Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Glucagon and Somatostatin

  • Chapter
The Year in Metabolism 1977

  • 34 Accesses

Abstract

The primary structure of true glucagon, the biologically active 3485-molecular-weight polypeptide, is identical in all mammalian species thus far studied, with the exception of the guinea pig. Porcine (Bromer et al., 1957), bovine (Bromer et al., 1971), and human (Thomsen et al., 1972) glucagons have identical sequences, and it is likely that rabbit (Sundby and Markussen, 1972), camel, and rat (Sundby and Markussen, 1971) glucagons are also identical. The guinea pig glucagon, however, has a molecular weight of 4000–5000 and appears to differ from porcine glucagon (Sundby, 1976).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aguilar-Parada, E., Eisentraut, A. M., and Unger, R. H., 1969, Pancreatic glucagon secretion in normal and diabetic subjects, Amer. J. Med. Sci. 257:415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arimura, A., Sato, H., Dupont, A., Nishi, N., and Schally, A. V., 1975, Somatostatin: Abundance of immunoreactive hormone in rat stomach and pancreas, Science 189:1007.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronoff, S. L., Bennett, P. H., Rushforth, N. B., Miller, M., and Unger, R. H., 1976a, Arginine stimulated hyperglucagonemia in diabetic Pima Indians, Diabetes 25:404.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronoff, S. L., Bennett, P. H., Rushforth, N. B., Miller, M., and Unger, R. H., 1976b, Normal glucagon response to arginine infusion in “prediabetic” Plina Indians, J.Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43:279.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashby, J. P., and Speake, R. N., 1975, Insulin and glucagon secretion from isolated islets of Langerhans. The effects of calcium ionophores, Biochem. J. 150:89.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assan, R., 1972, In vivo metabolism of glucagon, in: Glucagon: Molecular Physiology, Clinical and Therapeutic Implications (P. J. Lefebvre and R. H. Unger, eds.), pp. 47–59, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Assan, R., and Slusher, N., 1972, Structure/function and structure/immunoreac-tivity relationships of the glucagon molecule and related synthetic peptides, Diabetes 21:843.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Assan, R., Hautecouverture, G., Guillemant, S., Douchy, F., Protin, P., and Derot, M., 1969, Evolution de parametres hormonaux (glucagon, Cortisol, hormone somatotrope) et energetiques (glucose, acides gras glycerol libre) dans dix acido-cetoses diabetiques graves traitees, Pathol. Biol. 17:1095.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baetens, D., Coleman, D. L., and Orci, L., 1976a, Islet cell population in ob/ob and db/db mice, Diabetes 25:344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baetens, D., Rufener, C., Srikant, C. B., Dobbs, R., Unger, R., and Orci, L., 1976b, Identification of glucagon-producing cells (A-cells) in dog gastric mucosa, J. Cell Biol 69:455.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Barden, N., Lavoie, M., Alvarado-Urbina, G., Cote, J.-P., and Dupont, A., 1977, A physiologic role of somatostatin in the control of insulin and glucagon secretion, Fed. Proc. Fed. Amer. Soc. Exp. Biol. 36:298.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnes, A. J., and Bloom, S. R., 1976, Pancreatectomized man: A model for diabetes without glucagon, Lancet 1:219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhathena, S. J., Perrino, P. V., Voyles, N. R., Smith, S. S., Wilkins, S. D., Coy, D. H., Schally, A. V., and Recant, L., 1976, Reversal of somatostatin inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion, Diabetes 25:1031.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilbrey, G. L., Faloona, G. R., White, M. C., and Knochel, J. P., 1974, Hyperglucagonemia of renal failure,J. Clin, Invest. 53:841.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bilheimer, D. W., Goldstein, J. L., Grundy, S. M., and Brown, M. S., 1975, Reduction in cholesterol and low density lipoprotein synthesis after portacaval shunt surgery in a patient with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia, J. Clin. Invest. 56:1420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackard, W. G., Nelson, N. C., and Andrews, S. S., 1974, Portal and peripheral vein immunoreactive glucagon concentrations after arginine or glucose infusions, Diabetes 23:199.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blair, J. B., Cimbala, M. A., Foster, J. L., and Morgan, R. A., 1976, Hepatic pyruvate kinase. Regulation by glucagon, cyclic adenosine 3′-5′-monophosphate, and insulin in the perfused rat liver,J. Biol. Chem. 251:3756.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blazquez, E., Muñoz-Barragan, L., Patton, G. S., Orci, L., Dobbs, R. E., and Unger, R. H., 1976, Gastric A-cell function in insulin-deprived depancreatized dogs, Endocrinology 99:1182.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blazquez, E., Muñoz-Barragan, L., Patton, G. S., Dobbs, R. E., and Unger, R. H., 1977, Demonstration of gastric glucagon hypersecretion in insulin-deprived alloxan diabetic dogs, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 89:971.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, S. R., Mortimer, C. H., Thorner, M. O., Besser, G. M., Hall, R., Gomez-Pan, A., Roy, V. M., Russell, R. C. G., Coy, D. H., Kastin, A. J., and Schally, A. V., 1974, Inhibition of gastrin and gastric acid secretion by growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone, Lancet 2:1106.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, S. R., Ralphs, D. N., Besser, G. M., Hall, R., Coy, D. H., Kastin, A. J., and Schally, A. V., 1975, Effect of somatostatin on motilin levels and gastric emptying, Gut 16:834.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blundell, T. L., Dockerill, S., Sasaki, K., Tickle, I. J., and Wood, S. P., 1976, The relation of structure to storage and receptor binding of glucagon, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boden, G., Sivitz, M. C., Owen, O. E., Essakoumar, N., and Lauder, J. H., 1975, Somatostatin suppresses secretin and pancreatic exocrine secretion, Science 190:163.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boden, G., Jacoby, H. I., and Staus, A., 1976, Somatostatin interacts with basal and carbachol stimulated antral and duodenal motility, Gastroenterology 70:961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Böttger, L., Schlein, E., Faloona, G. R., Knochel, J. P., and Unger, R. H., 1972, The effect of exercise on glucagon secretion,J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 35:117.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Braaten, J. T., Faloona, G. R., and Unger, R. H., 1974, The effect of insulin on the alpha-cell response to hyperglycemia in long-standing alloxan diabetes, J. Clin. Invest. 53:1017.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brazeau, P., Vale, W., Burgus, R., Ling, N., Butcher, M., Rivier, J., and Guillemin, R., 1973, Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone, Science 179:77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brockman, R. P., Bergman, E. N., Joo, P. K., and Manns, J. G., 1975, Effects of glucagon and insulin on net hepatic metabolism of glucose precursors in sheep, Amer. J. Physiol. 229:1344.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bromer, W. W., 1976, Studies with glucagon analogs, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bromer, W. W., Sinn, L. G., and Behrens, O. K., 1957, The amino acid sequence of glucagon. V. Location of amide groups, acid degradation studies, and summary of sequential evidence, J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 79:2807.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bromer, W. W., Boucher, M. E., and Koffenberger, J. E., Jr., 1971, Amino acid sequence of bovine glucagon,J. Biol. Chem. 246:2822.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M., and Vale, W., 1976, Effects of neurotensin and substance P on plasma insulin, glucagon and glucose levels, Endocrinology 98:819.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M., Villarreal, J., and Vale, W., 1976a, Neurotensin and substance P. Effects on plasma insulin and glucagon levels, Metabolism 25(Suppl.): 1459.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, M., Rivier, J., and Vale, W., 1976b, Somatostatin analogs with selected biologic activities, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1501.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buchanan, K. D., and McCarroll, A. M., 1972, Abnormalities of glucagon metabolism in untreated diabetes mellitus, Lancet 2:1394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cahill, G. F., Jr., 1971, Physiology of insulin in man (Banting Memorial Lecture), Diabetes 20:785.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherrington, A. D., and Exton, J. H., 1976, Studies on the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase in the actions of glucagon and catecholamines on liver glycogen metabolism, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cherrington, A., and Vranic, M., 1974, Effect of interaction between insulin and glucagon on glucose turnover and FFA concentration in normal and depan-creatized dogs, Metabolism 23:729.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiasson, J. L., Liljenquist, J. E., Sinclair-Smith, B. C., and Lacy, W. W., 1975, Gluconeogenesis from alanine in normal postabsorptive man. Intrahepatic stimulatorv effect of glucagon, Diabetes 24:574.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Creutzfeldt, W., Raubisch, P. G., and Folsch, U.R., 1975, Hemmung der Sekretin-und Cholezystokinin-pankreozymin induzieken Saft- und Enzymsekretin des Pankreas und der gallenblasen Kontraktion beim Menschen durch Somatostatin, Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr. 100:1135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Danforth, D. N., Jr., Triche, T., Doppman, J. L., Beazley, R. M., Penino, P. V., and Recant, L., 1976, Elevated plasma proglucagon-like component with a glucagon-secreting tumor. Effect of streptozotocin, N. Engl. J. Med. 295:242.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dencker, H., Hedner, P., Holst, J., and Tranberg, K. G., 1975, Pancreatic glucagon response to an ordinary meal, Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 10:471.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dich, J., and Gluud, C. N., 1976, Effect of glucagon on cyclic AMP, albumin, metabolism and incorporation of 14C-leucine into proteins in isolated parenchymal rat liver cells, Acta Physiol. Scand. 97:457.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobbs, R. E., Sakurai, H., Sasaki, H., Faloona, G. R., Valverde, I., Baetens, D., Orci, L., and Unger, R. H., 1975, Glucagon: Role in the hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus, Science 187:544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dobbs, R., Schusdziarra, V., Rivier, J., and Brown, M., 1977, Somatostatin analogs as glucagon suppressants in diabetes, Diabetes 26(Suppl.):360.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dubois, M. P., 1975, Immunoreactive somatostatin is present in discrete cells of the endocrine pancreas, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72:1340.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duckworth, W. C., and Kitabchi, A. E., 1974, Insulin and glucagon degradation by the same enzyme, Diabetes 23:536.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenstein, A. B., and Strack, I., 1976, A nonsuppressible increase of glucagon secretion by isolated islets of high-protein-fed rats, Diabetes 25:51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ensinck, J. W., and Palmer, J. P., 1976, Dominant inheritance of large molecular weight species of glucagon, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1409.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Epand, R. M., Cote, T. E., Hui Bon Hoa, D., Rosselin, G., and Schreier, S., 1976, Biologic activity and conformational properties of glucagon and glucagon analogs, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):13l7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Exton, J. H., and Park, C. R., 1969, Control of gluconeogenesis in liver. III. Effects of L-lactate, pyruvate, fructose, glucagon, epinephrine, and adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate on gluconeogenic intermediates in the perfused rat liver, J.Biol. Chem. 244:1424.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faloona, G. R., 1972, The structure-function relationships of pancreatic glucagon, in: Glucagon: Molecular Physiology, Clinical and Therapeutic Implications (P. J. Lefebvre and R. H. Unger, eds.), pp. 201–204, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Felig, P., Gusberg, R., Hendler, R., Gump, F. E., and Kinney, J. M., 1974, Concentrations of glucagon and the insulin:glucagon ratio in the portal and peripheral circulation (38286), Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 147:88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Felig, P., Wahren, J., and Hendler, R., 1976, Influence of physiologic hyperglucagonemia on basal and insulin-inhibited splanchnic glucose output in normal man,J. Clin. Invest. 58:761.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feliu, J. E., Hue, L., and Hers, H. G., 1976, Hormonal control of pyruvate kinase activity and of gluconeogenesis in isolated hepatocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:2762.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ferner, H., 1953, The A- and B-cells of the pancreatic islets as sources of the antagonistic hormones glucagon and insulin. The shift of the AB-relation in diabetes mellitus, Amer. J. Dig. Dis. 20:301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, M., Sherwin, R. S., Hendler, R., and Felig, P., 1976, Kinetics of glucagon in man: Effects of starvation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:1735.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Frame, C. M., Davidson, M. B., and Sturdevant, R. A. L., 1975, Effects of the octapeptide of cholecystokinin on insulin and glucagon secretion in the dog, Endocrinology 97:549.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freinkel, N., and Goodner, C. J., 1960, Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. I. The metabolism of insulin by human placental tissue,J. Clin. Invest. 39:116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gabbay, K. H., DeLuca, K., Fisher, J. N., Jr., Mako, M. E., and Rubenstein, A. H., 1976, Familial hyperproinsulinemia: An autosomal dominant defect, N. Engl. J.Med. 294:911.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galbo, H., and Holst, J. J., 1976, The influence of glucagon on hepatic glycogen mobilization in exercising rats, Pfluegers Arch. 363:49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galbo, H., Holst J. J., Christensen, N. J., and Hilsted, J., 1976, Glucagon and plasma catecholamines during beta-receptor blockade in exercising man, J. Appl. Physiol. 40:855.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ganda, O. P., Weir, G. C., Soeldner, J. S., Legg, M. A., Chick, W. L., Patel, Y. C., Ebeid, A. M., Gabbay, K. H., and Reichlin, S., 1977, Somatostatinoma: A somatostatin containing tumor of the endocrine pancreas, N. Engl. J. Med. 296:963.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich, J. E., 1976, Metabolic effects of longterm somatostatin infusion in man, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1505.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich, J. E., Langlois, M., Noacco, C., Karam, J. H., and Forsham, P. H., 1973, Lack of glucagon response to hypoglycemia in diabetes: Evidence for an intrinsic pancreatic alpha cell defect, Science 182:171.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich, J. E., Lorenzi, M., Karam, J. H., Schneider, V., and Forsham, P. H., 1975a, Abnormal pancreatic glucagon secretion and postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus,J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 234:159.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich, J. E., Lorenzi, M., Bier, D. M., Schneider, V., Tsalikian, E., Karam, J. H., and Forsham, P. H., 1975b, Prevention of human diabetic ketoacidosis by somatostatin: Evidence for an essential role of glucagon, N. Engl. J. Med. 292:985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich, J. E., Tsalikian, E., Lorenzi, M., Karam, J. H., Schneider, V., Gustafson, G., and Bohannon, N. V., 1975c, Normalization of fasting hyperglucagone-mia and excessive glucagon responses to intravenous arginine in human diabetes mellitus by prolonged infusion of insulin, J. Clin. Endocrinol, Metab. 41:1178.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich, J. E., Lorenzi, M., Tsalikian, E., and Karam, J. H., 1976a, Studies on the mechanism of epinephrine-induced hyperglycemia in man. Evidence for participation of pancreatic glucagon secretion, Diabetes 25:65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich, J. E., Langlois, M., Noacco, C., Lorenzi, M., Karam, J. H., and Forsham, P. H., 1976b, Comparison of the suppressive effects of elevated plasma glucose and free fatty acid levels on glucagon secretion in normal and insulin-dependent diabetic subjects. Evidence for selective alpha-cell insensitivity to glucose in diabetes mellitus,J. Clin. Invest. 58:320.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerich, J. E., Lorenzi, M., Bier, D. M., Tsalikian, E., Schneider, V., Karam, J. H., and Forsham, P. H., 1976c, Effects of physiologic levels of glucagon and growth hormone of human carbohydrate and lipid metabolism: Studies involving administration of exogenous hormone during suppression of endogenous hormone secretion with somatostatin,J. Clin. Invest. 57:875.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girard, J. R., Guillet, I., Marty, J., Assan, R., and Marliss, E. B., 1976, Effects of exogenous hormones and glucose on plasma levels and hepatic metabolism of amino acids in the fetus and in the newborn rat, Diabetologia 12:327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Girardier, L., Seydoux, J., and Campfield, L. A., 1976, Control of A and B cells in vivo by sympathetic nervous input and selective hyper- or hypoglycemia in dog pancreas,J. Physiol. (Paris) 72:801.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfine, I. D., and Smith, G. J., 1976, Binding of insulin to isolated nuclei, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:1427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodner, C. J., Walike, B. C., Koerker, D. J., Brown, A. C., Ensinck, J. W., Chideckel, E. W., Palmer, J., and Kalnasy, L. W., 1976, Insulin, glucagon and glucose: Synchronous, stable oscillations in the Rhesus monkey, Diabetes 25(Suppl.):340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammes, G. G., and Rodbell, M., 1976, Simple model for hormone-activated adenylate cyclase systems, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:1189.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, W. D., Faloona, G. R., and Unger, R. H., 1974, The effect of adrenergic blockade on exercise-induced hyperglucagonemia, Endocrinology 94:1254.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heding, L. G., Frandsen, E. K., and Jacobsen, H., 1976, Structure-function relationship: Immunologic, Metabolism 25(Suppl.).1327.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hruby, V. J., Wright, D. E., Lin, M. C., and Rodbell, M., 1976, Semisynthetic glucagon derivatives for structure-function studies, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1323.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hutson, N.J., Brumley, F. T., Assimacopoulos, F. D., Harper, S. C., and Exton, J. H., 1976, Studies on the alpha-adrenergic activation of hepatic glucose output. I. Studies on the alpha-adrenergic activation of Phosphorylase and gluconeogenesis and inactivation of glycogen synthase in isolated rat liver parenchymal cells,J. Biol Chem. 251:5200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ipp, E., Patton, G., Dobbs, R., Harris, V., Vale, W., and Unger, R. H., 1977, Endogenous immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) secretion by the pancreas, Diabetes 26:359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ishida, T., Kawamura, K., Goto, A., Nishina, Y., Takahara, J., Yamamoto, S., Kawanishi, K., and Ofjui, T., 1976, Comparison studies of neurotensin and xenopsin upon pancreatic secretion in dog, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1467.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ito, S., and Kobayashi, S., 1976, Immunohistochemical demonstration of glucagon- and GLI-containing cells in the canine gut and pancreas, Arch. Histol. Jpn. 39:193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jaspan, J. B., Kuku, S. F., Locker, J. D., Huen, A. H.-J., Emmanouel, D. S., Katz, A. I., and Rubenstein, A. H., 1976, Heterogeneity of plasma glucagon in man, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1397.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. G., and Ensinck, J. W., 1976, Stimulation of glucagon secretion by scorpion toxin in the perfused rat pancreas, Diabetes 25:645.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kakiuchi, S., and Tomizawa, H. H., 1964, Properties of a glucagon-degrading enzyme of beef liver,J. Biol. Chem. 239:2160.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koerker, D. J., Ruch, W., Chideckel, E., Palmer, J., Goodner, C. J., Ensinck, J., and Gale, C. C., 1974, Somatostatin: Hypothalamic inhibitor of the endocrine pancreas, Science 184:482.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuku, S. F., Jaspan, J. B., Emmanouel, D. S., Zeidler, A., Katz, A. I., and Rubenstein, A. H., 1976, Heterogeneity of plasma glucagon, circulating components in normal subjects and patients with chronic renal failure,J. Clin. Invest. 58:742.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, L.-I., Holst, J., Häkanson, R., and Sundler, F., 1975, Distribution and properties of glucagon immunoreactivity in the digestive tract of various mammals: An immunohistochemical and immunochemical study, Histochemistry 44:281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson, L.-I., Hirsch, M. A., Holst, J. J., Ingemansson, S., Kuhl, C., Lindkaer Jensen, S., Lundqvist, G., Rehfeld, J. F., and Schwartz, T. W., 1977, Pancreatic somatostatinoma: Clinical features and physiological implications, Lancet 1:666.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, A. M., Tan, S., Hojvat, S., Kirsteins, L., and Mitton, J., 1976, Salivary gland glucagon in man and animals, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1405.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leblanc, H., Rigg, L. A., and Yen, S. S., 1975, The response of pancreatic and pituitary hormones to pulses and constant infusion of somatostatin, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 41:1105.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leclercq-Meyer, V., Rebolledo, O., Marchano, J., and Malaisse, W., 1975, Glucagon release: Paradoxical stimulation by glucose during calcium deprivation, Science 189:897.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, P. J., and Luyckx, A. S., 1972, Glucagon and catecholamines, in: Glucagon: Molecular Physiology, Clinical and Therapeutic Implications (P. J. Lefebvre and R. H. Unger, eds.), pp. 175–180, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, P. J., and Luyckx, A. S., 1975, Effect of acute kidney exclusion by ligation of renal arteries on peripheral plasma glucagon levels and pancreatic glucagon production in the anesthetized dog, Metabolism 24:1169.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, P. J., and Luyckx, A. S., 1976, Plasma glucagon after kidney exclusion: Experiments in somatostatin-infused and in eviscerated dogs, Metabolism 25:761.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liljenquist, J. E., Chiasson, J. L., Cherrington, A. D., Keller, U., Jennings, A. S., Bomboy, J. D., and Lacy, W. W., 1976, An important role for glucagon in the regulation of glucose production in vivo, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lin, M. C., Nicosia, S., and Rodbell, M., 1976, Effects of iodination of tyrosyl residues on the binding and action of glucagon and its receptor, Biochemistry 15:4537.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, C. A., Santeusanio, F., Braaten, J., Faloona, G. R., and Unger, R. H., 1974a, Pancreatic alpha-cell function in trauma, J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 227:757.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindsey, C. A., Faloona, G. R., and Unger, R. H., 1974b, Plasma glucagon in nonketotic hyperosmolar coma,J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 229:1771.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luft, R., Efendic, S., Hökfelt, T., Johansson, Ü., and Arimura, A., 1974, Immunohistochemical evidence for the localization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in a cell population of the pancreatic islets, Med. Biol. 52:428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundquist, I., Fanska, R., and Grodsky, G. M., 1976a, Direct calcium-stimulated release of glucagon from the isolated perfused rat pancreas and the effect of chemical sympathectomy, Endocrinology 98:815.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lundquist, I., Fanska, R., and Grodsky, G., 1976b, Interaction of calcium and glucose on glucagon secretion, Endocrinology 99:1304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luyckx, A. S., and Lefebvre, P. J., 1972, Role of catecholamines in exercise-induced glucagon secretion in rats, Diabetes 21(Suppl.):334.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackrell, D. J., and Sokal, J. E., 1969, Antagonism between the effects of insulin and glucagon on the isolated liver, Diabetes 18:724.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madison, L. L., Seyffert, W. A., Jr., Unger, R. H., and Baker, B., 1968, Effect of plasma free fatty acids on plasma glucagon and serum insulin concentrations, Metabolism 17:301.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mallinson, C. N., Bloom, S. R., Warin, A. P., Salmon, P. R., and Cox, B., 1974, A glucagonoma syndrome, Lancet 2:1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marco, J., Calle, C., Roman, D., Diaz-Fierros, M., Villanueva, M. L., and Valverde, I., 1973, Hyperglucagonism induced by glucocorticoid treatment in man, N. Engl. J. Med. 288:128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marco, J., Calle, C., Hedo, J. A., and Villanueva, M. L., 1976, Enhanced glucagon secretion by pancreatic islets from prednisolone-treated mice, Diabetologia 12:307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markussen, J., Frandsen, E., Heding, L. G., and Sundby, F., 1972, Turkey glucagon: Crystallization, amino acid composition, and immunology, Horm. Metab. Res. 4:360.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marliss, E. B., Girardier, L., Seydoux, J., Wollheim, C. B., Kanazawa, Y., Orci, L., Renold, A. E., and Porte, D., Jr., 1973, Glucagon release induced by pancreatic nerve stimulation in the dog,J. Clin. Invest. 52:1246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mashiter, K., Harding, P. E., Chou, M., Mashiter, G. D., Stout, J., Diamond, D., and Field, J. B., 1975, Persistent pancreatic glucagon but not insulin response to arginine in pancreatectomized dogs, Endocrinology 96:678.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschinsky, F. M., Pagliara, A. S., Hover, B. A., Havmond, M. W., and Stillings, S. N., 1975, Differential effects of alpha- and beta-D-glucose on insulin and glucagon secretion from the isolated perfused rat pancreas, Diabetes 24:369.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschinsky, F. M., Pagliara, A. S., Sailings, S. N., and Hover, B. A., 1976, Glucose and ATP levels in pancreatic islet tissue of normal and diabetic rats,J. Clin. Invest. 58:1193.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsuyama, T., and Foa, P. P., 1975, Plasma glucose, insulin, pancreatic and enteroglucagon levels in normal and depancreatized dogs (38288), Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 147:97.

    Google Scholar 

  • McGarry, J. D., Robles-Valdes, C., and Foster, D. W., 1976, Glucagon and keto-genesis, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1387.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McGavran, M. H., Unger, R. H., Recant, L., Polk, H. C., Kilo, C., and Levin, M. E., 1966, A glucagon-secreting alpha cell carcinoma of the pancreas, N. Engl. J. Med. 274:1408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meissner, H. P., 1976, Electrophysiological evidence for coupling between B-cells of pancreatic islets, Nature (London) 262:502.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Metzger, B. E., Unger, R. H., and Freinkel, N., 1977, Carbohydrate metabolism in pregnancy. XVI. Relationships between circulating glucagon, insulin, glucose and amino acids in response to a “mixed meal” in late pregnancy, Metabolism 26:151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. L., 1976, Direct effects of glucagon on protein and amino acid metabolism in the isolated perfused rat liver. Interactions with insulin and dexameth-asone in net synthesis of albumin and acute-phase proteins, Diabetes 25(Suppl.):865.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyata, M., Yamamoyo, T., Yamaguchi, M., Nakao, K., and Yoshida, T., 1976, Plasma glucagon alter total resection of the pancreas in man (39435), Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 152:510.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moody, A. J., Frandsen, E. K., Jacobsen, H., Sundby, F., and Orci, L., 1976, Discussion, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1336.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer, C. H., Turnbridge, W. M. G., Carr, D., Yeomans, L., Lind, T., Coy, D. H., Bloom, S. R., Kastin, A., Mallinson, C. N., Besser, G. M., Schally, A. V., and Hall, R., 1974, Effects of growth hormone release-inhibiting hormone on circulating glucagon, insulin and growth hormone in normal, diabetic, acromegalic and hypopituitary patients, Lancet 1:697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, W. A., Faloona, G. R., Unger, R. H., and Aguilar-Parada, E., 1970, Abnormal alpha cell function in diabetes. Response to carbohydrate and protein ingestion, N. Engl. J. Med. 283:109.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, W. A., Faloona, G. R., and Unger, R. H., 1971, The effect of experimental insulin deficiency on glucagon secretion,J. Clin. Invest. 50:1992.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Müller, W. A., Faloona, G. R., and Unger, R. H., 1973, Hyperglucagonemia in diabetic ketoacidosis: Its prevalence and significance, Amer. J. Med. 54:52.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Munoz-Barragan, L., Rufener, C., Srikant, C. B., Dobbs, R. E., Shannon, W. A., Baetens, D., and Unger, R. H., 1977, Immunocytochemical evidence for glucagon-containing cells in the human stomach, Horm. Metab. Res. 9:37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nagai, K., and Frohman, L. A., 1976, Hyperglycemia and hyperglucagonemia following neurotensin administration, Life Sci. 19:273.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nakabayashi, H., Yoshimitsu, K., Kishitani, M., Ueda, M., and Kawato, M., 1976, Effect of somatostatin on pancreatic endocrine—Experiment by somatostatin infusion into the pancreaticoduodenal artery in dogs, Folia Endocrinol. Jpn. 52:218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noe, B. D., 1976, Biosynthesis of glucagon, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1339.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noe, B. D., and Bauer, G. E., 1971, Evidence for glucagon biosynthesis involving a protein intermediate in islets of the anglerfish (Lophius americanus), Endocrinology 89:642.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Noe, B. D., Bauer, G. E., Steffes, M. W., Sutherland, D. E. R., and Najarian, J. S., 1975, Glucagon biosynthesis in human pancreatic islets: Preliminary evidence for a biosynthetic intermediate, Horm. Metab. Res. 7:314.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • O’Connor, K. J., and Lazarus, N. R., 1976, Studies on the biosynthesis of pancreatic glucagon in the pigeon (Columba livia), Biochem. J. 156:279.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Orci, L., 1976, The microanatomy of the islets of Langerhans, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1303.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orci, L., 1977, Discussion, in: Recent Progress in Hormone Research, Vol. 33 (R. O. Greep, ed.). Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Orci, L., and Unger, R. H., 1975, Functional subdivision of islets of Langerhans and possible role of D-cells, Lancet 2:1243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orci, L., Pictet, R., Forssmann, W. G., Renold, A. E., and Rouiller, C., 1968, Structural evidence for glucagon producing cells in the intestinal mucosa of the rat, Diabetologia 4:56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orci, L., Unger, R. H., and Renold, A. E., 1973, Structural coupling between pancreatic islet cells, Experientia 29:1015.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orci, L., Baetens, D., Dubois, M. P., and Rufener, C., 1975a, Evidence for the D-cell of the pancreas secreting somatostatin, Horm. Metab. Res. 7:400.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orci, L., Malaisse-Lagae, F., Amherdt, M., Ravazzola, M., Weisswange, A., Dobbs, R., Perrelet, A., and Unger, R., 1975b, Cell contacts in human islets of Langerhans,J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 41:841.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orci, L., Malaisse-Lagae, F., Ravazzola, M., Rouiller, D., Renold, A. E., Perrelet, A., and Unger, R. H., 1975c, A morphological basis for intercellular communication between A- and B-cells in the endocrine pancreas, J. Clin. Invest. 56:1066.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Orci, L., Baetens, D., Rufener, C., Amherdt, M., Ravazzola, M., Studer, P., Malaisse-Lagae, F., and Unger, R. H., 1976, Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of somatostatin-containing D-cells in diabetes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:1338.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palmer, J. P., Werner, P. L., Benson, J. W., and Ensinck, J. W., 1976, Immuno-reactive glucagon responses to arginine in three pancreatectomized humans, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1483.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parrilla, R., Jimenez, L., and Ayuso-Parrilla, M. S., 1975, Glucagon and insulin control in gluconeogenesis in the perfused isolated rat liver. Effects on cellular metabolite distribution, Eur. J. Biochem. 56:375.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Park, C. R., and Exton, J. H., 1972, Glucagon and the metabolism of glucose, in: Glucagon: Molecular Physiology, Clinical and Therapeutic Implications (P. J. Lefebvre and R. H., Unger, eds.), pp. 77–108, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patel, Y. C., Orci, L., Bankier, A., and Cameron, D. P., 1976, Decreased pancreatic somatostatin (SRIF) concentration in spontaneously diabetic mice, Endocrinology 99:1415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, G., Brown, M., Dobbs, R., Vale, W., and Unger, R. H., 1976a, Effects of neurotensin and substance P on insulin and glucagon release by the perfused dog pancreas, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1465.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, G. S., Dobbs, R., Orci, L., Vale, W., and Unger, R. H., 1976b, Stimulation of pancreatic immunoreactive somatostatin (IRS) release by glucagon, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1499.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, G. S., Ipp, E., Dobbs, R. E., Vale, W., Orci, L., and Unger, R. H., 1976c, Response of pancreatic immunoreactive somatostatin to arginine, Life Sci. 19:1957.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, G. S., Ipp, E., Dobbs, R. E., Orci, L., Vale, W., and Unger, R. H., 1977, Pancreatic immunoreactive somatostatin release, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci U.S.A. 74:2140.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pek, S., Tai, T. Y., Elster, A., and Fajans, S. S., 1975, Stimulation by prostaglandin E2 of glucagon and insulin release from isolated rat pancreas, Prostaglandins 10:493.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pelletier, G., Leclerc, R., Arimura, A., and Schally, A. V., 1975, Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin in the rat pancreas, J. Histochem. Cytochem. 23:699.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penhos, J. C., Ezequiel, M., Lepp, A., and Ramey, E. R., 1975, Plasma immunoreactive insulin (IRI) and immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) after evisceration with and without a functional liver, Diabetes 24:637.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Permutt, M. A., Delmez, J., and Stenson, W., 1976, Effects of carbohydrate restriction on the hypoglycemic phase of the glucose tolerance test, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43:1088.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petersson, B., and Hellman, B., 1963, Effects of long-term administration of glucagon on the pancreatic islet tissue of rats and guinea pigs, Acta Endocrinol. 44:139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilkis, S. J., Claus, T. H., Riou, J. P., and Park, C. R., 1976, Possible role of pyruvate kinase in the hormonal control of dihydroxyacetone gluconeogenesis in isolated hepatocytes, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1355.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Polak, J. M., Pearse, A. G. E., Grimelius, L., Bloom, S. R., and Arimura, A., 1975, Growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone in gastrointestinal and pancreatic D-cells, Lancet 1:1220.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollock, H. G., and Kimmel, J. R., 1975, Chicken glucagon: Isolation and amino acid sequence studies,J. Biol. Chem. 250:9377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porte, D., Jr., Woods, S. C., Chen, M., Smith, P. H., and Ensinck, J. W., 1975, Central factors in the control of insulin and glucagon secretion, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3:127.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rabinovitch, A., and Dupre, J., 1974, Effects of gastric inhibitory polypeptide present in impure pancreozymin-cholecystokinin on plasma insulin and glucagon in the rat, Endocrinology 94:1139.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin, P., and Unger, R. H., 1977, Effects of hyperglucagonemia in well controlled insulin-treated diabetics Diabetes (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Raskin, P., Fujita, Y., and Unger, R. H., 1975, Effect of insulin-glucose infusions on plasma glucagon levels in fasting diabetics and nondiabetics, J. Clin. Invest. 56:1132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raskin, P., Aydin, I., and Unger, R. H., 1976, The effect of insulin on the exaggerated glucagon response to arginine stimulation in diabetes mellitus, Diabetes 25:227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Recant, L., Perrino, P. V., Bhathena, S. J., Danfort, D. N., Jr., and Levine, R. L., 1976, Plasma immunoreactive glucagon fractions in four cases of glucagonoma: Increased “large glucagon immunoreactivity,” Diabetologia 12:319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rigopoulou, D., Valverde, I., Marco, J., Faloona, G., and Unger, R. H., 1970, Large glucagon immunoreactivity in extracts of pancreas, J. Biol. Chem. 245:496.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivier, J. E., Brown, M. R., and Vale, W. W., 1976, Tyrosylated analogues of somatostatin,J. Med. Chem. 19:1010.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocha, D. M., Faloona, G. R., and Unger, R. H., 1972, Glucagon stimulating activity of twenty amino acids in dogs, J. Clin. Invest. 51:2346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocha, D. M., Santeusanio, F., Faloona, G. R., and Unger, R. H., 1973, Abnormal pancreatic alpha-cell function in bacterial infections, N. Engl. J. Med. 288:700.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodbell, M., and Londos, C., 1976, Regulation of hepatic adenylate cyclase by glucagon, GTP, divalent cations, ana adenosine, Metabolism 25(Suppl.): 1347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sacks, H., Waligora, K., Matthews, J., and Pimstone, B., 1977, Inhibition by somatostatin of glucagon-induced glucose release from the isolated perfused rat liver, Diabetes 26:358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakurai, H., Dobbs, R., and Unger, R. H., 1974, Somatostatin-induced changes in insulin and glucagon secretion in normal and diabetic dogs, J. Clin. Invest. 54:1395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakurai, H., Dobbs, R. E., and Unger, R. H., 1975a, The effect of somatostatin on the response of GLI to the intraduodenal administration of glucose, protein and fat, Diabetologia 11:427.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakurai, H., Dobbs, R. E., and Unger, R. H., 1975b, The role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of the endogenous hyperglycemia of diabetes mellitus, Metabolism 24:1287.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samols, E., and Harrison, J., 1976, Remarkable potency of somatostatin as a glucagon suppressant, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1495.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samols, E., Marri, G., and Marks, V., 1965, Promotion of insulin secretion by glucagon, Lancet 2:415.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samols, E., Tyler, J., and Marks, V., 1972, Glucagon-insulin interrelationships, in: Glucagon: Molecular Physiology, Clinical and Therapeutic Implications (P. J. Lefebvre and R. H. Unger, eds.), pp. 151–174, Pergamon Press, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samols, E., Weir, G. C., Patel, Y. C., Fernandez-Durango, R., Arimura, A., and Loo, S. W., 1977, Suppression of canine pancreatic A, B, D and PP cell secretion bv diazoxide, Diabetes 26(Suppl.):375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasagawa, T., Kobayashi, S., and Fujita, T., 1973, Electron microscopy studies on the GEP endocrine cells of the human gut and pancreas, in: Gastro-Entero-Pancreatic Endocrine System (T. Fujita, ed.), pp. 17–38, Igaku Shoin, Tokyo.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki, H., Rubalcava, B., Baetens, D., Blazquez, E., Srikant, C. B., Orci, L., and Unger, R. H., 1975a, Identification of glucagon in the gastrointestinal tract, J. Clin. Invest. 56:135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sasaki, H., Rubalcava, B., Srikant, C. B., Baetens, D., Orci, L., and Unger, R. H., 1975b, Gut glucagonoid (GLI) and gut glucagon, in: Gastrointestinal Hormones (J. C. Thompsen, ed.), pp. 519–528, University of Texas Press, Austin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schauder, P., Mcintosh, C., Arends, J., Arnold, R., Frerichs, H., and Creutzfeldt, W., 1976, Somatostatin and insulin release from isolated rat pancreatic islets’ stimulated by glucose, FEBS Lett. 68:225.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schebalin, M., Said, S. I., and Makhlouf, G. M., 1977, Stimulation of insulin and glucagon secretion by vasoactive intestinal peptide, Amer. J. Physiol. 232: E197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schusdziarra, V., Ipp, E., and Unger, R. H., 1977, Somatostatin, a physiologic regulator of nutrient influx, Diabetes 26(Suppl.):359.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seitz, H. J., Muller, M. J., Nordmeyer, P., Krone, W., and Tarnowski, W., 1976, Concentration of cyclic AMP in rat liver as a function of the insulin/glucagon ratio in blood under standardized physiological conditions, Endocrinology 99:1313.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Service, F. J., Molnar, G. D., Rosevear, J. W., Ackerman, E., Gatewood, L. C., and Taylor, W. F., 1970, Mean amplitude of glycemiv excursions, a measure of diabetic instability, Diabetes 19:644.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin, R. S., Fisher, M., Hendler, R., and Felig, P., 1976, Hyperglucagonemia and blood glucose regulation in normal, obese, and diabetic subjects, N. Engl. J. Med 294:455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sherwin, R. S., Hendler, R., Defronzo, R., Wahren, J., and Felig, P., 1977, Glucose homeostasis during prolonged suppression of glucagon and insulin secretion by somatostatin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:348.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soeters, P. B., and Fischer, J. E., 1976, Insulin, glucagon, amino acid imbalance, and hepatic encephalopathy, Lancet 2:880.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sperling, M. A., Grajwer, L. A., Leake, R., and Fisher, D. A., 1976, Role of glucagon in perinatal glucose homeostasis, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1385.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srikant, C. B., and Unger, R. H., 1976, Evidence for the presence of glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) in the pancreas, Endocrinology 99:1655.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Srikant, C. B., McCorkle, K., and Unger, R. H., 1977, Properties of immunoreactive glucagon fractions of canine stomach and pancreas, J. Biol. Chem. 252: 1847.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Staehelin, L. A., 1974, Structure and function of intercellular junctions, Int. Rev. Cytol. 39:191.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundby, F., 1976, Species variations in the primary structure of glucagon, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1319.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundby, F., and Markussen, J., 1971, Isolation, crystallization, and amino acid composition of rat glucagon, Horm. Metab. Res. 3:184.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundby, F., and Markussen, J., 1972, Rabbit glucagon: Isolation, crystallization, and amino acid composition, Horm. Metab. Res. 4:56.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundby, F., Frandsen, E. K., Thomsen, J., Kristiansen, K., and Brundfeldt, K., 1972, Crystallization and amino acid sequence of duck glucagon, FEBS Lett. 26:289.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sundby, F., Jacobsen, H., and Moody, A. J., 1976, Purification and characterization of a protein from porcine gut with glucagon-like immunoreactivity, Horm. Metab. Res. 8:366.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sutherland, E. W., and DeDuve, C., 1948, Origin and distribution of the hyperglycemic-glycogenolytic factor of the pancreas,J. Biol. Chem. 175:663.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tager, H. S., and Markese, J., 1976, Immunoreactive glucagon in pancreatic islets, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1343.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tager, H. S., and Steiner, D. F., 1973, Isolation of a glucagon-containing peptide: Primary structure of a possible fragment of proglucagon, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70:2321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tai, T. Y., and Pek, S., 1976, Direct stimulation by growth hormone of glucagon and insulin release from isolated rat pancreas, Endocrinology 99:669.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen, J., Kristiansen, K., Brunfeldt, K., and Sundby, F., 1972, The amino acid sequence of human glucagon, FEBS Lett. 21:315.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiengo, A., Fedele, D., Marchiori, E., Nosadini, R., and Muggeo, M., 1976, Suppression and stimulation mechanisms controlling glucagon secretion in a case of islet-cell tumor producing glucagon, insulin and gastrin, Diabetes 25:408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., 1971a, Glucagon physiology and pathophysiology, N. Engl. J. Med. 285:443.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., 1971b, Glucagon and the insulin:glucagon ratio in diabetes and other catabolic illnesses, Diabetes 20:834.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., 1976, Diabetes and the alpha cell (Banting Memorial Lecture), Diabetes 25:136.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., 1977, Editorial: Somatostatinoma, N. Engl. J. Med. 296:998.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., and Orci, L., 1975, The essential role of glucagon in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, Lancet 1:14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., and Orci, L., 1977, Possible roles of the pancreatic D-cell in the normal and diabetic states. Diabetes 26:241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., Ketterer, H., Dupre, J., and Eisentraut, A. M., 1967, The effects of secretin, pancreozymin, and gastrin on insulin and glucagon secretion in anesthetized dogs,J. Clin. Invest. 46:630.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., Ohneda, A., Valverde, I., Eisentraut, A. M., and Exton, J., 1968, Characterization of the responses of circulating glucagon-like immunoreactivity to intraduodenal and intravenous administration of glucose,J. Clin. Invest. 47:48.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., Ohneda, A., Aguilar-Parada, E., and Eisentraut, A. M., 1969, The role of aminogenic glucagon secretion in blood glucose homeostasis, J. Clin. Invest. 48:810.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., Aguilar-Parada, E., Müller, W. A., and Eisentraut, A. M., 1970, Studies of pancreatic alpha cell function in normal and diabetic subjects, J. Clin. Invest. 49:837.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., Madison, L. L., and Müller, W. A., 1972, Abnormal alpha cell function in diabetics: Response to insulin, Diabetes 21:301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., Aydin, I., Nakabayashi, H., Srikant, C. B., and Raskin, P., 1976, The effects of glucagon administration to nondiabetics and diabetics, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1523.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Unger, R. H., Raskin, P., Srikant, C. B., and Orci, L., 1977, Glucagon and the A-cells, in: Recent Progress in Hormone Research, Vol. 33 (R. O. Greep, ed.), pp. 477–517, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vale, W., Ling, N., Rivier, J., Villarreal, J., Rivier, C., Brown, M., and Douglas, C., 1976, Anatomic and phylogenetic distribution of somatostatin, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1491.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valverde, I., Rigopoulou, D., Marco, J., Faloona, G. R., and Unger, R. H., 1970, Molecular size of extractable glucagon and glucagon-like immunoreactivity (GLI) in plasma, Diabetes 19:624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valverde, I., Villanueva, M. L., Lozano, I., and Marco, J., 1974, Presence of glucagon immunoreactivity in the globulin fraction of human plasma (“big plasma glucagon”).J. Clin. Endocnnol. Metab. 39:1090.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valverde, L., Dobbs, R., and Unger, R. H., 1975, Heterogeneity of plasma glucagon immunoreactivity in normal, depancreatized, and alloxan diabetic dogs, Metabolism 24:1021.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valverde, L., Lemon, H. M., Kessinger, A., and Unger, R. H., 1976, Distribution of plasma glucagon immunoreactivity in a patient with a suspected glucagonoma, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 42:804.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Veneziale, C. M., Deering, N. G., and Thompsen, H. J., 1976, Gluconeogenesis in isolated rat hepatic parenchymal cells. IX. Differential effects of glucagon and epinephrine on phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase, Mayo Clin. Proc. 51:624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vranic, M., Pek, S., and Kawamori, R., 1974, Increased “glucagon immunoreactivity” in plasma of totally depancreatized dogs, Diabetes 23:905.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vranic, M., Engerman, R., Doi, K., Morita, S., and Yip, C. C., 1976, Extrapancreatic glucagon in the dog, Metabolism 25(Suppl.):1469.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahren, J., and Felig, P., 1976, Influence of somatostatin on carbohydrate disposal and absorption in diabetes mellitus, Lancet 2:1213.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wahren, J., Felig, P., and Hagenfeldt, L., 1976, Effect of protein ingestion on splanchnic and leg metabolism in normal man and in patients with diabetes mellitus,J. Clin. Invest. 57:987.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weir, G. C., Turner, R. C., and Martin, D. B., 1973, Glucagon radioimmunoassay using antiserum 30K: Interference by plasma, Horm. Metab. Res. 5:241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weir, G. C., Knowlton, S. D., Atkins, R. F., McKennan, K. X., and Martin, D. B., 1976, Glucagon secretion from the perfused pancreas of streptozotocin-treated rats, Diabetes 25:275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weir, G. C., Samols, E., Ramseur, R., Day, J. A., Jr., and Patel, Y. C., 1977, Influence of glucose and glucagon upon somatostatin secretion from the isolated perfused canine pancreas, Clin. Res. 25:403A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Werner, P., and Palmer, J., 1977, The role of immunoreactive glucagon (IRG) in the control of plasma glucose in pancreatectomized (Px) man, Diabetes 26(Suppl.):383.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilmore, D. W., Lindsey, C. A., Moylan, J. A., Faloona, G. R., Pruitt, B. A., and Unger, R. H., 1974, Hyperglucagonemia after burns, Lancet 1:73.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wise, J. K., Hendler, R., and Felig, P., 1973, Influence of glucocorticoids on glucagon secretion and plasma amino acid concentrations in man, J. Clin. Invest. 52:2774.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wollheim, C. B., Blondel, B., Renold, A. E., and Sharp, G. W., 1976a, Stimulatory and inhibitory effects of cyclic AMP on pancreatic glucagon release from monolayer cultures and the controlling role of calcium, Diabetologia 12:269.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wollheim, C. B., Blondel, B., Renold, A. E., and Sharp, G. W., 1976b, Calcium induced glucagon release in monolayer culture of the endocrine pancreas. Studies with ionophore A23187, Diabetologia 12:287.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Veterans Administration Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA

    Roger H. Unger

  2. Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, Texas, 75216, USA

    Roger H. Unger

Authors
  1. Roger H. Unger
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois, USA

    Norbert Freinkel M. D. (Kettering Professor of Medicine, Professor of Biochemistry, Director) (Kettering Professor of Medicine, Professor of Biochemistry, Director)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Unger, R.H. (1978). Glucagon and Somatostatin. In: Freinkel, N. (eds) The Year in Metabolism 1977. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2499-7_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2499-7_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2501-7

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2499-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation