Abstract
If the elegant and detailed experiments presented at this meeting have taught us any lesson it is that we cannot explain brain development solely in reductionist terms by dealing with minute details of its component elements and without giving a proper account of properties of the system as a whole. In my presentation, I will emphasize development of the cellular and modular organization of the primate neocortex where the principle of integrality can readily be appreciated. The accumulated evidence indicates that precise neuronal organization of such a complex cellular structure depends, to a large degree, on epigenetic or intercellular rather than in rigid genetic ‘intracellular’ developmental programs. Here I am using the term epigenesis in Waddington’s definition to denote a process by which “development is brought about through a series of control interactions between the various parts” (Waddington, 1956).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Boulder Committee, 1970, Embryonic vertebrate cental nervous system. Revised terminology. Anat. Rec., 166:257–261.
Bray, D., 1973, Branching patterns of individual sympathetic neurons in culture, J. Cell Biol., 56:702–712.
Caviness, V.S., Jr. and Rakic, P., 1978, Mechanisms of cortical development: a view from mutations in mice, Ann. Rev. Neurosci., 1:297–326.
Cooper, M.L. and Rakic, P., 1983, Gradients of cellular maturation and synaptogenesis in the superior colliculus of the fetal rhesus monkey, J. Comp. Neurol, in press.
Eckenhoff, M. and Rakic, P., 1983, Radial organization of the dentate gyrus: A Golgi, ultrastructural and immunohistochemical analysis in the developing rhesus monkey, J. Comp. Neurol., submitted.
Edelman, G.M., 1979, Group selection and phasic reentrant signaling: A theory of higher brain function. In: F.O. Schmitt and E.G. Worden (eds): The Neurosciences: Fourth Study Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 1115–1144.
Eng, L.F. and DeArmond, S.J., 1981, Immunocytochemical studies of astrocytes in normal development and disease. In: S. Fedoroff and L. Hertz (eds.): Advances in Cellular Neurobiology. Vol. 3. Academic Press.
Gibert, C.D. and Wiesel, T.N., 1981, Laminar specialization and intra-cortical connections in cat primary visual cortex. In: F.O. Schmitt (ed-in-chief): The Organization of the Cerebral Cortex. MIT Press, 163–191.
Goldman, P.S. and Galkin, T.W., 1978, Prenatal removal of frontal association cortex in the rhesus monkey: anatomical and functional consequences in postnatal life, Brain Res., 52:451–485.
Hubel, D.H. and Wiesel, T.N., 1977, Functional architecture of macaque monkey visual cortex, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B., 198:1–59.
Hubel, D.H., Wiesel, T.N. and LaVay, S., 1977, Plasticity of ocular dominance columns in monkey striate cortex, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. B., 278:377–409.
Innocenti, G.M., 1981, Growth and reshaping of axons in the establishment of visual callosal connections, Science, 212:824–827.
Kostovic, I. and Rakic, P., 1980, Cytology and time of origin of interstitial neurons in the white matter in infant and adult human and monkey, J. Neurocytol., 9:219–242.
Kostovic, I. and Rakic, P., 1983, Development of prestriate visual projections in the monkey and human fetal cerebrum revealed by transient Cholinesterase activity, J. Neurosci., submitted.
LeVay, S., Stryker, M.P. and Shatz, C.J., 1978, Ocular dominance columns and their development in layer IV of the cat’s visual cortex: A quantitative study, J. Comp. Neurol., 179:223–244.
Levitt, P., M.L. Cooper and Rakic, P., 1981, Coexistence of neuronal and glial precursor cells in the cerebral ventricular zone of the fetal monkey: An ultrastructural immunoperoxidase analysis, J. Neurosci., 1:27–39.
Levitt, P.R. and Rakic, P., 1980, Immunoperoxidase localization of glial fibrilary acid protein in radial glial cells and atrocytes of the developing rhesus monkey brain, J. Comp. Neuro., 193:515–540.
Lund, J.S., 1981, Intrinsic organization of the primary visual cortex, area 17, as seen in Golgi preparation. In: F.O. Schmitt (ed-in-chief): The Organization of the Cerebral Cortex. MIT Press, 106–124.
Marr, D. and Nishihara, H.K., 1978, Visual information processing: Artificial intelligence and sensorium of sight. Technol. Rev., 81:1–7.
McClain, D.A. and Edelman, G.M., 1982, A neural cell adhesion molecule from human brain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79:6380–6384.
Moonen, G., Grau-Wagemans, M.P. and Selak, I., 1982, Plasminogen activator — plasmin system and neuronal migration, Nature, 298:753–755.
Mountcastle, V.B., 1979, An organizing principle for cerebral function: The unit module and the distributed system. In: F.O. Schmitt and F.G. Worden (eds): The Neurosciences: Fourth Study Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 21–42.
Nowakowski, R.S. and Rakic, P., 1979, The mode of migration of neurons in hippocampal region of the rhesus monkey, J. Neurocytol., 8:697–718.
Ogren, M.P. and Hendrickson, A.E., 1977, The distribution of pulvinar terminals in visual areas 17 and 18 of the monkey, Brain Res., 137:334–350.
Peters, A. and Saldanha, J., 1976, The projection of the lateral geniculate nucleus to the area 17 of the rat, Brain Res., 105:533–537.
Pinto-Lord, C.M., Evrard, E. and Caviness, V.S. Jr., 1982, Obstructed neuronal migration along radial glial fibers in the neocortex of the reeler mouse: A Golgi-EM analysis, Dev. Brain Res., 4:379–393.
Rakic, P., 1971, Guidance of neurons migrating to the fetal monkey neocortex, Brain Res., 33:471–476.
Rakic, P., 1972, Mode of cell migration to the superficial layers of fetal monkey neocortex, J. Comp. Neurol., 145:61–84.
Rakic, P., 1974, Neurons in rhesus monkey visual cortex: systematic relation between time or origin and eventual disposition, Science, 183:425–427.
Rakic, P., 1975, Timing of major ontogenetic events in the visual cortex of the rhesus monkey. In: N.A. Buchwald and M. Brazier (eds): Brain Mechanisms in Mental Retardation. Academic Press, New York, pp. 3–40.
Rakic, P., 1976a, Differences in the time of origin and in eventual distribution of neurons in areas 17 and 18 of visual cortex in rhesus monkey, Exp. Brain Res. Suppl., 1:244–248.
Rakic, P., 1976b, Prenatal genesis of connections subserving ocular dominance in the rhesus monkey, Nature, 261:467–471.
Rakic, P., 1977, Prenatal development of the visual system in the rhesus monkey, Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond. Ser. B., 278:245–260.
Rakic, P., 1978, Neuronal migration and contact guidance in primate telencephalon, Postgrad. Med. J., 54:25–40.
Rakic, P., 1981a, Developmental events leading to laminar and areal organization of the neocortex. In: F.O. Schmitt, S.G. Dennis and F.G. Worden (eds): The Cerebral Cortex. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. 7–28.
Rakic, P., 1981b, Neuronal-glial interaction during brain development, TINS, 4:184–187.
Rakic, P., 1981c, Development of visual centers in the primate brain depends on binocular competition before birth, Science, 214:928–931.
Rakic, P., 1983, Geniculo-cortical connections in primates: Normal and experimentally altered development, Progess in Brain Res., 58:393–404.
Rakic, P. and Goldman-Rakic, P.S., 1982, Development and modifiabil-ity of cerebral cortex, Neurosciences Res. Prog. Bull., 20:429–611.
Rakic, P., Stensaas, L.J., Sayre, E.P. and Sidman, R.L., 1974, Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and quantitative analysis of cells from serial electron microscopic montages of fetal monkey brain, Nature (London), 250:31–34.
Ramony Cajal, S., 1899, Comparative study of the sensory areas of the human brain. In: Clark University 1889–1899 Decimal Celebration, Worchester, Mass., pp. 311–381.
Ramony Cajal, S., 1911, Histologie due systeme nerveux de l’Homme et des vertèbres. Maloine, Paris. Reprinted by Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas. Madrid. 1955.
Schmechel, D.E. and Rakic, P., 1979a, Arrested proliferation of radial glial cells during midgestation in rhesus monkey, Nature (London), 2767:303–305.
Schmechel, D.E. and Rakic, P., 1979b, A Golgi study of radial glial cells in developing monkey telencephalon: morphogenesis and transformation into astrocytes, Anat. Embryol., 156:115–152.
Schmitt, F.O., Worden, F.G., Adelman, G. and Dennis, S.G. The organization of the cerebral cortex. MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass.
Schwartz, M.L., and Goldman-Rakic, P.S., 1982, Single cortical neurons have axon collaterals to ipsilateral and contralateral cortex in fetal and adult primates, Nature, 299:154–156.
Sidman, R.L. and Rakic, P., 1973, Neuronal migration, with special references to developing human brain: a review. Brain Res., 62:1–35.
Shatz, C. and Rakic, P., 1981, The genesis if efferent connections from the visual cortex of the fetal monkey, J. Comp. Neurol., 196:287–307.
Waddington, C.H., 1956, Principles of Embryology. Allen and Unwin, London.
Wiess, P.A., 1971, A cell is not an island entire of itself. Perspective in Biology and Medicine, 14:182–205.
Wiesel, T.M., Hubel, D.H. and Lam, D.M.K., 1974, Autoradiographic demonstration of ocular dominance columns in the monkey striate cortex by means of transneuronal transport, Brain Res., 79:273–27.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rakic, P. (1984). Organizing Principles for Development of Primate Cerebral Cortex. In: Sharma, S.C. (eds) Organizing Principles of Neural Development. NATO ASI Series, vol 78. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4802-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4802-3_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4804-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4802-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive