Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Sociocultural Roots of Mental Illness pp 158–187Cite as

Social Correlates and Questions of Etiology: Twentieth-Century Studies—Since 1940

  • Chapter

  • 99 Accesses

Part of the book series: Topics in General Psychiatry ((TGPS))

Abstract

The findings from earlier twentieth-century studies provided data about the prevalence of mental illness and the need for extensive services but little new information about the genetic, familial, or social correlates of mental illness. Furthermore, the widely discrepant results showed that future investigations would require méthodologic refinements, especially for identification of cases. Psychiatric epidemiology needed a catalyst to generate questions about etiology that could be formulated as hypotheses and tested scientifically.

Mental health can only be achieved in an environment which provides opportunities for self-expression, social usefulness, and the attainment of human satisfactions. —T. A. C. Rennie and L. E. Woodward 1

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Rennie, T. A. C, and Woodward, L. E.: Mental Health in Modern Society. New York: Commonwealth Fund, 1948, p. 385.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fans, R. E. L., and Dunham, H. W.: Mental Disorders in Urban Areas. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Dunham, H. W.: Current status of ecological research in mental disorder. In: Rose, A. M. (Ed.): Mental Health and Mental Disorder: A Sociological Approach. New York: Norton, 1955, p. 172.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dunham, H. W.: Current status of ecological research in mental disorder. In: Rose, A. M. (Ed.): Mental Health and Mental Disorder: A Sociological Approach. New York: Norton, 1955, p. 168.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Dunham, H. W.: Social causation and social selection theories of schizophrenia. In: Masserman, J. H., and Schwab, J. J. (Eds.): Social Psychiatry, Vol. I. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1974, p. 147.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Dunham, see Ref. No. 3, p. 174.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Green, H. W.: Persons Admitted to the Cleveland State Hospital, 1928-37. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Health Council, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Shroeder, C. W.: Mental disorders in cities, Am. J. Sociol., 47:40–47, 1942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Myerson, A.: Review, mental disorders in urban areas, Am. J. Psychiatry, 96:995–991’, 1940.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Hare, E. H.: Mental illness and social conditions in Bristol, J. Ment. Sci., 102:349–351, 1956.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Hare, E. H.: Family setting and the urban distribution of schizophrenia, J. Ment. Sci., 102:153–160, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Gerard, D., and Houston, L.: Family setting and the social etiology of schizophrenia, Psychiatr. Q., 27(l):90–101, 1953.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Hare, see Ref. No. 11, p. 759.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Clausen, J. A., and Kohn, M. L.: Relation of schizophrenia to the social structure of a small city. In: Pasamanick, B. (Ed.): Epidemiology of Mental Disorder. Washington, D.C.: Amer. Assoc, for the Advance, of Sci., 1959, pp. 69–94.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Clausen, J. A., and Kohn, M. L.: Relation of schizophrenia to the social structure of a small city. In: Pasamanick, B. (Ed.): Epidemiology of Mental Disorder. Washington, D.C.: Amer. Assoc, for the Advance, of Sci., 1959, p. 80.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Ruesch, J., and Bateson, G.: Communication: The Social Matrix of Psychiatry. New York: Norton, 1951, p. 20.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Sainsbury, P.: Suicide in London: An Ecological Study. New York: Basic Books, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Gruenberg, E. M.: The epidemiology of mental disease, Sci. Am., 190:38–42, 1954.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Rowitz, L., and Levy, L.: An ecological analysis of treated mental disorders in Chicago, Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 19:571–519, 1968.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Dunham, H. W.: City core and suburban fringe: Distribution patterns of mental illness. In: Plog, S. C, and Edgerton, R. B. (Eds.): Changing Perspectives of Mental Illness. New York: Holt, 1969, pp. 336–363.

