Abstract
Fungi secrete numerous macromolecules which are derived from a) walls, b) enzymes, and c) subcellular organelles. These macromolecules are subject to the action of lytic enzymes located in the nutrient medium. Therefore, many polymers found in media supporting fungal growth are degradation products of more complex substances. For instance, galactocarolose, a 5-O-ß-D-galactofuranosyl-containing decasaccharide, and mannocarolose, an α-D-mannopyranosyl-containing nonasaccharide, first isolated from 28-day culture filtrates of Penicillium charlesii and partially characterized in W. N. Haworth’s laboratory1, 2 have been shown to be derived from a more complex glycopeptide3–5 which first appears in the growth medium soon after formation of conidia.6 Because of the composition of the complex glycopeptide we have referred to it as a peptidophosphogalactomannan.3 The glycopeptide may be the major polysaccharide-containing substance secreted prior to general lysís of the fungus.6, 7 Peptidophosphogalactomannans and/or peptidogalactomannans have been obtained from Cladosporium werneckii,8, 9 species of Aspergillus,10–12 several species of dermatophytes from the genera of Trichophyton and Microsporum, 13, 14 Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Ciferril5 and several species of Penicilliuml0, 16, 17 and may be common constituents of many genera of fungi.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Clutterbuck, P. W., W. N. Haworth, H. Raistrick, G. Smith, and M. Stacey. 1934. XVI. Studies in the biochemistry of micro-organisms. 36. The metabolic products of Penicillium charlesii G. Smith. Biochem. JJ. 28: 94-110.
Haworth, W. N., H. Raistrick, and M. Stacey. 1937. LXXVI. Polysaccharides synthesized by micro-organisms. III. The molecular structure of galactocarolose produced from glucose by Penicillium charlesii G. Smith. Biochem. J. 31: 640-644.
Gander, J. E., N. H. Jentoft, L. R. Drewes, and P. D. Rick. 1974. The 5-0-ß-D_-galactofuranosyl-containing exocellular glycopeptide of Penicillium charlesii. Characterization of the phosphogalactomannan. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 2063-2072.
Rick, P. D., L. R. Drewes, and J. E. Gander. 1974. The 5-0-ß-D-galactofuranosyl-containing exocellular glycopeptide from Penícillium charlesii. Occurrence of ethanolamine and partial characterization of the peptide portion and the carbohydrate-peptide linkage. J. Biol. Chem. 249: 2073-2078.
Unkefer, C. J., and J. E. Gander. 1979. The 5-0-ß-D-galactofuranosyl-containing glycopeptide from Penicillium charlesii. Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies. J. Biol. Chem. 254: 12131-12135.
Drewes, L. R., P. D. Rick, and J. E. Gander. 1975. In vivo biosynthesis of peptidophosphogalactomannans in Penícillium charlesii. Arch. Microbiol. 104: 101-104.
Preston, J. F. and J. E. Gander. 1968. Isolation and partial characterization of the extracellular polysaccharides of Penicillíum charlesíi. I. Occurrence of galactofuranose in high molecular weight polymers. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 124: 504-512.
Lloyd, K. 0. 1970. Isolation, characterization, and partial structure of peptido-galactomannans from the yeast form of Cladosporium weneckii. Biochemistry 9: 3446 - 3453.
Lloyd, K. 0. 1972. Molecular organization of a covalent peptido-phosphopolysaccharide complex from the yeast of Cladosporium werneckíi. Biochemistry 11: 3884 - 3890.
Azuma, I., H. Kimura, F. Hírao, E. Tsubura, Y. Yamamura, and A. Misaki. 1971. Biochemical and immunochemical properties of glycopeptides obtained from Aspergillus fumigatus. Japan J. Microbiol. 15: 237-246.
Sakaguchi, 0., M. Suzuki, and K. Yokota. 1968. Effect of partial acid hydrolysis on precipitin activity of Aspergillus fumigatus galactomannan. Japan J. Microbiol. 12: 123-124.
Suzuki, S., M. Suzuki, K. Yokota, H. Sunayama, and O. Sakaguchí. 1967. On the immunochemical and biochemical studies of fungi. XI. Cross reaction of the polysaccharides of Aspergillus fumigatus, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisíae and Trichophyton rubrum against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae antísera. Japan J. Microbiol. 11: 269-273.
Barker, S. A., C. N. D. Cruickshank, and J. H. Holden. 1963. Structure of a galactomannan-peptide allergen from Tichophyton mentagrophytes. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 74: 239-246.
Bishop, C. T., F. Blank, and M. HranisavljevicJakovljevic. 1962. The water-soluble polysaccharides of Dermatophytes. I. A galactomannan from Trichophyton granulosum. Can. JJ. Chem. 40: 1815-1825.
Dow, J. M., and J. A. Callow:-allow 1979.Partial characterization of glycopeptides from culture filtrates of Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Ciferri (syn.Cladosporium fulvum), the tomato leaf mould pathogen. J. Gen. Microbiol. 113: 57 - 66.
Miyazaki, T., and T. Yadomae. 1968. Isolation of a water-soluble polysaccharide from the mycelium of Penicillium chrysogenum. Studies on fungal polysaccharides. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 16: 1721-1725.
Preston, J. F., E. Lapis, and J7-E. Gander. 1970. Immunological investigation of Penicillium. I. Serological reactivities of exocellular polysaccharides produced by six Penicillium species. Can. J. Microbiol. 16: 687-694.
Trejo, A. G., J. W. Haddock, G. Chittenden, and J. Baddiley. 1971. The biosynthesis of galactofuranosyl residues in galactocarolose. Biochem. J. 122: 49-57.
Gander, J. E. and F. Fang. 1976. The occurrence of ethanolamine and galactofuranosyl residues attached to Penicillium charlesii cell wall saccharides. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 71: 719-725.
Bartnicki-Garcia, S. 1970. Cell wall composition and other biochemical markers in fungal phylogeny. In Phytochemical Phylogeny, ( J. Harbone, ed.). Academic Press, London. pp. 81 - 102.
Mahadevan, P. R., and E. L. Tatum. 1965. Relationship of the major constituents of the Neurospora crassa cell wall to wild type and colonial morphology. J. Bacteriol. 90: 1073 - 1081.
Mahadevan, P. R., and E. L. Tatum. 1967. Localization of structural polymers in the cell wall of Neurospora crassa. J. Cell Biol. 35: 295 - 302.
Hunsley, D., and J. H. Burnett. 1970. The ultrastructural architecture of the walls of some hyphal fungi. J. Gen. Microbiol. 62: 203-218.
Gander, J. E. 1977. The occurrence of N,N’-dimethylethanolamine in the 5-0-ß-D-galactofuranosyl-containing exocellular glycopeptide of Penicillium charlesii. Exp. Mycol. 1: 1-8.
Cruickshank, C. N. D., M. D. Trotter, and S. R. Wood. 1960. Studies on Trichophytin sensitivity.J. Invest. Derm. 35: 219-223.
Wood, S-..—R. and C. N. D. Cruickshank. 1962. The relation between Trichophytin sensitivity and fungal infection. Brit. J. Derm. 74: 329-336.
Baker, J. A., C. N. D. Cruickshank, J. H. Morris, and S. R. Wood. 1962. The isolation of trichophytin glycopeptide and its structure in relation to the immediate and delayed reactions. Immunology 5: 627 - 632.
Blank, F., and M. B. Perry. 1964. The water-soluble polysaccharides of Dermatophytes. III. A galactomannan from Trichophyton interdigitale. Can. J. Chem. 42: 2862-2871.
Bishop, C. T., M. B. Perry, F. Blank, and F. P. Cooper. 1965. The water-soluble polysaccharides of Dermatophytes. IV. Galactomannans I from Trichophyton gramulosum, Trichophyton interdigitale, Microsporum quinckeanum, Trichophyton rubrum, and Trichophyton schönlenii. Can. J. Chem. 43: 30-39.
Axuma, I., H. Kimura, F. Hirao, E. Tsubura, and Y. Yamamura. 1967. Biochemical and immunochemical studies on Aspergillus. I. Chemical and biological investigations of lipopolysaccharide, protein and polysaccharide fractions isolated from Aspergillus fumígatus. Japan J. Med. Mycol. 8: 210-220.
Sakaguchi, 0., K. Yokata, and M. Suzuki. 1967. Biochemical and immunochemical studies on fungi. XII. On the galactomannan obtained from culture filtrate and cells of Aspergillus fumigatus. Yakugaku Zasshi. 87: 1268-1272.
van Dijkman, A., and A. K. Sijpesteijn. 1971. A biochemical mechanism for the gene-for-gene rsistance of tomato to Caldosporium fulvum. Netherlands J. Plant Pathol. 77: 14-24.
van Díjkman, A., and A. Kaars Sijpesteijn. 1973. Leakage of pre-absorbed 32P from tomato leaf discs infiltrated with high molecular weight products of imcompatible races of Cladosporium fulvum. Physiol. Plant Pathol. 3: 57-67.
Dow, J. M. and J. A. Callow. 1979. Leakage of electolytes from isolated leaf mesophyll cells of tomato induced by glycoproteins from culture filtrates of Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Ciferrí (syn. Cladosporium fulvum). Physiol. Plant Pathol. 15: 27-34.
Preston, J. F., E. Lapis, S. Westerhouse, and J. E. Gander. 1969. Isolation and partial characterization of the exocellular polysaccharides of Penicllium charlesii. II. The occurrence of phosphate groups in high molecular weight polysaccharides. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 134: 316-323.
Preston, J. F., E. Lapis, and J. E. Gander. 1969. Isolation and partial characterization or the exocellular polysaccharides of Penicillium charlesii. III. Heterogeneity in size and composition of high molecular weight exocellular polysaccharides. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 134: 324-334.
Rietschel-Berst, M., N. H. Jentoft, P. D. Rick, C. Pletcher, F. Fang, and J. E. Gander. 1977. Extracellular exo-ß-D-galactofuranosidase from Penicillium charlesii. Isolation, purification and properties. J. Biol. Chem. 252: 3219-3226.
Jansson, P. E. and B. Lindberg. 1980. Structural studies of varianose. Carbohyd. Res. 82: 97-102.
Unkefer, C. J., and J. E. Gander. 19807- 980 Structuralstudies on the 5-0-ß-D-galactoguranosyl-containing exocellular glycopeptide of Pencillium charlesii using phosphorus-31 nmr spectroscopy. Fed. Proc. 39: 1634.
Drewes, L. R. and J. E. Gander. 1975. Exocellular glycopeptide from a Penicillium charlesii mutant incapable growth on D-galactose. J. Bacteriol. 121: 675 - 681.
Gander, J. E., L. R. Drewes, F. Fang, and A. Lui. 1977. 5-0-ß-D-galactofuranosyl-containing exocellular glycopeptide of Penicillium charlesii. Incorporation of mannose from GDP-D-mannose into glycopeptide. JJ. Biol. Chem. 252: 2187-2193.
Gander, J. E. and F. Fang. 1977. Properties of Pencillium GDP-D-mannose:glycopeptide mannosyltransferase solubilized with Triton X-100. J. Supramol. Structure 6: 579-589.
Gander, J. E. and F. Fang. 1980. Toward understanding the structure, biosynthesis and function of a membrane-bound fungal glycopeptide. Biosynthetic studies. In Fungal Polysaccharides (P. Sandford and K. Matsuda, eds.) ACS Sump. Ser. No. 126, pp. 35 — 48.
Tonn, S. J. and J. E. Gander. 1977. Partial characterization of the peptide portion of the exocellular peptidophosphogalactomannans of P. charlesii. 173rd Annu. Meeting, Amer. Chem. Soc., Chicago, Illinois.
Mort, A. and D. T. A. Lamport. 1977. Anhydrous hydro-gen fluoride deglycosylates glycoproteins. Anal. Biochem. 82: 289 - 309.
Schibeci, A., J. B. M. Rattray, and D. K. Kidby. 1973.Isolation and identification of yeast plasma membrane. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 311: 15 - 25.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gander, J.E., Laybourn, C.J. (1981). Galactofuranosyl-Containing Lipoglycopeptide in Penicillium. In: Loewus, F.A., Ryan, C.A. (eds) The Phytochemistry of Cell Recognition and Cell Surface Interactions. Recent Advances in Phytochemistry, vol 15. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3986-1_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-3986-1_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-3988-5
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-3986-1
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive