hyperthyroidism in the land of Graves: Results of treatment by surgery, radioiodine and carbimazole in 837 cases, Q. J. Med. 193: 51–61.

    Google Scholar 

  289. Reynolds, L. R., and Kotchen, T. A., 1979, Antithyroid drugs and radioactive iodine—Fifteen years’ experience with Graves’ disease, Arch. Intern. Med. 139: 651–653.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Amir, S. M., Sullivan, R., and Ingbar, S. H., 1981, The effect of desialylation on the in vitro interaction of human chorionic gonadotropin with human thyroid plasma membranes, Endocrinology 109: 1203–1211.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  291. Carayon, P., Amr, S., Nisula, B., and Lissitzky, S., 1981, Effect of carboxypeptidase digestion of the human choriogonadotropin molecule on its thyrotropic activity, Endocrinology 108: 1891–1898.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Davies, T. F., Taliadouros, G. S., Catt, K. J., and Nisula, B. C., 1979, Assessment of urinary thyrotropin-competing activity in choriocarcinoma and thyroid disease: Further evidence for human chorionic gonadotropin interacting at the thyroid cell membrane, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49: 353–357.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  293. Pekonen, F., and Weintraub, B. D., 1980, Interaction of crude and pure chorionic gonadotropin with the thyrotropin receptor, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 280–285.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  294. Carayon, P., Lefort, G., and Nisula, B., 1980, Interaction of human chorionic gonadotropin and human luteinizing hormone with human thyroid membranes, Endocrinology 106: 1907–1916.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  295. Nikolai, T. F., Coombs, G. J., and McKenzie, A. K., 1981, Lymphocytic thyroiditis with spontaneously resolving hyperthyroidism and subacute thyroiditis, Arch. Intern. Med. 141: 1455–1458.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Inada, M., Nishikawa, M., Naito, K., Ishii, H., Tanaka, K., and Imura, H., 1981, Reversible changes of the histological abnormalities of the thyroid in patients with painless thyroiditis, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 431–435.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  297. Amino, N., Mori, H., Iwatani, Y., Tanizawa, O., Kawashima, M., Tsuge, I., Ibaragi, K., Kumahara, Y., and Miyai, K., 1982, High prevalence of transient post-partum thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism, Med. Intell. 306: 849–852.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  298. Amino, N., Yabu, Y., Miki, T., Morimoto, S., Kumahara, Y., Mori, H., Iwatani, Y., Nishi, K., Nakatani, K., and Miyai, K., 1981, Serum ratio of triiodothyronine to thyroxine, and thyroxine-binding globulin and calcitonin concentrations in Graves’ disease and destruction-induced thyrotoxicosis, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 113–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Weintraub, B. D., Gershengorn, M. C., Kourides, I. A., and Fein, H., 1981, Inappropriate secretion of thyroid-stimulating hormone, Ann. Intern. Med. 95: 339–351.

    Google Scholar 

  300. Kourides, I. A., Pekonen, F., and Weintraub, B. D., 1980, Absence of thyroid-binding immunoglobulins in patients with thyrotropin-mediated hyperthyroidism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 271–274.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  301. Hamburger, J. I., 1980, Evolution of toxicity in solitary nontoxic autonomously functioning thyroid nodules, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 1089–1093.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  302. Mortimer, P. S., Tomlinson, I. W., and Rosenthal, F. D., 1981, Hemiaplasia of the thyroid with thyrotoxicosis, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 152–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  303. Melnick, J. C., and Stemkowski, P. E., 1981, Thyroid hemiagenesis (hockey stick sign): A review of the world literature and a report of four cases, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 247–251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  304. Sharp, B., Reed, A. W., Tamagna, E. I., Geffner, D. L., and Hershman, J. M., 1981, Treatment of hyperthyroidism with sodium ipodate (Oragrafin) in addition to propylthiouracil and propranolol, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 622–625.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  305. Bhasin, S., Wallace, W., Lawrence, J. B., and Lesch, M., 1981, Sudden death associated with thyroid hormone abuse, Am. J. Med. 71: 887–890.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  306. Nyström, E., Lindstedt, G., and Lundberg, P.-A., 1980, Minor signs and symptoms of toxicity in a young woman in spite of massive thyroxine ingestion, Acta Med. Scand. 207: 135–136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  307. Kabadi, U. M., and Eisenstein, A. B., 1980, Glucose intolerance in hyperthyroidism: Role of glucagon, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 392–396.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  308. Kabadi, U. M., and Eisenstein, A. B., 1980, Impaired pancreatic a-cell response in hyperthyroidism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 478–482.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  309. Perez, G., Ungaro, B., Covelli, A., Morrone, G., Lombardi, G., Scopacasa, F., and Rossi, R., 1980, Altered glucoregulatory response to physiological infusions of epinephrine and glucagon in hyperthyroidism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 972–977.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  310. Nilsson, O. R., Karlberg, B. E., and Söderberg, A., 1980, Plasma catecholamines and cardiovascular responses to hypoglycemia in hyperthyroidism before and during treatment with metoprolol or propranolol, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 906–911.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  311. Tse, J., Wrenn, R. W., and Kuo, J. F., 1980, Thyroxine-induced changes in characteristics and activities of (3-adrenergic receptors and adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate and guanosine 3’,5’-monophosphate systems in the heart may be related to reputed catecholamine supersensitivity in hyperthyroidism, Endocrinology 107: 6–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  312. Ginsberg, A. M., Clutter, W. E., Shah, S. D., and Cryer, P. E., 1981, Triiodothyronine-induced thyrotoxicosis increases mononuclear leukocyte 3-adrenergic receptor density in man, J. Clin. Invest. 67: 1785–1791.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  313. Channick, B. J., Adlin, E. V., Marks, A. D., Dennenberg, B. S., McDonough, M. T., Chakko, C. S., and Spann, J. F., 1981, Hyperthyroidism and mitral-valve prolapse, N. Engl.J. Med. 305: 497–500.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  314. Marks, A. D., Adlin, E. V., Dennenberg, B. S., and Channick, B.J., 1982, Increased incidence of mitral valve prolapse in chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis, Clin. Res. 30: 273A.

    Google Scholar 

  315. Bayley, T. A., Harrison, J. E., McNeill, K. G., and Mernagh, J. R., 1980, Effect of thyrotoxicosis and its treatment on bone mineral and muscle mass, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 916–922.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  316. Bouillon, R., Muls, E., and De Moor, P., 1980, Influence of thyroid function on the serum concentration of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 793–797.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  317. Haldimann, B., Kaptein, E. M., Singer, F. R., Nicoloff, J. T., and Massry, S. G., 1980, Intestinal calcium absorption in patients with hyperthyroidism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 995–997.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  318. Cooper, D. S., Kaplan, M. M., Ridgway, E. C., Maloof, F., and Daniels, G. H., 1979, Alkaline phosphatase isoenzyme patterns in hyperthyroidism, Ann. Intern. Med. 90: 164–168.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  319. Wiersinga, W. M., and Touber, J. L., 1980, The relation between gastrin, gastric acid and thyroid function disorders, Acta Endocrinol. (Copenhagen) 95: 341–349.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  320. Seino, Y., Miyamoto, Y., Moridera, K., Taminato, T., Matsukura, S., and Imura, H., 1980, The role of the ß-adrenergic mechanism in the hypergastrinemia of hyperthyroidism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 368–370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  321. Lipson, A., Tah-Hsiung, H., and Nickoloff, E. L., 1980, Blood gastrin levels in hyperthyroidism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 176–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  322. Swanson, J. W., Kelly, J. J., Jr., and McConahey, W. M., 1981, Neurologic aspects of thyroid dysfunction, Mayo Clin. Proc. 56: 504–512.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  323. Puvanendran, K., Cheah, J. S., Naganathan, N., Yeo, P. P. B., and Wong, P. K., 1979, Neuromuscular transmission in thyrotoxicosis, J. Neurol. Sci. 43: 47–57.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  324. Rockey, P. H., and Griep, R. J., 1980, Behavioral dysfunction in hyperthyroidism, Arch. Intern. Med. 140: 1194–1197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  325. Daneman, D., and Howard, N. J., 1980, Neonatal thyrotoxicosis: Intellectual impairment and craniosynostosis in later years, J. Pediatr. 97: 257–259.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  326. Hollingsworth, D. R., and Mabry, C. C., 1976, Congenital Graves’ disease, Am. J. Dis. Child. 130: 148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  327. Kidd, G. S., Glass, A. R., and Vigersky, R. A., 1979, The hypothalamic—pituitary—testicular axis in thyrotoxicosis, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 48: 798–802.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  328. Gray, R. S., Borsey, D. Q., Seth, J., Herd, R., Brown, N. S., and Clarke, B. F., 1980, Prevalence of subclinical thyroid failure in insulin-dependent diabetes, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 1034–1037.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  329. Crowe, J. P., Christensen, E., Butler, J., Wheeler, P., Doniach, D., Keenan, J., and Williams, R., 1980, Primary biliary cirrhosis: The prevalence of hypothyroidism and its relationship to thyroid autoantibodies and sicca syndrome, Gastroenterology 78: 1437–1441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  330. Gordon, M. B., Klein, I., Dekker, A., Rodnan, G. P., and Medsger, T. A., Jr., 1981, Thyroid disease in progressive systemic sclerosis: Increased frequency of glandular fibrosis and hypothyroidism, Ann. Intern. Med. 95: 431–435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  331. Lobo, E. D., Khan, M., and Tew, J., 1980, Community study of hypothyroidism in Down’s syndrome, Br. Med. J. 280: 1253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  332. Bahn, A. K., Mills, J. L., Snyder, P. J., Gann, P. H., Houten, L., Bialik, O., Hollmann, L., and Utiger, R. D., 1980, Hypothyroidism in workers exposed to polybrominated biphenyls, N. Engl. J. Med. 302: 31–33.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  333. Smith, R. E., Jr., Adler, R. A., Clark, P., Brinck Johnsen, T., Tulloh, M. E., and Colton, T., 1981, Thyroid function after mantle irradiation in Hodgkin’s disease, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 245: 46–49.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  334. Schimpff, S. C., Diggs, C. H., Wiswell, J. G., Salvatore, P. C., and Wiernik, P. H., 1980, Radiation-related thyroid dysfunction: Implications for the treatment of Hodgkin’s disease, Ann. Intern. Med. 92: 91–98.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  335. Dussault, J. H., Letarte, J., Guyda, H., and Laberge, C., 1980, Lack of influence of thyroid antibodies on thyroid function in the newborn infant and on a mass screening program for congenital hypothyroidism, J. Pediatr. 96: 385–389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  336. Montoro, M., Collea, J. V., Frasier, S. D., and Mestman, J. H., 1981, Successful outcome of pregnancy in women with hypothyroidism, Ann. Intern. Med. 94: 31–34.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  337. Bastenie, P. A., Bonnyns, M., and Vanhaelst, L., 1980, Grades of subclinical hypothyroidism in asymptomatic autoimmune thyroiditis revealed by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone test, Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 163–166.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  338. Fisher, D. A., Dussault, J. H., Foley, T. P., Jr., Klein, A. H., LaFranchi, S., Lassen, P. R., Michell, M. L., Murphey, W. H., Walfish, P. G., 1979, Screening for congenital hypothyroidism: Results of screening one million North American infants, J. Pediatr. 94: 700–705.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  339. Landau, H., Sack, J., Frucht, H., Palti, Z., Hochner-Celnikier, D., Rosenmann, A., 1980, Amniotic fluid 3,3’,5’-triiodothyronine in the detection of congenital hypothyroidism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 799–801.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  340. Santos, A. D., Miller, R. P., Mathew, P. K., Wallace, W. A., Cave, W. T., Jr., Hinojosa, L., 1980, Echocardiographic characterization of the reversible cardiomyopathy of hypothyroidism, Am. J. Med. 68: 675–682.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  341. Plotnick, G. D., Vassar, D. L., Parisi, A. F., Hamilton, B. P., Carliner, N. H., Fisher, M. L. 1979, Systolic time intervals in hypothyroidism: End organ function as a reflection of clinical status, Am. J. Med. Sci. 277: 263–268.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  342. Sawin, C. T., Chopra, D., Azizi, F., Mannix, J. E., and Bacharach, P., 1979, The aging thyroid, increased prevalence of elevated serum thyrotropin levels in the elderly, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 242: 247–250.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  343. Tieche, M., Lupi, G. A., Gutzwiller, F., Grob, P. J., Studer, H., and Bürgi, H., 1981, Borderline low thyroid function and thyroid autoimmunity, risk factors for coronary heart disease?, Br. Heart J. 46: 202–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  344. Hay, I. D., Duick, D. S., Vlietstra, R. E., Maloney, J. D., and Pluth, J. R., 1981, Thyroxine therapy in hypothyroid patients undergoing coronary revascularization: A retrospective analysis, Ann. Intern. Med. 95: 456–458.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  345. Parving, H.-H., Hansen, J. M., Nielsen, S. L., Rossing, N., Munck, O., and Lassen, N. A., 1979, Mechanisms of edema formation in myxedemaIncreased protein extravasation and relatively slow lymphatic drainage, N. Engl. J. Med. 301: 460–465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  346. Orr, W. C., Males, J. L., and Imes, N. K., 1981, Myxedema and obstructive sleep apnea, Am. J. Med. 70: 1061–1066.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  347. Klein, I., Parker, M., Shebert, R., Ayyar, D. R., and Levey, G. S., 1981, Hypothyroidism presenting as muscle stiffness and pseudohypertrophy: Hoffmann’s syndrome, Am. J. Med. 70: 891–894.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  348. Jakubovic, H. R., Salama, S. S. S., and Rosenthal, D., 1982, Multiple cutaneous focal mucinoses with hypothyroidism, Ann. Intern. Med. 96: 56–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  349. Amino, N., Kuro, R., Yabu, Y., Takai, S.-I., Kawashima, M., Morimoto, S., Ichihara, K., Miyai, K., and Kumahara, Y., 1981, Elevated levels of circulating carcinoembryonic antigen in hypothyroidism, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 457–462.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  350. Agdeppa, D., Macaron, C., Mallik, T., and Schnuda, N. D., 1979, Plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol in thyroid disease, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49: 726–729.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  351. Gorman, C. A., Jiang, N.-S., Ellefson, R. D., and Elveback, L. R., 1979, Comparative effectiveness of dextrothyroxine and levothyroxine in correcting hypothyroidism and lowering blood lipid levels in hypothyroid patients, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 49: 1–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  352. Ingbar, J. C., Borges, M., Iflah, S., Kleinmann, R. E., Braverman, L. E., and Ingbar, S. H., 1982, Elevated serum thyroxine concentration in patients receiving “replacement” doses of levothyroxine, J. Endocrinol. Invest. 5: 77–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  353. Rosenbaum, R. L., and Barzel, U. S., 1982, Levothyroxine replacement dose for primary hypothyroidism decreases with age, Ann. Intern. Med. 96: 53–55.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  354. LaFranchi, S. H., 1979, Hypothyroidism, Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 26: 33–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  355. Studer, H., and Ramelli, F., 1982, Simple goiter and its variants: Euthyroid and hyperthyroid multinodular goiters, Endocr. Rev. 3: 40–61.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  356. Van Herle, A. J., Rich, P., Ljung, B.-M. E., Ashcraft, M. W., Solomon, D. H., and Keeler, E. B., 1982, The thyroid nodule, Ann. Intern. Med. 96: 221–232.

    Google Scholar 

  357. Bolk, J. H., Bussemaker, J. K., Elte, J. W. F., Haak, A., and Van Der Heide, D., 1979, Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins do not cause non-autonomous, autonomous, or toxic multinodular goitres, Lancet 2: 61–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  358. Matte, R., Ste-Marie, L. G., Comtois, R., D’Amour, P., Lacroix, A., Chartrand, R., Poisson, R., and Bastomsky, C. H., 1981, The pituitary–thyroid axis after hemithyroidectomy in euthyroid man, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 377–380.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  359. Blichert-Toft, M., Egedorf, J., Christiansen, C., and Axelsson, C. K., 1979, Function of pituitary–thyroid axis after surgical treatment of nontoxic nodular goiter, Acta Med. Scand. 206: 15–19.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  360. McCowen, K. D., Reed, J. W., and Fariss, B. L., 1980, The role of thyroid therapy in patients with thyroid cysts, Am. J. Med. 68: 853–855.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  361. Rentsch, H., Studer, H., Frauchiger, B., and Siebenhüner, L., 1981, Topographical heterogeneity of basal and thyrotropin-stimulated adenosine 3’,5’-monophosphate in human nodular goiter, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 514–521.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  362. Van Sande, J., Mockel, J., Boeynaems, J. M., Dor, P., Andry, G., and Dumont J. E., 1980, Regulation of cyclic nucleotide and prostaglandin formation in normal human thyroid tissue and in autonomous nodules, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 776–785.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  363. Nagasaka, A., and Hidaka, H., 1980, Cyclic 3’,5’-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activities in the thyroid glands of patients with various disorders, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 50: 726–733.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  364. Saito, K., Yamamota, K., Yoshida, S., Manabe, S., Suzuki, M., Takai, T., Saito, T., Kuzuya, T., and Moriyama, S.-I., 1981, Goitrous hypothyroidism due to iodide-trapping defect, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 1267–1272.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  365. Eggo, M. C., Burrow, G. N., Alexander, N. M., and Gordon, J. H., 1980, Iodination and the structure of human thyroglobulin, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 7–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  366. Cooper, D. S., Axelrod, L., DeGroot, L.J., Vickery, A. Lin, and Maloof, F., 1981, Congenital goiter and the development of metastatic follicular carcinoma with evidence for a leak of nonhormonal iodide: Clinical, pathological, kinetic, and biochemical studies and a review of the literature, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 52: 294–306.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  367. Gaitan, E., Medina, P., DeRouen, T. A., and Zia, M. S., 1980, Goiter prevalence and bacterial contamination of water supplies, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 957–961.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  368. Weiss, M., Kasper, D., and Ingbar, S. H., 1982, A specific, saturable binding site for thyrotropin (TSH) in Yersinia enterocolitica and E. coli, Clin. Res. 30: 494A.

    Google Scholar 

  369. Colacchio, T. A., LoGerfo, P., and Feind, C. R., 1980, Fine needle cytologic diagnosis of thyroid nodules, Am. J. Surg. 140: 568–571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  370. Miller, J. M., Hamburger, J. I., and Kini, S., 1979, Diagnosis of thyroid nodules, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 241: 481–484.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  371. Miller, J. M., Hamburger, J. I., and Kini, S. R., 1981, The needle biopsy diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma, Cancer 48: 989–993.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  372. Stepanas, A. V., Samaan, N. A., Hill, C. S., Jr., and Hickey, R. C., 1979, Medullary thyroid carcinoma, Cancer 43: 825–837.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  373. Block, M. A., Jackson, C. E., Greenawald, K. A., and Yott, J. B., 1980, Clinical characteristics distinguishing hereditary from sporadic medullary thyroid carcinoma: Treatment implications, Arch. Surg. (Chicago) 115: 142–148.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  374. Lamberg, B.-A., Reissel, P., Stenman, S., Koivuniemi, A., Ekblom, M., Mäkinen, J., and Franssila, K., 1981, Concurrent medullary and papillary thyroid carcinoma in the same thyroid lobe and in siblings, Acta Med. Scand. 209: 421–424.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  375. Deftos, L. J., Bone, H. G., III, Parthemore, J. G., and Burton, D. W., 1980, Immunohistological studies of medullary thyroid carcinoma and C cell hyperplasia, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 857–862.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  376. Schneider, A. B., Bekerman, C., Favus, M., Frohman, L. A., Gonzalez, C., Ryo, U. Y., Sievertsen, G., and Pinsky, S., 1981, Continuing occurrence of thyroid nodules after head and neck irradiation, Ann. Intern. Med. 94: 176–180.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  377. McDougall, I. R., Coleman, C. N., Burke, J. S., Saunders, W., and Kaplan, H. S., 1980, Thyroid carcinoma after high-dose external radiotherapy for Hodgkin’s disease, Cancer 45: 2056–2060.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  378. Compagno, J., and Oertel, J. E., 1980, Malignant lymphoma and other lymphoproliferative disorders of the thyroid gland, Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 74: 1–11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  379. Carayon, P., Morvan, C. T., Castanas, E., and Tubiana, M., 1980, Human thyroid cancer: Membrane thyrotropin binding and adenylate cyclase activity, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 915–920.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  380. Schlumberger, M., Charbord, P., Fragu, P., Lumbroso, J., Parmentier, C., and Tubiana, M., 1980, Circulating thyroglobulin and thyroid hormones in patients with metastases of differentiated thyroid carcinoma: Relationship to serum thyrotropin levels, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 51: 513–519.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  381. Fui, S. C. N. T., Hoffenberg, R., Maisey, M. N., and Black, E. G., 1979, Serum thyroglobulin concentrations and whole-body radioiodine scan in follow-up of differentiated thyroid cancer after thyroid ablation, Br. Med. J. 2: 298–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  382. Ashcraft, M. W., and van Herle, A. J., 1981, The comparative value of serum thyroglobulin measurements and iodine 131 total body scans in the follow-up study of patients with treated differentiated thyroid cancer, Am. J. Med. 71: 806–814.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  383. Schneider, A. B., Line, B. R., Goldman, J. M., and Robbins, J., 1981, Sequential serum thyroglobulin determinations, 131I scans, and 131I uptakes after triiodothyronine withdrawal in patients with thyroid cancer, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 53: 1199–1206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  384. Young, R. L., Mazzaferri, E. L., Rahe, A. J., and Dorfman, S. G., 1980, Pure follicular thyroid carcinoma: Impact of therapy in 214 patients, J. Nucl. Med. 21: 733–737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  385. Mazzaferri, E. L., and Young, R. L., 1981, Papillary thyroid carcinoma: A 10 year follow-up report of the impact of therapy in 576 patients, Am. J. Med. 70: 511–518.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  386. DeGroot, L. J., and Reilly, M., 1982, Comparison of 30- and 50-mCi doses of iodine-131 for thyroid ablation, Ann. Intern. Med. 96: 51–53.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  387. Chung, C. T., Sagerman, R. H., Ryoo, M. C., King, G. A., Yu, W. S., Dalai, P. S., and Emmanuel, I. G., 1980, External irradiation for malignant thyroid tumors, Radiology 136: 753–756.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  388. Shapiro, S., Slone, D., Kaufman, D. W., Rosenberg, L., Miettinen, O. S., Stolley, P. D., Knapp, R. C., Leavitt, T., Jr., Watring, W. G., Rosenshein, N. B., and Schottenfeld, D., 1980, Use of thyroid supplements in relation to the risk of breast cancer, J. Am. Med. Assoc. 244: 1685–1687.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  389. Hedley, A. J., Spiegelhalter, D. J., Jones, S. J., Clements, P., Bewsher, P. D., Simpson, J. G., and Weir, R. D., 1981, Breast cancer in thyroid disease: Fact or fallacy?, Lancet 1: 131–133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  390. Cerbon, M.-A., Pichon, M.-F., and Milgrom, E., 1981, Thyroid hormone receptors in human breast cancer, Cancer Res. 41: 4167–4173.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  391. Spitz, I. M., Roith, D. L., Hirsch, H., Carayon, P., Pekonen, F., Liel, Y., Sobel, R., Chorer, Z., and Weintraub, B., 1981, Increased high-molecularweight thyrotropin with impaired biologic activity in a euthyroid man, N. Engl. J. Med. 304: 278–282.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  392. Beamer, W. G., Eicher, E. M., Maltais, L. J., and Southard, J. L., 1981, Inherited primary hypothyroidism in mice, Science 212: 61–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  393. Smeds, S., Anderberg, B., Boeryd, B., Ericson, L. E., Gillquist, J., and Persliden, J., 1981, The nude mouse: A possible experimental model for investigation of human thyroid tissue, J. Endocrinol. Invest. 4: 11–15.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  394. Sternthal, E., Like, A. A., Sarantis, K., and Braverman, L. E., 1981, Lymphocytic thyroiditis and diabetes in the BB/W rat: A new model of autoimmune endocrinopathy, Diabetes 3: 1058–1061.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1985 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Woeber, K.A., Braverman, L.E. (1985). The Thyroid. In: Ingbar, S.H. (eds) Contemporary Endocrinology. Contemporary Endocrinology, vol 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4817-7_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4817-7_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4819-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4817-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics