Abstract
Long-range transport of pollution aerosol from central Europe to southern Scandinavia has been recognized for a decade. Depending on the trajectory, high concentrations of sulfate in southern Sweden are accompanied by greater or lesser carbon, and have become known as black or white episodes, respectively. It is now known that, when conditions are right, pollution aerosol (including elemental carbon) can be transported from Eurasia to the Arctic. A simple model of long-range transport of SO2, SO =4 , and trace metals has been constructed to account for the large changes between Eurasia and the Arctic. This paper presents a broadened interpretation of black and white episodes which, in combination with atmospheric measurements at other locations in Eurasia and environs, allows this transport model to be checked empirically. It also allows the atmospheric lifetime of carbon to be compared with lifetimes of other primary aerosol pollutants. The results confirm most features of the model, and suggest that the European black and white episodes are highly related, early stages of systematic atmospheric aging, later stages of which can be observed as far away as the Arctic. The lifetime of elemental carbon appears to be similar to that of other primary, submicron elements, but this is still very uncertain.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
S. Oden, Nederhürdens och luftens fiirsurning, dess orsake r, flirlopp och i’erkan i olika milj~ier. Statens Naturvetenskapliga Forskningsrad, Ekologikommiteen. Bull. No. 1, Stockholm, 1968.
C. Brosset and A. Nyberg, in Proceedings of the Second International Clean Air Congress, Washington, 6–11 December 1970, H. M. England, W. T. Beery, eds., Academic Press, New York and London, (1971), p. 481.
OECD, The OECD Programme on long range transport of air pollutants. Measurements and findings. OECD, Paris, 1977.
B. Ottar, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 12 (1978), p. 445.
A. Eliassen, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 12 (1978), p. 479.
OECD, Methods of Measuring Air Pollution: Report of the Working Party on Methods of Measuring Air Pollution and Survey Techniques. OECD Publication No. 17913, January (1965), p. 15.
C. Brosset and Akerstrdm, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 6 (1972), p. 661.
H. Rosen, A. D. A. Hansen, L. Gundel and T. Novakov, in “Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere,” e d. T. Novakov, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-9037, Berkeley, CA 94720, (1979), pp. 49–55.
H. Rodhe, C. Persson and O. Ake sson, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 6 (1972), p. 675.
J. Nord, A. Eliassen and J. Saltbones, Advances in Geophysics, Vol. 18B (1974), p. 137.
C. Brosset, Ambio, Vol. 5 (1976), p. 157.
C. Brosset, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 12 (1978), p. 25.
K. A. Rahn and R. J. McCaffrey, in Papers Presented at the WMO Symposium on the Long-Range Transport of Pollutants and its Relation to General Circulation including Stratospheric/Tropospheric Exchange Processes, Sofia, 1–5 October 1979, WMO No. 538, Geneva, p. 25
K. A. Rahn and R. J. McCaffrey, Ann. NYAcad. Sci., Vol. 338 (/980), p.486.
K. A. Rahn, E. Joranger, A. Semb and T. J. Conway, Nature, Vol. 287 (/980), p. 824.
S. Larssen and J. E. Hanssen, in Papers Presented at the WMO Technical Conference on Regional and Global Observation of Atmospheric Pollution Relative to Climate, WMO No. 549, Geneva, 1980.
L. A. Barrie, R. Hoff and S. Daggupaty, The influence of mid-latitudinal sources on haze in the Canadian Arctic, Atmos. Environ. (In press).
K. A. Rahn, The Mn/V ratio as a tracer of large-scale sources of pollution aerosol for the Arctic. Atmos. Environ. (In press).
K. A. Rahn, Relative importances of North America and Eurasia as sources of Arctic aerosol. Atmos. Environ. (In press).
J. A. Garland, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 12 (1978), p. 349.
R. A. Scriven and B. E. A. Fisher, Atmos. Environ., Vol. 9 (1975), p. 49.
R. J. Countess, G. T. Wolff and S. H. Cadle, J. Air Polhit. Control Assoc., Vol. 30 (1980), p. 1195.
M. Lippman, M. T. Kleinman, D. M. Bernstein, G. T. Wolff and B. P. Le Adorer, Ann. NY. Acad. Sei., Vol. 322 (1979), p. 29.
E. S. Macias, R. Delumyea, L.-C. Chu, H. R. Appleman, C. D. Radcliffe and L. Staley, in “Carbonaceous Particles in the Atmosphere,” ed. T. Novakov, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory Report LBL-9037, Berkeley, CA 94720, (1979), p. 70
J. Schaug, H. Dovland and J. E. Skjelmoen, EMEP/CCC Report 3/80, Data Report October 1977-September 1978, Chemical Co-ordinating Centre, Norwegian Institute fin. Air Research, P.O. Box 130, N-2001 Lillestrom, Norway, 1980.
J. Hoste, R. Dams, C. Block, M. Demuynck and R. Heindryckx, Study of National Air Pollution by Combustion-Final Report 1974. Part I: Inorganic Composition ofAirborne Particulate Matter. Instituut voor Nucleaire Wetenschappen, Rijksuniversiteit Gent, Belgium, 1974.
R. W. Linton, A. Loh, D. F. S. Natusch, C. A. Evans Jr. and P. Williams, Science, Vol. 191 (1976), p. 852.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Rahn, K.A., Brosset, C., Ottar, B., Patterson, E.M. (1982). Black and White Episodes, Chemical Evolution of Eurasian Air Masses, and Long-Range Transport of Carbon to the Arctic. In: Wolff, G.T., Klimisch, R.L. (eds) Particulate Carbon. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4154-3_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4154-3_19
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4156-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4154-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive