Abstract
It is well known that lack of iron is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, especially in developing countries. Its highest prevalence is observed in women during their reproductive life, and also in infants, children, and even in adolescents. The deficiency is produced when there is an imbalance between the iron absorbed from food and that eliminated in the shedding of epithelium, the formation of new tissue, the loss in menstrual blood, and the fetus’s need for iron during gestation. Additional iron loss is caused in developing countries by hookworm, trichuris, and Schistosoma haematobium infections. Consequently, the frequency and severity of iron deficiency are more evident in populations where those infections prevail.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
World Health Organization. Nutritional Anaemias, Technical Report No. 503. WHO, Geneva, 1972.
Layrisse, M., J. D. Cook, C. Martínez-Torres, M. Roche, I. N. Kuhn, and C. A. Finch. Food iron absorption: A comparison of vegetable and animal foods. Blood 33:430–443, 1969.
Layrisse, M., and C. Martínez-Torres. Food iron absorption: Iron supplementation of food. Prog. Hematol. 7:137–160, 1971.
Martínez-Torres, C., and M. Layrisse. Nutritional factors in iron deficiency: Food iron absorption. Clinics Haematol 2:339–352, 1973.
Chodos, R. B., J. F. Ross, L. Apt, M. Pollycove, and J. A. E. Halkett. The absorption of radioiron-labelled foods and iron salts in normal and iron-deficient subjects and in idiopathic hemochromatosis. J. Clin. Invest. 36:314–326, 1957.
Moore, C. V. Iron nutrition. In: Iron Metabolism, pp. 241–265. F. Gross (Ed.), Ciba International Symposium, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1964.
Callender, S. T., S. R. Marney, and G. T. Warner. Eggs and iron absorption. Br. J. Haematol. 19:657–665, 1970.
Bjorn-Rasmussen, E., L. Hallberg, and R. B. Walker. Food iron absorption in man. I. Isotopic exchange between food iron and inorganic iron salt added to food: Studies on maize, wheat and eggs. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 25:317–323, 1972.
Layrisse, M., C. Martínez-Torres, M. Ruphael-Divo, W. Jaffe, and J. E. Torres-Suarez. Iron absorption from skim milk enriched with iron glycerophosphate. Arch. Latinoam. Nutr. 23:145–150, 1973.
Turnbull, A. L., F. Cleton, and C. A. Finch. Iron absorption. IV. The absorption of hemoglobin iron. J. Clin. Invest. 41:1897–1907, 1962.
Conrad, M. E., S. Cortell, H. L. Williams, and A. L. Foy. Polymerization and intraluminal factors in the absorption of hemoglobin-iron. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 68:659–668, 1968.
Martínez-Torres, C., and M. Layrisse. Iron absorption from veal muscle. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 24:521–540, 1971.
Layrisse, M., C. Martínez-Torres, M. Renzi, and I. Leets. Ferritin iron absorption in man. Blood 45:689–698, 1975.
Martínez-Torres, C., M. Renzi, and M. Layrisse. Iron absorption by humans from ferritin and hemosiderin. J. Nutr. 106:128–135, 1976.
Layrisse, M., C. Martínez-Torres, and M. Roche. The effect of interaction of various foods on iron absorption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 21:1175–1183, 1968.
Layrisse, M., and C. Martínez-Torres. Model for measuring dietary absorption of heme iron: Test with a complete meal. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 25:401–411, 1972.
Cook, J., M. Layrisse, C. Martínez-Torres, R. Walker, E. Monsen, and C..A. Finch. Food iron absorption measured by an extrinsic tag. J. Clin. Invest. 51:805–815, 1972.
Martínez-Torres, C., I. Leets, M. Renzi, and M. Layrisse. Iron absorption from veal liver. J. Nutr. 104:983–993, 1974.
Martínez-Torres, C., I. Leets, and M. Layrisse. Iron absorption from fish. Arch. Lati-noam. Nutr. 25:199–210, 1975.
Layrisse, M., C. Martínez-Torres, and M. González. Measurement of the total daily dietary iron absorption by the extrinsic tag model. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 27:152–162, 1974.
Sayers, M. H., S. R. Lynch, R. W. Charlton, T. H. Bothwell, R. B. Walker, and F. Mayet. The fortification of common salt with ascorbic acid and iron. Br. J. Haematol. 28:483–495, 1974.
Layrisse, M. Dietary iron absorption. In: Iron Metabolism and Its Disorders, Excerpta Medica Series 366, pp. 20–33, 1975.
Bjorn-Rasmussen, E., L. Hallberg, B. Isaksson, and B. Arvidsson. Food iron absorption in man. Application of the two-pool extrinsic tag method to measure heme and non-heme iron absorption from the whole diet. J. Clin. Invest. 53:247–255, 1974.
Cook, J. D., and E. R. Monsen. Food iron absorption I. Use of a semi-synthetic diet to study absorption of non-heme iron. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 28:1289–1295, 1975.
Monsen, E. R., and J. D. Cook. Food iron absorption in human subjects IV. The effects of calcium and phosphate salts on the absorption of nonheme iron. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29:1142–1148, 1976.
Hallberg, L., E. Bjorn-Rasmussen, L. Rossander, and R. Suwanik. Iron absorption from Southeast Asian diets. II. Role of various factors that might explain low absorption. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30:539–548, 1977.
Bjorn-Rasmussen, E., L. Hallberg, and L. Rossander. Absorption of fortification iron. Bioavailability in man of different samples of reduced iron and prediction of the effects of Fe fortification. Br. J. Nutr. 37:375–388, 1977.
Hallberg, L., E. Bjorn-Rasmussen, L. Garby, R. Pleehachinda, and R. Suwanik. Iron absorption from South-East Asian diets and the effect of iron fortification. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 31:1403–1408, 1978.
Monsen, E. R., and J. D. Cook. Food iron absorption in human subjects V. Effects of the major dietary constituents of a semisynthetic meal. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32:804–808, 1979.
Disler, P. B., S. R. Lynch, R. W. Charlton, and T. Bothwell. The effect of tea on iron absorption. Gut 16:193–200, 1975.
Layrisse, M., C. Martínez-Torres, M. Renzi, F. Velez, and M. González. Sugar as a vehicle for iron fortification. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 29:8–18, 1976.
Layrisse, M., C. Martínez-Torres, J. D. Cook, R. Walker, and C. A. Finch. Iron fortification of food. Its measurement by the extrinsic tag method. Blood 41:333–352, 1973.
Cook, J., V. Minnich, C. V. Moore, R. Rasmussen, W. B. Bradley, and C. A. Finch. Absorption of fortification iron in bread. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 26:861–872, 1973.
Garby, L. Iron fortification from fish sauce in Thailand. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 68:467–476, 1974.
Disler, P. B., S. R. Lynch, R. W. Charlton, and T. H. Bothwell. Studies on the fortification of cane sugar with iron and ascorbic acid. Br. J. Nutr. 34:141–143, 1975.
Grebe, G., C. Martínez-Torres, and M. Latrusse. Effect of meals and ascorbic acid on the absorption of a therapeutic dose of iron as ferrous and ferric salts. Cur. Therap. Res. 17:382–397, 1975.
Layrisse, M., C. Martínez-Torres, and M. Renzi. Sugar as a vehicle for iron fortification: Further studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 26:274–279, 1976.
Layrisse, M., and C. Martínez-Torres. Fe(III)-EDTA Complex as iron fortification. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 30:1166–1174, 1977.
Martínez-Torres, C., E. L. Romano, M. Renzi, and M. Layrisse. Fe(III)-EDTA Complex as iron fortification: Further studies. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 32:809–816, 1979.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1982 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Layrisse, M. (1982). Prevention of Iron Deficiency. In: Scrimshaw, N.S., Wallerstein, M.B. (eds) Nutrition Policy Implementation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4091-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-4091-1_6
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-4093-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-4091-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive