Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Augmentation of Natural Enemies for Control of Plant Pests in the Western Hemisphere

  • Chapter
Biological Control by Augmentation of Natural Enemies

Part of the book series: Environmental Science Research ((ESRH,volume 11))

Abstract

Augmentation is defined as periodically increasing either the number of parasites or predators or the supply of their food resources to assure that adequate numbers of parasites and predators are present to provide the desired level of pest control. Similar definitions have been used previously (Ridgway 1972, Rabb et al. 1976). The release of natural enemies has also been classified as being either inoculative or inundative (DeBach and Hagen 1964). Inoculative releases appropriately describe releases of natural enemies for the purpose of colonizing populations to regulate pest populations through in-field reproduction of the released species. However, the use of inundative releases to describe all other augmentative releases may be misleading since by definition inundative means “to flood or to overwhelm by great numbers.”

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References Cited

  • Abies, J. R., S. L. Jones, and D. L. Bull. 1977. Effect of diflubenzuron on beneficial arthropods associated with cotton. Southwest Entomol. In press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J. M., R. R. Bridge, A. M. Heagler, and G. R. Tupper. 1976. The economic impact of recently developed early- season cotton strains on firm and regional cropping systems and income, p. 90–100 In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andrilenas, P. A. 1974. Farmers Use of Pesticides in 1971— Quantities. U.S. Dept. of Agr. Agr. Econ. Rep. No. 252.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, H. 1919. Controlling mealybugs by the use of their natural enemies. Calif. Stat. Hort. Comm. Monthly Bulls. 8: 257–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, H. M. 1929. Timing field liberations of Cryptolaemus in the control of the citrophilus mealybug in the infested citrus orchards of southern California. J. Econ. Entomol. 22: 910–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashley, T. R., J. C. Allen, and D. Gonzalez. 1974. Successful parasitization of Heliothis zea and Trichoplusia ni eggs by Trichogramma. Environ. Entomol. 3: 319–322.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, F. D. 1969. Tachinid flies as biological control agents for sugarcane moth borers, pp. 117–18. In Pests of Sugar Cane, J. R. Williams, J. R. Metcalfe, R. W. Mungomery, and R. Mathes (eds.). New York: Elsevier Publ. Co. 568 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boedijono, W. A. 1974. An attempt to control sugarcane stemborers with the dipterous parasite Diatraeophaga striatalis (Towns.). Int. Soc. Sug. Technol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bonfils, J. and P. F. Galichet. 1974. Effects d’introductions renouvelles de Lixophaga diatraeae [Diptera, Tachinidae] sur des populations naturelles du parasite et de son hate, Diatraeae saccharalis. Entomophaga 19 (1): 67–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, J. P. 1970. Feeding and searching behavior of Chrysopa carnea Stephens. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A and M University. 108 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, D. E., C. G. Jackson, R. Patana, and E. G. Neeman. 1971. Field cage on laboratory studies with Bracon kirkpatricki, a parasite of the pink bollworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 64 (5): 1236–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, D. E., R. E. Fye, C. G. Jackson, and R. Patana. 1973a. Releases of parasites for suppression of pink bollworms in Arizona. U.S. Dept. Prod. Agr. Res. Rpt. 8 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, D. E., R. E. Fye, C. G. Jackson, and R. Patana. 1973b. Releases of Bracon kirkpatricki (Wilkinson) and Chelonus blackburni Cameron for pink bollworm control in Arizona. U.S. Dept. Agr. Prod. Res. Rpt. 24 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooke, W. C. 1963. Ecology of the pea aphid in the Blue Mountain area of eastern Washington and Oregon. Tech. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agric. 1287, 48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croft, B. A. 1976. Establishing insecticide-resistant phytoseid mite predators in deciduous tree fruit orchards. Entomophaga 21: 383–399.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Croft, B. A. and S. A. Hoying. 1975. Carbaryl resistance in native and released populations of Ambtyseius faltacis. Environ. Entomol. 4: 895–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Croft, B. A. and J. A. McMurtry. 1972. Minimum releases of Typhlodromus oacidentalis to control Tetranychus medanieli on apple. J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 188–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P. 1974. Biological control by natural enemies. Cambridge Univ. Press. 323 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P., and K. S. Hagen. 1964. Manipulation of entomophagous species, In: P. DeBach, (ed.) Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds, pp. 429–58. London: Chapman and Hall Ltd. 844 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeBach, P., E. J. Dietrick, C. A. Fleschner, and T. W. Fisher. 1950. Periodic colonization of Aphytis for control of the California red scale. Preliminary tests, 1949. J. Econ. Entomol. 43: 783–802.

    Google Scholar 

  • Detwiler, D., T. Thompson, and J. Loomis. 1976. News about community gardens. Gardens for All, Inc., Shelburne, VT. 7 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doutt, R. L. 1951. Biological control of mealybugs infesting commercial greenhouse gardenias. J. Econ. Entomol. 44: 37–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doutt, R. L., and K. S. Hagen. 1949. Periodic colonizations of Chrysopa California as possible control of mealybugs. J. Econ. Entomol. 42: 560.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doutt, R. L., and K. S. Hagen. 1950. Biological control measures applied against Pseudococcus maritimus on pears. J. Econ. Entomol. 43: 94–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dutky, S. R. 1974. Nematode parasites, pp. 576–90. In Proceedings of the Summer Institute on Biological Control of Plant Insects and Diseases, Ed. F. G. Maxwell and F. A. Harris. Univ. Press, Jackson, MS. 647 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elsey, K. D. 1971. Stilt bugs prédation on artificial infestation of tobacco hornworm eggs. J. Econ. Entomol. 64 (3): 772–773.

    Google Scholar 

  • Elsey, K. D. 1975. Jalysus spinosus: Increased numbers produced on tobacco by early-season releases. Tobacco Sci. 19: 13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falcon, L. A. 1971. Use of bacteria for control of insects, p. 67–95. In H. D. Burges and N. W. Hussey, eds. Microbial Control of Insects. Academic Press, N.Y. Fye, R. E. 1972. Manipulation of Polistes exclamans arizonensis. Environ. Entomol. 1(1): 55–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, J. 1977. Up the organic ladder with a spade and hoe. Organic Gardening and Farming. July. pp. 30–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez, R. H. 1976. Crop protection in Latin America, with special reference to integrated pest control. FAO Plant Protection Bull. 24 (3): 65–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimble, D. 1975. Releases of Apanteles melanoscelus for gypsy moth suppression. Appl. For. Res. Note 15: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halfhill, J. E. and P. E. Featherston. 1973. Inundative releases of Aphidius smithi against Асуrthosiphon pisum. Environ. Entomol. 2: 469–72.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harbaugh, C. K. and R. H. Mattson. 1973. Lacewing larvae control aphids on greenhouse snapdragons. J. Amer. Soc. Ногt. Sc. 98: 306–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hart, W. G. 1972. Compensatory releases of Microterys flavus as a biological control agent against brown soft scale. Environ. Entomol. 1: 414–419.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartstack, A. W., J. A. Witz, and R. L. Ridgway. 1975. Suggested applications of a dynamic Heliothis model (MOTHZV-1) in pest management decision making. Proc. of Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. 118–22 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hartstack, A. W., J. L. Jenson, I. A. Witz, J. A. Jackman, J. P. Hollingsworth, and R. E. Frisbie. 1977. The Texas program for forecasting Heliothis spp. infestations on cotton. In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. In press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Helgesen, R. G., and M. J. Tauber. 1974. Biological control of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Aleyrodidae: Homoptera), on short-term crops by manipulating biotic and abiotic factors. Can. Ent. 106: 1175–1188.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hensley, S. D. 1971. Management of sugarcane borer populations in Louisiana, a decade of change. Entomophaga 16: 133–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Higgins, A. H. 1970. A machine for free aerial release of sterile pink bollworm moths. USDA. ARS 81–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoy, M. A. 1975. Forest and laboratory equations of hybridized Apanteles melanoscelus (Hym.: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Porthetria dispar (Lep.: Lymantriidae ). Entomophaga 20: 261–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huffaker, C. B. 1971. Biological Control. Plenum Press, N.Y. and London. 511 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huffaker, C. B. and C. E. Kennett. 1956. Experimental studies on prédation: Prédation and cyclamen-mite populations on strawberries in California. Hilgardia 26: 191–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huffaker, C. B. and P. S. Messenger, Eds. 1976. Theory and Practice of Biological Control. Academic Press. N.Y. 788 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, C. G., D. E. Bryan, E. G. Neeman, and A. L. Wardecker. 1970. Biological control: Results of field cage tests with parasites of Heliothis spp. Third Quarterly Report. Cotton Insects Biological Control Investigations. Tucson, Arizona.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jimenez, J., Eleazar. 1975. The action program for biological control in Mexico. Presented at the Work Conf. of the U.S. and Mexico on “Biological control of pests and weeds,” Brownsville, TX. February 20–21. 3 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. W., J. D. Hesketh, R. F. Colwick, H. C. Lane, J. M. McKinion, and A. C. Thompson. 1975. Predicting square, flower, and boll production of cotton at different stages of organogenesis. In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Conf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S. L. and R. L. Ridgway. 1976. Development of methods for field distribution of eggs of the insect predator Chrysopa carnea Stephens. USDA, ARS–S–124. 5 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, S. L., R. K. Morrison, and J. R. Abies. A new and improved technique for the field release of Trichogramma pretiosum. Southwestern Entomol. In press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kinzer, R. E. 1976. Development and evaluation of techniques for using Chrysopa carnea Stephens to control Heliothis spp. in cotton. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas Aand M University. 60 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knipling, E. F. 1972. Simulated population models to appraise the potential for suppressing sugarcane borer populations by strategic releases of the parasite Lixophaga diatraeae. Environ. Entomol. 1: 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lacewell, R. D., J. M. Sprott, G. A. Niles, J. K. Walker, and J. R. Gannaway. 1976. Cotton growing in an integrated production system. Trans. Am. Soc. Agric. Engr. 19: 815–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, F. R., R. L. Rabb, F. E. Guthrie, and L. G. Bowery. 1961. Studies of an integrated control system for hornworms on tobacco. J. Econ. Entomol. 540: 93–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, K. R., and H. A. Turney. 1977. Insect controls for organic gardeners. Texas Agric. Ext. Sta. MP–I284. 10 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, W. J., A. N. Sparks, R. L. Jones, and D. J. Barras. 1972. Efficiency of Cardiochiles nigriceps as a parasite of Heliothis virescens on cotton. Environ. Entomol. 1: 468–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingren, P. D. 1969. Apanteles marginiventris as a parasite of the cabbage looper and Heliothis spp. attacking cotton. Meeting Entomol. Soc. Amer., Chicago, IL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingren, P. D. 1977. Campoletis sonorensis: Maintenance of a population on tobacco budworms in a field cage. Environ. Entomol. 6: 72–76.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingren, P. D. and J. G. Kim. 1970. Inundative releases of Trichogramma sp. for control of bollworm and tobacco budworm attacking cotton. Presented at ESA mtg., Miami, Florida. November 30-December 3.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingren, P. D. and L. W. Noble. 1972. Preference of Campoletis perdistinctus for certain noctuid larvae. J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 104–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingren, P. D., R. L. Ridgway, and S. L. Jones. 1968a. Consumption by several common arthropod predators of eggs and larvae of two Heliothis species that attack cotton. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 61: 613–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingren, P. D., R. L. Ridgway, C. B. Cowan, J. W. Davis, and W. C. Watkins. 1968b. Biological control of the bollworm and tobacco budworm by arthropod predators affected by insecticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 61: 1521–25.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, E. P., R. H. Wood, and E. B. Mitchell. 1977. Boll weevil suppression with TH-6040 applied in cottonseed oil as a foliar spray. J. Econ. Entomol. In Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lopez, J. D., R. L. Ridgway, and R. E. Pinnell. 1976. Comparative efficacy of four insect predators of the bollworm and tobacco budworm. Environ. Entomol. 5: 1160–1164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorbeer, H. 1971. Integrated biological control in Fillmore citrus groves. Calif. Citrograph. April.

    Google Scholar 

  • McClanahan, R. J. 1970. Integrated control of the greenhouse whitefly on cucumbers. J. Econ. Entomol. 63: 599–601.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClanahan, R. J. 1972. Integrated control of the greenhouse whitefly. Can. Dep. Agric. Publ. 1469. 7 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, J. H. 1938. The control of the greenhouse whitefly in Canada by the parasite Encarsia formosa Gahan. Scient. Agric. 18: 529–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, J. H. 1939. Biological control of greenhouse pests. Rept. Entomol. Soc. Ont. 70: 62–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMurtry, J. A., H. G. Johnson and G. T. Scriven. 1969. Experiments to determine effects of mass release of Stethorus picipes on the level of infestation of the avocado brown mite. J. Econ. Entomol. 6: 1216–1221.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPherson, R. M., and S. D. Hensley. 1976. Potential of Lixophaga diatraeae for control of Diatraea saccharalis in Louisianna. J. Econ. Entomol. 69: 215–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martin, P. C., P. D. Lingren, G. L. Greene, and R. L. Ridgway. 1976. Parasitization of two species of Plusiinae and Heliothis spp. after releases of Trichogramma pretiosum in seven crops. Environ. Entomol. 5: 991–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meredith, W. R. 1976. Nectariless cottons, p. 34–37 In Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod.-Mech. Conf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, R. H. 1975. Release of carbaryl resistant predatory mites in apple orchards. Environ. Entomol. 4: 49–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Montes, M. 1970. Estudios sobre bionomia V la biometria de Lixophaga diatraeae (Towns.). (Diptera, Tachinidae). Ciencias Biologicas 4 (7), 60 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nickle, W. R. 1974. Nematode infections. In: Insect Diseases, Vol. II, pp. 327–376, ed. G. E. Cantwell. Marcel Delker, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noble, L. W., and H. M. Graham. 1966. Behavior of Campoletis perdistinctus (Vierek) as a parasite of the tobacco budworm. J. Econ. Entomol. 59: 1118–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oatman, E. R., and G. R. Platner. 1971. Biological control of the tomato fruitworm, cabbage looper, and hornworms on processing tomatoes in southern California, using mass releases of Trichogramma pretiosum. J. Econ. Entomol. 64: 501–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oatman, E. R., J. A. McMurtry, and V. Voth. 1968. Suppression of the two-spotted spider mite on strawberry with mass releases of Phytoseiules persimilis. J. Econ. Entomol. 61: 1517–1521.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olkowski, H. and W. Olkowski. 1976. How to control garden pests without killing almost everything else. Horticulture Magazine. June. 5 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco, M., Francisco. 1971. Evaluation of the parasitism of the wasp Trichogramma spp. on eggs of the bollworm in Sonora–1971. Prog. Rpt. No. 3. 14 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pacheco M., Francisco, J. L. Carrillo S., J. Monge C., and R. Covarrubias G. 1971. Adelantos sobre la evaluaction del parasitismo de la avispita Trichogramma spp. sobre huevecillos de gusano bellotero en sonora durante 1969. Agricultura Technia en Mexico, Organo del INIA, SAG, Vol. Ill, No. 2. pp. 53–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, F. D. 1971. Manipulation of pest populations by manipula- ting densities of both hosts and parasites through periodic releases, pp. 365-76. In Biological Control. C. B. Huffaker, ed. Plenum Press. New York. 511 p.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, F. D., and R. E. Pinnell. 1972a. Effectiveness of Trichogramma spp. in parasitizing eggs of Pieris rapae and Trichoplusia ni. 1. Field studies. Environ. Entomol. 1: 785–789.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, F. D., and R. E. Pinnell. 1972b. Further studies of the biological control of Pieris rapae using supplemental host and parasite releases. Environ. Entomol. 1: 150–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parker, F. D., F. R. Lawson, and R. E. Pinnell. 1971. Suppression of Pieris rapae using a new control system: mass releases of both the pest and its parasite. J. Econ. Entomol. 64: 721– 735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pennington, N. 1975. Managers report, Fillmore Citrus Protective District. Jan. 1 to Dec. 31. 3 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rabb, R. L., R. E. Stinner, and R. van den Bosch. 1976. Conservation and augmentation of natural enemies, p. 233–254. In C. B. Huffaker and P. S. Messenger, eds. Theory and Practice of Biological Control. Academic Press, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, B. G. 1975. Design and evaluation of facilities and equipment for mass production of facilities and equipment for mass production and field release of an insect parasite and an insect predator. Ph.D. Dissertation. Texas A and M University. 180 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, R. L. 1969. Control of the bollworm and tobacco budworm through conservation and augmentation of predaeeous insects. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. on ecol. animal control by habitat mgmt. 1: 127–144.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, R. L. 1972. Use of parasites, predators, and microbial agents in management of insect pests of crops. Proc. National Extension Insect-Pest Management Workshop, Purdue U. pp. 51–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, R. L. and S. L. Jones. 1968. Field-cage releases of Chrysopa oarnea for suppression of populations of the bollworm and the tobacco budworm on cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 61; 892–898.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, R. L. and S. L. Jones. 1969. Inundative releases of Chrysopa cornea for control of Heliothis on cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 62: 177–180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, R. L. and R. E. Kinzer. 1974. Chrysopids as predators of crop pests. Entomophaga, Mem. H. S., 7. pp. 45–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, R. L. and P. D. Lingren. 1972. Predaceous and parasitic arthropods as regulators of Heliothis populations. Southern Coop. Series Bull. No. 169. pp. 48–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, R. L., R. K. Morrison, R. E. Kinzer, R. E. Stinner, and B. G. Reeves. 1973. Programmed releases of parasites and predators for control of Heliothis spp. on cotton. Proc. 1973 Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf. pp. 92–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ridgway, R. L., R. E. Kinzer, and R. K. Morrison. 1974. Production and supplemental releases of parasites and predators for control of insect and spider mite pests of crops, pp. 110–6. In F. G. Maxwell and F. A. Harris (eds.). Proceedings of the Summer Institute on Biological Control of Plant Insects and Diseases. Univ. Press. Mississippi, Jackson. 647 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rincon-Vitova Insectaries, Inc. Undated. Rincon-Vitova Insectaries offers integrated pest management programming. Oakview, CA., USA. 8 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scaramuzza, L. C. 1951. El control biologico y sus resultados en el lucha contra el barrenador a perforador de la cana Diatraea saccharalis (Fabr.) en Cuba por medio de la mosca, Lixophaga diatraeae (Towns.) Asambl. latino amer. Fitoparasitologia, 1: 282–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shands, W. A., G. W. Simpson, and C. C. Gordon. 1972. Insect predators for controlling aphids on potatoes. 5. Numbers of eggs and schedules for introducing them in large field cages. J. Econ. Entomol. 65: 810–17.

    Google Scholar 

  • SooHoo, C. F., R. S. Seay, and P. V. Vail. 1974. Voria ruralis: Field cage evaluation of four densities of the larval parasite against Trichoplusia ni. Environ. Entomol. 3: 439–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, H. S. and H. M. Armitage. 1931. The biological control of mealybugs attacking citrus. Univ. Calif. Bull. 509, 74 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • SooHoo, C. F., R. S. Seay, and P. V. Vail. 1974. Voria ruralis: Field cage evaluation of four densities of the larval parasite against Trichoplusia ni. Environ. Entomol. 3: 439–40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Starks, K. J., E. A. Wood, Jr., R. L. Burton, and H. W. Somsen. Release of parasitoids to control greenbugs on sorghum. USDA-ARS-S-91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stevens, L. M., A. L. Steinhauer, and J. R. Coulson. 1975. Suppression of Mexican bean beetle on soybeans with annual inoculative releases of Pediobius foveolatus. Environ. Entomol. 4: 947–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stinner, R. E. 1977. Efficacy of inundative releases. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 22: 515–31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stinner, R. E., R. L. Ridgway, J. R. Coppedge, R. K. Morrison, and W. A. Dickerson, Jr. 1974. Parasitism of Eeliothis eggs after field releases of Tviohogramma pvetiosum in cotton. Environ. Entomol. 3: 497–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers, T. E., E. G. King, D. F. Martin, and R. D. Jackson 1976. Biological control of Diatraea saccharalis in Florida by periodic releases of Lixophaga diatraeae. Entomophaga 4: 359–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taft, H. M. and A. R. Hopkins. 1975. Boll weevils: field popu-lations controlled by sterilizing emerging overwintering females with TH-6040 sprayable bait. J. Econ. Entomol. 68: 183–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Teran, F. 0. 1976. Perspectivas do controle biologico da broca da cana-de-Acucar. Boletim Tecnico Copersucar 2: 5–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ticehurst, M. and R. A. Fusco. 1976. Release of three Apanteles spp. against the gypsy moth in Pennsylvania. J. Econ. Entomol. 69: 307–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • van den Bosch, R., T. E. Leigh, D. Gonzalez, and R. E. Stinner. 1969. Cage studies on predators of the bollworm in cotton. J. Econ. Entomol. 62: 1486–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vaughn, Mario R. 1975. El parasito tricogramma: revision monografica. Banco Nacional de Nicaragua, Departmento Tecnico. 23 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weseloh, R. M. and J. F. Anderson. 1975. Inundative release of Apanteles melanoscelus against the gypsy moth. Environ. Entomol. 4: 33–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitcomb, W. H. and K. Bell. 1964. Predaceous insects, spiders and mites of Arkansas cotton fields. Arkansas Exp. Sta. Bull. 698.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yepsen, R. B. 1976. Organic plant protection. Rodale Press, Inc., Emmaus, PA. 688 pp.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, 20705, USA

    R. L. Ridgway, E. G. King & J. L. Carrillo

  2. Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Stoneville, Mississippi, 38776, USA

    R. L. Ridgway, E. G. King & J. L. Carrillo

  3. Institute Nacionale de Investigaciones Agricolas, Chapingo, Mexico

    R. L. Ridgway, E. G. King & J. L. Carrillo

Authors
  1. R. L. Ridgway
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. E. G. King
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. J. L. Carrillo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, Maryland, USA

    R. L. Ridgway

  2. Texas A & M University, College Station, Texas, USA

    S. B. Vinson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ridgway, R.L., King, E.G., Carrillo, J.L. (1977). Augmentation of Natural Enemies for Control of Plant Pests in the Western Hemisphere. In: Ridgway, R.L., Vinson, S.B. (eds) Biological Control by Augmentation of Natural Enemies. Environmental Science Research, vol 11. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2871-1_13

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2871-1_13

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2873-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2871-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation