Abstract
The successful execution of most pieces of behavior requires that the animal correctly perceive the positions and movements of its own body parts and the positions and movements of external objects. Many spatial skills are so vital that they are innately determined, or require very little experience for their development. For instance, the wildebeest is able to run after its mother within hours of being born, and most mammals avoid the edges of cliffs that they can see, even when they encounter them for the first time. Nevertheless, whether particular spatial perceptual mechanisms are innate or not, they possess a degree of flexibility; i.e., they may be temporarily, or permanently, modified by experience. Such flexibility is required to correct for the changes that occur when an animal grows, is injured, or encounters unusual types of stimulation. It is also required to correct for the tendency of any complex system to drift from its peak performance.
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Howard, I.P. (1978). Effects of Exposure to Spatially Distorted Stimuli. In: Walk, R.D., Pick, H.L. (eds) Perception and Experience. Perception and Perceptual Development, vol 1. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2619-9_9
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