    Google Scholar 

  21. —, see Ref. No. 5, p. 151.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Hollingshead, A. B., and Redlich, F. C: Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study. New York: John Wiley & Sons (Science Editions), 1958, p. 10.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  23. Hollingshead, A. B., and Redlich, F. C: Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study. New York: John Wiley & Sons (Science Editions), 1958, p. 210.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  24. Hollingshead, A. B., and Redlich, F. C: Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study. New York: John Wiley & Sons (Science Editions), 1958, p. 223.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  25. Hollingshead, A. B., and Redlich, F. C: Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study. New York: John Wiley & Sons (Science Editions), 1958, p. 300.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  26. Hollingshead, A. B., and Redlich, F. C: Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study. New York: John Wiley & Sons (Science Editions), 1958, pp. 261–262.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  27. Hollingshead, A. B., and Redlich, F. C: Social Class and Mental Illness: A Community Study. New York: John Wiley & Sons (Science Editions), 1958, p. 299.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  28. Srole, L., Langner, T. S., Michael, S. T., et al.: Mental Health in the Metropolis. The Midtown Manhattan Study, Thomas A. C. Rennie Series in Social Psychiatry, Vol. I. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  29. Srole, L., Langner, T. S., Michael, S. T., et al.: Mental Health in the Metropolis. The Midtown Manhattan Study (Revised and Enlarged), Srole L., and Fischer, A. (Eds.), Book I. New York: Harper Torchbooks, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Langner, T. S., and Michael, S. T.: Life Stress and Mental Health. The Midtown Manhattan Study. Thomas A. C. Rennie Series in Social Psychiatry, Vol. II. London: Collier-Macmillan, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Srole, L.: Measurements and classifications in socio-psychiatrie epidemiology: Midtown Manhattan Study I (1954) and Midtown Manhattan Restudy II (1974), J. Health Soc. Beh., 6(4):347–364, 1975.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Srole, Langner, Michael, et al., see Ref. No. 29, p. 27.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Ibid., p. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Langner and Michael, see Ref. No. 30, p. 50.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Ibid., p. 76.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ibid., pp. 402, 405-406.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ibid., pp. 77-80.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Ibid., p. 82.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Ibid., p. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Ibid., p. 6.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Ibid., p. 7.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Ibid., p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Ibid., pp. 23, 24.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Ibid., pp. 148, 149.

    Google Scholar 

  45. Ibid., p. 149.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Ibid., pp. 150-151.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Ibid., p. 378.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Ibid., pp. 380, 381.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Ibid., p. 152.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Ibid., p. 396.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Crandell, D. L., and Dohrenwend, B. P.: Some relations among psychiatric symptoms, organic illness, and social class, Am. J. Psychiatry, 123:1527–1538, 1967.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Tuke, D. H.: Insanity in Ancient and Modern Life with Chapters on Its Prevention. London: Macmillan, 1878.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  53. Dohrenwend, B. P., and Dohrenwend, B. S.: Social Status and Psychological Disorder: A Causal Inquiry. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1969, p. 165.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Kohn, M. L.: The interaction of social class and other factors in the etiology of schizophrenia, Am. J. Psychiatry, 133:177–180, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Owen, M. B.: Alternative hypotheses for the explanation of some of Faris’ and Dunham’s results, Am. J. Sociol., 47:48–52, 1941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Buck, C, Wanklin, J. M., and Hobbs, G. E.: A symptom analysis of rural-urban differences in first admission rates, J. Nerv. & Ment. Dis., 122.-80–82, 1955.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Clark, R. E.: The relation of schizophrenia to occupational income and occupational prestiege, Am. Sociol. Rev., 13:325, 1948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Hollingshead and Redlich, see Ref. No. 22, pp. 245-250.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Ibid., p. 247.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Goldberg, E. M., and Morrison, S. L.: Schizophrenia and social class, Brit. J. Psychiatry, 109:785–802, 1963.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Srole, L., and Langner, T.: Socioeconomic status groups: Their mental health composition. In: Weinberg, S. K. (Ed.): The Sociology of Mental Disorders. Chicago: Aldine, 1967, pp. 45, 46.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Srole, L., and Langner, T.: Socioeconomic status groups: Their mental health composition. In: Weinberg, S. K. (Ed.): The Sociology of Mental Disorders. Chicago: Aldine, 1967, pp. 33–47.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Turner, R., and Wagenfeld, M.: Occupational mobility and schizophrenia: An assessment of social causation and social selection hypothesis, Am. Sociol. Rev., 32:104, 1967.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Kohn, M. L.: Social class and schizophrenia: A critical review and a reformulation, Schiz. Bull., 7:60–69, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Dunham see Ref. No. 3, pp. 174-175.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Schwartz, M.: Cited in Weinberg, see Ref. No. 61.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Lystad, M. H.: Social mobility among selected groups of schizophrenic patients, Am. Sociol. Rev., 22(3):288–292, 1957.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Kohn, see Ref. No. 64, p. 64.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Zwingmann, C. A., and Pflster-Ammende, M. (Eds.): Uprooting and AfterNew York: Springer-Verlag, 1973, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Jarvis, E.: Report on Insanity and Idiocy in Massachusetts, by the Commission on Lunacy, under Resolve of the Legislature of 1854. Boston: William White, Printer to the State. 1855.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Malzberg, B.: Mental disease in New York State according to nativity and parentage, Ment. Hyg., 19:635–660, 1935.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Malzberg, B., and Lee, E. S.: Migration and Mental Disease: A Study of First Admissions to Hospitals for Mental Disease, New York, 1939-1941. New York: Social Science Research Council, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Ödegaard, Ö.: Emigration and Insanity: A Study of Mental Disease among the Norwe-gianborn Population of Minnesota. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaards, 1932.

    Google Scholar 

  74. —: Emigration and mental health. In: Zwingmann and Pfister-Ammende, see Ref. No. 69, pp. 155-160.

    Google Scholar 

  75. Ibid., pp. 161-177.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Murphy, H. B. M.: Migration and the major mental disorders: A reappraisal. In: Kanter, M. B. (Ed.): Mobility & Mobile Health. Springfield, 111.: Charles C Thomas, 1965, pp. 5–29.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Astrup, C, and Ödegaard, Ö.: Internal migration and mental disease in Norway, Psychiatr. Q. Suppl, Vol. 34, Part 1, pp. 116–130, 1960.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Daumezon, D., Champion, Y., and Champion-Bassett, J.: Cited in Murphy, see Ref. No. 76, p. 213.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Eitinger, L.: Mental diseases among refugees in Norway after World War II. In: Zwingmann and Pfister-Ammende, see Ref. No. 69, pp. 193-203.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Murphy, H. B. M.: Flight and Resettlement. Paris: UNESCO, 1955.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Kaila, M.: Cited in Murphy, see Ref. No. 76, p. 213.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Murphy, H. B. M.: The low rate of hospitalization shown by immigrants to Canada. In: Zwingmann and Pfister-Ammende, see Ref. No. 69, pp. 221-231.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Murphy, see Ref. No. 76, p. 220.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Lazarus, J., Locke, B. Z., and Thomas, D. S.: Migration differentials in mental disease, Milbank Mem. Fund Q., 41:25–42, 1963.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Ödegaard, Norwegian emigration, re-emigration and internai migration, see Ref. No. 69, p. 173.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Ibid., p. 177.

    Google Scholar 

  87. Davis, K.: The origin and growth of urbanization in the world, Am. J. Sociol., 60:429–437, 1954.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  88. Spengler, O.: Decline of the West (Trans, by C. F. Atkinson), Vol. II. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  89. Schwab, J. J., McGinnes, N. H., and Warheit, G. J.: Social change, culture change and mental health. In: De la Fuente, R., and Weisman, M. N. (Eds.): Psychiatry (Part I). International Congress Series No. 274. Proceedings of the V. World Congress of Psychiatry, Mexico, D.F., Nov. 4-Dec. 4, 1971. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, pp. 703–709.

    Google Scholar 

  90. De Tocqueville, A.: Democracy in America, Vol. 2. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1945, p. 145.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA

    John J. Schwab M.D.

  2. Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Mary E. Schwab M.D.

Authors
  1. John J. Schwab M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mary E. Schwab M.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1978 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schwab, J.J., Schwab, M.E. (1978). Social Correlates and Questions of Etiology: Twentieth-Century Studies—Since 1940. In: Sociocultural Roots of Mental Illness. Topics in General Psychiatry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2433-1_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2433-1_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2435-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2433-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation