Abstract
The Penn State Adult Development and Enrichment Project, with the acronym ADEPT, is a basic research program aimed at examining the modifiability of intellectual functioning in later adulthood and old age. Intelligence as referred to in ADEPT research indicates performance on psychometric tests of intelligence rather than process-oriented indices of cognitive functioning. The ADEPT domain of psychometric intelligence is defined primarily by the theory of fluid-crystallized intelligence. Later adulthood and old age covers the age range from approximately 60 to 80 years of age.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Atkinson, R. C., & Shiffrin, R. M. Human memory: A proposed system and its control processes. In K. W. Spence & J. T. Spence (Eds.), The psychology of learning and motivation: Advances in research and theory (Vol. 2). New York: Academic Press, 1968.
Baltes, P. B., & Labouvie, G. V. Adult development of intellectual performance: Description, explanation, and modification. In C. Eisdorfer & M.P. Lawton (Eds.), The psychology of adult development and aging. Washington, D. C.: American Psychological Association, 1973.
Baltes, P. B., & Schaie, K. W. On the plasticity of intelligence in adulthood and old age: Where Horn and Donaldson fail. American Psychologist, 1976, 31, 720–725.
Baltes, P. B., & Willis, S. L. Toward psychological theories of aging and development. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977.
Baltes, P. B., & Willis, S. L. The critical importance of appropriate methodology in the study of aging: The sample case of psychometric intelligence. In F. Hoffmeister & C. Müller (Eds.), Brain function in old age. Heidelberg: Springer, 1979. (a)
Baltes, P. B., & Willis, S. L. Life-span developmental psychology, cognition, and social policy. In M. W. Riley (Ed.), Aging from birth to death. Boulder: Westview, 1979. (b)
Baltes, P. B., & Danish, S. J. Intervention in life-span development and aging: Issues and concepts. In R. R. Turner & H. W. Reese (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Intervention. New York: Academic Press, 1980.
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. Plasticity and variability in psychological aging: Methodological and theoretical issues. In G. Gurski (Ed.), Determining the effects of aging on the central nervous system. Berlin: Schering, 1980.
Baltes, P. B., Nesselroade, J. R., & Cornelius, S. W. Multivariate antecedents of structural change in development: A simulation of cumulative environmental patterns. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 1978, 13, 127–152.
Baltes, P. B., Cornelius, S. W., Spiro, A., III, Nesselroade, J. R., & Willis, S. L. Integration vs. differentiation of fluid-crystallized intelligence in old age. Developmental Psychology, 1980, 16, 625–635.
Barton, E. M., Baltes, M. M., & Orzech, M. J. Etiology of dependence in older nursing home residents during morning care: The role of staff behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1980, 38, 423–431.
Beilin, H. Constructing cognitive operations linguistically. In H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 11). New York: Academic Press, 1976.
Bijou, S.W. Environment and intelligence: A behavioral analysis. In R. Cancro (Ed.), Contributions to intelligence. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1971.
Blieszner, R., Willis, S. L., & Baltes, P. B. Training research on induction ability in aging: A short-term longitudinal study. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 1981, 2, 247–265.
Botwinick, J. Aging and intelligence. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977.
Botwinick, J., & Storandt, M. Memory, related functions and age. Springfield: Charles C. Thomas, 1974.
Brandstädter, J., & Schneewind, K. A. Optimal human development: Some implications for psychology. Human Development, 1977, 20, 48–64.
Brent, S. B. Individual specialization, collective adaptation and rate of environmental change. Human Development, 1978, 21, 21–33.
Brown, A., & French, L. The zone of potential development: Implications for intelligence testing in the year 2000. Intelligence, 1979, 3, 255–277.
Cattell, R. B. Abilities: Their structure, growth and action. Boston: Houghton, 1971.
Cattell, R. B., & Cattell, A. K. S. Test of “g”: Culture Fair (Scale 2, Form A), Champaign, Ill.: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, 1957.
Cattell, R. B., & Cattell, A. K. S. Measuring intelligence with the Culture Fair tests: Manual for Scales 2 and 3. Champaign, Ill.: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, 1961.
Cattell, R. B., & Cattell, A. K. S. Test of “g”: Culture Fair (Scale 3, Form A, 1963 Edition: Form B, 1961 Edition, Second). Champaign, Ill: Institute for Personality and Ability Testing, 1963.
Clayton, V. P., & Birren, J. E. The development of wisdom across the life span: A reexamination of an ancient topic. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 3). New York: Academic Press, 1980.
Cornelius, S. W., Willis, S. L., Nesselroade, J. R., & Baltes, P. B. Convergence between attention variables and factors of psychometric intelligence in older adults. Manuscript submitted, College of Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 1982.
Craik, F. I. M. Age differences in human memory. In J. E. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Handbook of the psychology of aging. New York: Van Nostrand, 1977.
Cunningham W. R. Age comparative factor analysis of ability variables in adulthoood and old age. Intelligence, 1980, in press.
Denney, N. W. Problem solving in later adulthood: Intervention research. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 2). New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Düker, H., & Lienert, G. A. Konzentrations-Leistungstest. Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1959.
Ekstrom, R. B., French, J. W., Harman, H., & Derman, D. Kit of factor-referenced cognitive tests (1976 Rev.). Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service, 1976.
Flavell, J. H., & Wohlwill, J. F. Formal and functional aspects of cognitive development. In D. Elkind & J. H. Flavell (Eds.), Studies in cognitive development: Essays in honor of Jean Piaget. New York: Oxford University Press, 1969.
Fries, J. F. The plasticity of aging. Unpublished manuscript, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, 1980.
Glaser, R., & Resnick, L. Instructional psychology. In P. H. Müssen & M. Rosenweig (Eds.), Annual review of psychology. Palo Alto, Calif.: Annual Reviews, 1972.
Greene, E. B. Measurement of human behavior. New York: Odyssey, 1941.
Guilford, J. P. Verbal analogies test, I. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sheridan Psychological Services, 1969. (a)
Guilford, J. P. Word matrix test. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sheridan Psychological Services, 1969. (b)
Guthke, V. J. Entwicklungsstand und Probleme der Lernfähigkeitsdiagnostik. Zeitschrift für Psychologie, 1976, 184, 215–239.
Havighurst, R. J. Developmental tasks and education. New York: McKay, 1948.
Hofland, B. F., Willis, S. L., & Baltes, P. B. Fluid intelligence performance in the elderly: Retesting and conditions of assessment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1981, 73, 573–586.
Horn, J. L. Social situations—EP03A (Unpublished test). Denver: University of Denver, Department of Psychology, 1967.
Horn, J. L. Organization of data on life-span development of human abilities. In L. R. Goulet & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Research and theory. New York: Academic Press, 1970.
Horn, J. L. Psychometric studies of aging and intelligence. In S. Gershon & A. Raskin (Eds.), Geriatric psychopharmacology: The scene today. New York: Raven, 1975.
Horn, J. L. Human ability systems. In P. B. Baltes (Ed.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press, 1978.
Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. Refinement and test of the theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1966, 57, 253–270.
Horn, J. L., & Cattell, R. B. Age differences in fluid and crystallized intelligence. Acta Psychologi-ca, 1967, 26, 107–129.
Horn, J. L., & Donaldson, G. On the myth of intellectual decline in adulthood. American Psychologist, 1976, 31, 701–719.
Horn, J. L., & Donaldson, G. Faith is not enough: A response to the Baltes-Schaie claim that intelligence does not wane. American Psychologist, 1977, 32, 369–373.
Horn, J. L., Donaldson, G., & Engstrom, R. Apprehension, memory, and fluid intelligence decline in adulthood. Research on Aging, 1981, 3, 33–84.
Hoyer, W. J., Labouvie, G. V., & Baltes, P. B. Modification of response speed deficits and intellectual performance in the elderly. Human Development, 1973, 16, 233–242.
Hunt, E. B. Mechanics of verbal ability. Psychological Review, 1978, 85, 109–130.
Hunt, E. B., Frost, N., & Lunneborg, C. L. Individual differences in cognition: A new approach to intelligence. In G. Bower (Ed.), Advances in learning and motivation (Vol. 7). New York: Academic Press, 1973.
Labouvie-Vief, G. Toward optimizing cognitive competence. Educational Gerontology, 1976, 1, 75–92.
Labouvie-Vief, G. Beyond formal operations: Uses and limits of pure logic in life-span development. Human Development, 1980, 23, 141–161.
Labouvie-Vief, G., & Chandler, M. Cognitive development and life-span developmental theories: Idealistic versus contextual perspectives. In P. B. Baltes (Ed.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 1). New York: Academic Press, 1978.
Labouvie, G. V., Hoyer, W. J., Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. Operant analysis of intellectual behavior in old age. Human Development, 1974, 17, 259–272.
Lachman, M. E., Baltes, P. B., Nesselroade, J. R., & Willis, S. L. Cognitive training research with the elderly: Ethical issues and transfer to personality. Manuscript submitted, College of Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 1982.
Lawton, M. P., & Nehemow, L. Ecology and the aging process. In C. Eisdorfer & M. P. Lawton (Eds.), The psychology of adult development and aging. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1973.
O’Sullivan, M., & Guilford, J. P. Social translations, Form A. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sheridan Psychological Services, 1965.
Pike, L. W. Short-term instruction, testwiseness and the scholastic aptitude test: A literature review with research recommendations. Princeton, N.J.: Educational Testing Service, 1978.
Plemons, J. K., Willis, S. L., & Baltes, P. B. Modifiability of fluid intelligence in aging: A short-term longitudinal training approach. Journal of Gerontology, 1978, 33, 224–231.
Posner, M. I., & Mitchell, R. A Chronometrie analysis of classification. Psychological Review, 1967, 74, 392–409.
Rabbitt, P. Changes in problem solving in old age. In J. Birren & K. W. Schaie (Eds.), Handbook of the psychology of aging. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977.
Raven, J. C. Advanced progressive matrices, Set II (1962 revision). London: Lewis, 1962.
Reinert, G. Comparative factor analytic studies of intelligence throughout the human life span. In L. R. Goulet & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Research and theory. New York: Academic Press, 1970.
Reinert, G. Educational psychology in the context of the human life span. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 3). New York: Academic Press, 1980.
Resnick, L. B. (Ed.). The nature of intelligence. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1976.
Riegel, K. F. The dialectics of human development. American Psychologist, 1976, 31, 689–700.
Schaie, K. W. A reinterpretation of age-related changes in cognitive structure and functioning. In L. R. Goulet & P. B. Baltes (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Research and theory. New York: Academic Press, 1970.
Schaie, K. W. Toward a stage theory of adult cognitive development. Journal of Aging and Human Development, 1977–78, 8, 129–138.
Schaie, K. W. The primary mental abilities in adulthood: An exploration in the development of psychometric intelligence. In P. B. Baltes & O. G. Brim, Jr. (Eds.), Life-span development and behavior (Vol. 2). New York: Academic Press, 1979.
Schaie, K. W. The Seattle Longitudinal Study: A twenty-one year exploration of psychometric intelligence in adulthood. In K. W. Schaie (Ed.), Longitudinal studies of adult psychological development. New York: Guilford, 1982.
Schaie, K. W., & Baltes, P. B. Some faith helps to see the forest: A final comment on the Horn and Donaldson myth of the Baltes-Schaie position on adult intelligence. American Psychologist, 1977, 32, 1118–1120.
Schaie, K. W., & Willis, S. L. Life-span development: Implications for education. Review of Educational Research, 1978, 6, 120–156.
Schmidt, L. R. Testing the limits im Leistungsverhalten: Möglichkeiten und Grenzen. In E. Duhm (Ed.), Praxis der klinischen Psychologie (Vol. 2). Göttingen: Hogrefe, 1971.
Sörbom, D., & Jöreskog, K. G. COFAMM: Confirmatory factor analysis with model modification. Chicago: National Educational Resources, 1976.
Sternberg, R. J., & Detterman, D. K. (Eds.). Human intelligence: Perspectives on its theory and measurement. Norwood, N.J.: Ablex, 1979.
Sterns, H. L., & Sanders, R. E. Training and education of the elderly. In R. R. Turner & H. W. Reese (Eds.), Life-span developmental psychology: Intervention. New York: Academic Press, 1980.
Strehler, B. L. Time, cells, and aging. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
Strehler, B. L., & Mildvan, A. S. General theory of mortality and aging. Science, 1960, 132, 14–21.
Stroop, J. R. Studies in interference in serial verbal interactions. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1935, 75, 643–661.
Thurstone, T. G. Primary mental abilities, grades 9–12, 1962 Revision. Chicago: Science Research Associate, 1962.
Underwood, G. Attention and memory (1st ed.). New York: Pergamon Press, 1975.
Vernon, P. E. Practice and coaching effects in intelligence tests. Educational Forum, 1954, 18, 209–280.
Wickens, D. Encoding categories of words: An empirical approach to meaning. Psychological Review, 1970, 77, 1–15.
Willis, S. L., & Baltes, P. B. Intelligence and cognitive ability. In L. Poon (Ed.), Aging in the 1980’s: Psychological issues. Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1980.
Willis, S. L., Blieszner, R., & Baltes, P. B. Multi-stage training on the fluid ability of figurai relations in the aged. Manuscript submitted, College of Human Development, The Pennsylvania State University, 1980.
Willis, S. L., Blieszner, R., & Bakes, P. B. Training research in aging: Modification of performance on the fluid ability of figurai relations. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1981, 73, 41–50.
Willis, S. L., Cornelius, S. W., Blow, F., & Baltes, P. B. Training research in aging: Attentional processes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1982.
Wing, H. Practice effects with traditional mental test items. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1980, 4, 141–155.
Wittrock, M. C. Verbal stimuli in concept formation: Learning by discovery. Journal of Educational Psychology, 1963, 54, 183–190.
Wittrock, M. C. The learning by discovery hypothesis. In L. S. Schulman & E. R. Keisler (Eds.), Learning by discovering: A critical appraisal. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1966.
Wohlwill, J. The study of behavioral development. New York: Academic Press, 1973.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Baltes, P.B., Willis, S.L. (1982). Plasticity and Enhancement of Intellectual Functioning in Old Age. In: Craik, F.I.M., Trehub, S. (eds) Aging and Cognitive Processes. Advances in the Study of Communication and Affect, vol 8. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4178-9_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4178-9_19
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4180-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4178-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive