Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Drinking Behavior pp 341–397Cite as

Schedule-Induced Polydipsia: The Role of Orolingual Factors and a New Hypothesis

  • Chapter

Abstract

When a food-deprived animal is intermittently fed small amounts of food, it rapidly develops a tendency to ingest water immediately following the ingestion of each morsel (Falk, 1961, 1969). An appropriate choice of various parameters can lead these animals to ingest greatly excessive quantities of water. In one experiment, female rats with a mean free-feeding weight of 264 g were deprived of food until their body weights dropped to 70–80% of normal. When they were given the opportunity to bar-press for 45-mg dry food pellets on a variable-interval 1-min schedule, they ingested a mean of 92.5 ml of water per 3.17-hr session (Falk, 1961). Such quantities of intake are greatly excessive whether compared to the normal 24-hr intake or to the amount of water that would be ingested if the rats were allowed to eat the same amount of food ad libitum. This phenomenon, which is referred to as schedule-induced polydipsia or by the acronym SIP (Falk, 1964), can be explained neither in terms of traditional behavioral phenomena, such as adventitious reinforcement or timing behavior (Falk, 1969), nor in terms of water-regulatory variables, such as impaired renal concentrating ability or de facto water deprivation (Falk, 1969; Stricker and Adair, 1966).

The authors’ research reported in this paper was supported in part by grants to Joseph Mendelson from the National Institute of Mental Health, U.S. Public Health Service, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (MH-14410 and MH-21955), the National Science Foundation (GB7370), and the University of Kansas General Research Fund (3080–5038 and 3582–5038) and by a Biomedical Sciences Support Grant (RR-07037) to the University of Kansas from the U.S. Public Health Service.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, J. D., and Porter, J. H., 1975, Demonstration of behavioral contrast with adjunctive drinking, Physiol. Behav. 15:511–515.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J. D., Porter, J. H., and Arazie, R., 1975, Schedule-induced drinking as a function of percentage reinforcement,J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 23:223–232.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Allen, J. D., Stein, G. W., and Long, C. J., 1972, The effect of food deprivation on responding for food odor in the rat, Learn. Motiv. 3:101–107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, B., and Larsson, B., 1961, Influence of local temperature changes in the preoptic area and rostral hypothalamus on the regulation of food and water intake, Acta. Physiol. Scand. 52:75–89.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andersson, B., Larsson, S., and Persson, N., 1960, Some characteristics of the hypothalamic “drinking centre” in the goat as shown by the use of permanent electrodes, Acta. Physiol. Scand. 50:140–152.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atrens, D. M., 1973, Schedule-induced polydipsia and polyphagia in nondeprived rats reinforced by intracranial stimulation, Learn. Motiv. 4:320–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balagura, S. J., 1968, Conditioned glycemia responses in the control of food intake, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 65:30–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baumann, J. W., Guyot-Jeannin, C., and Dobrowolski, J., 1964, Nutritional state and urine concentrating ability in the rat, J. Endocrin. 30:147–148.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berman, R. F., and Cannon, D. S., 1974, The effect of prior ethanol experience on ethanol-induced saccharin aversions, Physiol. Behav. 12:1041–1044.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blass, E. M., and Kraly, F. S., 1974, Medial forebrain bundle lesions: Specific loss of feeding to decreased glucose utilization in rats, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 86:679–692.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bond, N., 1973, Schedule-induced polydipsia as a function of the consummatory rate, Psychol. Rec. 23:377–382.

    Google Scholar 

  • Booth, D. A., and Brookover, T., 1968, Hunger elicited in the rat by a single injection of bovine crystalline insulin, Physiol. Behav. 3:439–446.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, D. A., and Pitt, E., 1968, The role of glucose in insulin-induced feeding and drinking, Physiol. Behav. 3:447–453.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce-Wolfe, V. L., 1976, The role of hunger in schedule-induced polydipsia, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Kansas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce-Wolfe, V., Freed, W. J., and Mendelson, J., 1976, The role of hunger in schedule-induced polydipsia, Bull. Psychon. Soc. 7:536–538.

    Google Scholar 

  • Burks, C. D., 1970, Schedule-induced polydipsia: Are response-dependent schedules a limiting condition? J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 13:351–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carey, R. J., 1972, A decrease in ethanol preference in rats resulting from forced ethanol drinking under fluid deprivation, Physiol. Behav. 8:373–375.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle, H. J., 1968, Initiation of behavioral responding for heat in a cold environment, Physiol. Behav. 3:827–830.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle, H. J., 1971, Fixed-ratio polydipsia: Thermal effects of drinking, pausing, and responding,J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 75:10–22.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle, H. J., 1973, Schedule-induced polydipsia: Effect of water temperature, ambient temperature, and hypothalamic cooling, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 83:208–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle, H. J., and Laudenslager, M. L., 1975, Inhibition of airlicking in thirsty rats by cooling the preoptic area, Nature 225:72–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carlisle, H. J., and Laudenslager, M. L., 1976, Separation of water and ambient temperature effects on polydipsia, Physiol. Behav. 16:121–124.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Catania, A. C., 1966, Concurrent operants, in “Operant Behavior: Areas of Research and Application” (W. K. Honig, ed.), Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, pp. 213–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Catania, A. C. (ed.), 1968, “Contemporary Research in Operant Behavior,” Scott, Foresman, Glenview, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, H. W., 1969, Oropharyngeal determinants of nonregulatory drinking in the rat, unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, as cited by Falk (1971).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, H. W., and Richardson, H. M., 1974, The role of systemic hydration in the acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia by rats, Behav. Biol. 12:501–508.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chiang, H. M., and Wilson, W. A., 1963, Some tests of the diluted-water hypothesis of saline consumption in rats, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 56:660–665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chillag, D., and Mendelson, J., 1971, Schedule-induced airlicking as a function of body-weight deficit in rats, Physiol. Behav. 6:603–605.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christian, W. P., 1975, Effects of the quality of dry food reinforcement on the rat’s instrumental licking and drinking behavior, Psychol. Rec. 25:237–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christian, W. P., 1976, Control of schedule-induced polydipsia: Sugar content of the dry food reinforcer, Psychol. Rec. 26:41–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christian, W. P., Riester, R. W., and Schaeffer, R. W., 1973, Effects of sucrose concentrations upon schedule-induced polydipsia using free and response-contingent dry-food reinforcement schedules, Bull. Psychon. Soc. 2:65–68.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Christian, W. P., and Schaeffer, R. W., 1973, Effects of sucrose concentrations upon schedule-induced polydipsia on a FI-60-sec dry-food reinforcement schedule, Psychol. Rep. 32:1067–1073.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christian, W. P. and Schaeffer, R. W., 1975, Motivational properties of fixed-interval reinforcement: A preliminary investigation, Bull. Psychon. Soc. 5:143–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, I. L., 1975, The reinforcement value of schedule-induced drinking, J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 23:37–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, I. L., and Mendelson, J., 1974, Schedule-induced drinking with food, but not ICS, reinforcement, Behav. Biol. 12:21–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colotla, V. A., and Keehn, J. D., 1975, Effects of reinforcer-pellet composition on schedule-induced polydipsia with alcohol, water, and saccharin, Psychol. Rec. 25:91–98.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, P., and Singer, G., 1976, Effects of stimulus displacement on adjunctive behavior, Physiol. Behav. 16:79–82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cumming, M. C., and Morrison, S. D., 1960, The total metabolism of rats during fasting and refeeding,J. Physiol. 154:219–243.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deadwyler, S. A., and Segal, E. F., 1965, Determinants of polydipsia: VII. Removing the drinking solution midway through DRL sessions, Psychon. Sci. 3:185–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denny, M. R., and Ratner, S. C., 1970, “Comparative Psychology,” Dorsey Press, Home-wood, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, J. A., and Deutsch, D., 1973, “Physiological Psychology,” Dorsey Press, Homewood, Ill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, R., 1974, Conditioned hypoglycemia: A mechanism for saccharin-induced sensitivity to insulin in the rat, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 86:350–358.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckardt, M. J., 1975, Conditioned taste aversion produced by the oral ingestion of ethanol in the rat, Physiol. Psychol. 3:317–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckardt, M. J., 1976, Alcohol-induced conditioned taste aversion in rats: Effect of concentration and prior exposure to alcohol, J. Studies Alcohol 37:334–346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eckardt, M. J., Skurdal, A. J., and Brown, J. S., 1974, Conditioned taste aversion produced by low doses of alcohol, Physiol. Psychol. 2:89–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, A. N., and Teitelbaum, P., 1964, Severe and persistent deficits in thirst produced by lateral hypothalamic damage, in “Thirst in the Regulation of Body Water” (M.J. Wayner, ed.), Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 394–410.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., 1961, Production of polydipsia in normal rats by an intermittent food schedule, Science 133:195–196.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., 1964, Studies on schedule-induced polydipsia, in ’Thirst: First International Symposium on Thirst in the Regulation of Body Water” (M. J. Wayner, ed.), Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 95–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., 1966a, Analysis of water and NaCl solution acceptance by schedule-induced polydipsia,J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 9:111–118.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., 1966b, The motivational properties of schedule-induced polydipsia, J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 9:19–25.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., 1966c, Schedule-induced polydipsia as a function of fixed interval length, J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 9:37–39.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., 1967, Control of schedule-induced polydipsia: Type, size, and spacing of meals, J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 10:199–206.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., 1969, Conditions producing psychogenic polydipsia in animals, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 157:569–593.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., 1971, The nature and determinants of adjunctive behavior, Physiol. Behav. 6:577–588.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., 1972, The nature and determinants of adjunctive behavior, in “Schedule Effects: Drugs, Drinking, and Aggression” (R. M. Gilbert and J. D. Keehn, eds.), University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 148–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., and Bryant, R. W., 1973, Salivarectomy: Effect on drinking produced by isoproterenol, diazoxide, and NaCl loads, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1:207–210.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., and Samson, H. H., 1976, Schedule-induced physical dependence on ethanol, Pharmacol. Rev. 27:449–464.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., Samson, H. H., and Tang, M., 1973, Chronic ingestion techniques for the production of physical dependence on ethanol, in “Alcohol Intoxication and Withdrawal: Experimental Studies” (M. M. Gross, ed.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 197–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., Samson, H. H., and Winger, G., 1972, Behavioral maintenance of high concentrations of blood ethanol and physical dependence in the rat, Science 177:811–813.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Falk, J. L., and Titlebaum, L. F., 1963, Saline solution preference in the rat: Further demonstrations,J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 56:337–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferster, C. B., and Skinner, B. F., 1957, “Schedules of Reinforcement,” Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, U., Hommel, H., Ziegler, M., and Michael, R., 1972, The mechanism of insulin secretion after oral glucose administration: I. Multiphasic course of insulin mobilization after oral administration of glucose in conscious dogs. Differences to the behavior after intravenous administration, Diabetologia 8:104–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Flory, R. K., 1971, The control of schedule-induced polydipsia: Frequency and magnitude of reinforcement, Learn. Motiv. 2:215–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flory, R. K., and O’Boyle, M. K., 1972, The effect of limited water availability on schedule-induced polydipsia, Physiol. Behav. 8:147–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, C. V., Bray, G. A., Swerdloff, R. S., 1976, A psychiatric study of patients referred with a diagnosis of hypoglycemia, Am. J. Psychiatry 133:290–294.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, E. X., 1971, Schedule-induced polydipsia with nutritive and nonnutritive reinforcers, Psychon. Sci. 23:367–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freed, E. X., 1972, Alcohol polydipsia in the rat as a function of caloric need, Q. J. Stud. Alc. 33:504–507.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, E. X., 1974, Fluid selection by rats during schedule-induced polydipsia, Q. J. Stud. Alc. 35:1035–1043.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, E. X., Carpenter, J. A., and Hymowitz, N., 1970, Acquisition and extinction of schedule-induced Polydipsic consumption of alcohol and water, Psychol. Rep. 26:915–922.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, E. X., and Hymowitz, N., 1972, Effects of schedule, percent body weight, and magnitude of reinforcer on acquisition of schedule-induced polydipsia, Psychol. Rep. 31:95–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, E. X., and Lester, D., 1970, Schedule-induced consumption of ethanol: Calories or chemotherapy? Physiol. Behav. 5:555–560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freed, W. J., and Mendelson, J., 1977, Water intake-volume regulation in the rat: Schedule-induced drinking compared to water-deprivation-induced drinking, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol., in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freed, W. J., Mendelson, J., and Bramble, J. M., 1976, Intake-volume regulation during schedule-induced polydipsia in rats, Behav. Biol. 16:245–250.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freund, G., (1969), Alcohol withdrawal syndrome in mice, Arch. Neurol. 21:315–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, J., and Kimeldorf, D., 1960, Some factors which influence radiation-conditioned behavior in rats, Radiat. Res. 12:719–722.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, R. M., 1973, Effects of ethanol on adjunctive drinking and bar-pressing under various schedules of reinforcement, Bull. Psychon. Soc. 1:161–164.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, R. M., 1974a, Schedule-induced ethanol polydipsia, in “Aportaciones al Analisis de la Conducta” (J. E. Diaz, E. Ribes, and S. Gomar, eds.), Trillas, Mexico, pp. 136–155.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, R. M., 1974b, Schedule-induced ethanol polydipsia with restricted fluid availability, Psychopharmacologia 38:151 – 157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, R. M., 1974c, Ubiquity of schedule-induced polydipsia, J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 21:277–284.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gilbert, R. M., 1977, Schedule-induced phenomena: Drug taking as excessive behavior, in “Behavioral Models of Drug Dependence” (R. Stretch, ed.), Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Githens, S. H., Hawkins, T. D., and Schrot, J., 1973, DRL schedule-induced alcohol ingestion, Physiol. Psychol. 1:397–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gold, R. M., and Proulx, D. M., 1972, Bait-shyness acquisition is impaired by VMH lesions that produce obesity, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 79:201–209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldfine, J. D., Abraira, C., Gruenwald, D., and Goldstein, M. S., 1970, Plasma insulin levels during imaginary food ingestion under hypnosis, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 133:274–276.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gutman, Y., Livneh, P., and Pietrokovski, J., 1970, Role of salivary glands in response to thirst stimuli, Isr. J. Med. Sci. 6:573–575.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawkins, T. D., Schrot, J. F., Githens, S. H., and Everett, P. B., 1972, Schedule-induced polydipsia: An analysis of water and alcohol ingestion, in “Schedule Effects: Drugs, Drinking, and Aggression” (R. M. Gilbert and J. D. Keehn, eds.), University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 95–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hinde, R. A., 1970, “Animal Behaviour: A Synthesis of Ethology and Comparative Psychology,” McGraw-Hill, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holman, R. B., and Myers, R. D., 1968, Ethanol consumption under conditions of schedule-induced polydipsia, Physiol. Behav. 3:369–371.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hommel, H., Fischer, V., Retzlaft, K., and Knofler, H., 1972, The mechanism of insulin secretion after oral glucose administration: II. Reflex insulin secretion in conscious dogs bearing fistulas of the digestive tract by sham feeding of glucose or tap water, Diabetologia 8:111–116.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, B. E., Riley, J. N., Walker, D. W., and Freund, G., 1975, Ethanol dependence in the rat: A parametric analysis, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 3:619–629.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hymowitz, N., and Freed, E. X., 1972, Inconstancy of drinking bursts during schedule-induced polydipsia, Psychon. Sci. 28:283–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hymowitz, N., Freed, E. X., and Lester, D., 1970, The independence of barpressing and schedule-induced drinking, Psychon. Sci. 20:45–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hymowitz, N., and Koronakos, C., 1968, The effects of a controlled eating and drinking history on the development of schedule-induced polydipsia, Psychon. Sci. 13:261–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, H. L., 1958, Studies in sugar preference: I. The preference for glucose solution and its modification by injections of insulin, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 51:304–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, H. L., 1969, Discussion following: Conditions producing psychogenic polydipsia in animals, J. L. Falk, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 157:591.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacquet, J. H., 1972, Schedule-induced licking during multiple schedules, J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 17:413–423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, A. K., and Fischer, A. E., 1973, Tolerance for quinine under cholinergic versus deprivation induced thirst, Physiol. Behav. 10:613–616.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kachanoff, R., Leveille, R., McLelland, J. P., and Wayner, M. J., 1973, Schedule induced behavior in humans, Physiol. Behav. 11:395–398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Keehn, J. D., 1972, Schedule-dependence, schedule-induction, and the law of effect, in “Schedule Effects: Drugs, Drinking, and Aggression” (R. M. Gilbert and J. D. Keehn, eds.), University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 65–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keehn, J. D., and Colotla, V. A., 1971, Schedule-induced drinking as a function of interpellet interval, Psychon. Sci. 23:69–71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keehn, J. D., Colotla, V. A., and Beaton, J. M., 1970, Palatability as a factor in the duration and pattern of schedule-induced drinking, Psychol. Rec. 20:433–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keehn, J. D., and Coulson, G. E., 1975, Schedule-induced choice of water versus alcohol, Psychol. Rec. 25:325–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kent, M. A., and Peters, R. H., 1973, Effects of ventromedial hypothalamic lesions on hunger-motivated behavior in rats, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 83:92–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Killeen, P., 1975, On the temporal control of behavior, Psychol. Rev. 82:89–115.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, B. M., and Gaston, M. G., 1973, The effects of pretraining on the bar-pressing performance of VMH-lesioned rats, Physiol. Behav. 11:161–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kissileff, H. R., 1969, Oropharyngeal control of prandial drinking,J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 67:309–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kissileff, H. R., 1973, Nonhomeostatic controls of drinking, in “The Neuropsychology of Thirst: New Findings and Advances in Concepts” (A. N. Epstein, H. R. Kissileff, and E. Stellar, eds.), V. H. Winston, Washington, D. C., pp. 163–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuzuya, T., 1962, Regulation of insulin secretion by the central nervous system: II. The role of the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland upon insulin secretion, J. Jap. Soc. Internal. Med. 51:65–74.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeMagnen, J., 1971, Advances in studies on the physiological control and regulation of food intake, in “Progress in Physiological Psychology,” IV (E. Stellar and J. M. Sprague, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp. 203–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, D. and Freed, E. X., 1972, The rat views alcohol—Nutrition or nirvana? “International Symposium on the Biological Aspects of Alcohol Consumption,” 27–29 September 1971, Helsinki, Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies 20:51–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester, D., and Freed, E. X., 1973, Criteria for an animal model of alcoholism, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1:103–107.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lester, D., Nachman, M., and LeMagnen, J., 1970, Aversive conditioning by ethanol in the rat, Q. J. Stud. Alc. 31:578–586.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lotter, E. C., Woods. S. C., and Vasselli, J. R., 1973, Schedule-induced polydipsia: An artifact, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 83:478–484.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marks, H. E., and Remley, N. R., 1972, The effects of type of lesion and percentage body weight loss on measures of motivated behavior in rats with hypothalamic lesions, Behav. Biol. 7:95–111.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, G. E., and Myers, R. D., 1972, Ethanol ingestion in the rat induced by rewarding brain stimulation, Physiol. Behav. 8:1151–1160.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKearny, J. W., 1973, Effects of methamphetamine and chlordiazepoxide on schedule-controlled and adjunctive licking in the rat, Psychopharmacologia 30:375–384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, D. R., and Gollub, L. R., 1976, An analysis of rats’ drinking-tube contacts under tandem and fixed-interval schedules of food presentation, J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 25:361–370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meisch, R. A. and Thompson, T., 1972, Ethanol intake during schedule-induced polydipsia, Physiol. Behav. 8:471–475.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mello, N. K., 1973, A review of methods to induce alcohol addiction in animals, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1:89–101.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, J., and Chillag, D., 1968, Schedule-induced air-licking in rats, Am. Zool. 8:744.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, J., and Chillag, 1970, Schedule-induced air licking in rats, Physiol. Behav. 5:535–537.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, J., and Zec, R., 1972, Effects of lingual denervation and desalivation on airlicking in the rat, Physiol. Behav. 8:711–714.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, J. Zec, R., and Chillag, D., 1971, Schedule dependency of schedule-induced airlicking, Physiol. Behav. 7:207–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendelson, J., Zec. R., and Chillag, D., 1972, Effects of desalivation on drinking and airlicking induced by water deprivation and hypertonic saline injections, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 80:30–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Millar, F. K., and Morrison, S. D., 1968, Relation of tissue electrolyte losses to the relative polydipsia of early starvation in rats, J. Nutr. 94:211–218.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, N. E., Bailey, C. J., and Stevenson, J. A. F., 1950, “Decreased hunger” but increased food intake resulting from hypothalamic lesions, Science 112:256–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, S. D., 1967, The adrenal cortex and the regulation of water exchange during food deprivation, Endocrinology 80:835–839.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, S. D., MacKay, C., Hurlbrink, E., Wier, J. K., Nick, M. S., and Millar, F. K., 1967, The water exchange and polyuria of rats deprived of food, Q. J. Exp. Physiol. 52:51–67.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, L. R., and Brown, T. S., 1975, Effects of desalivation on schedule-induced polydipsia in the rat, J. Exp. Psychol.: Anim. Behav. Processes 1:309–317.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Myers, R. D., and Veale, W. L., 1972, The determinants of alcohol preference in animals, in “The Biology of Alcoholism (Vol. 2, Physiology and Behavior)” (B. Kissin and H. Begleiter, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 131–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicolaidis, S., and Rowland, N., 1974, Long-term self-intravenous “drinking” in the rat, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 87:1–15.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Novin, D., 1964, The effects of insulin on water intake in the rat, in “Thirst: First International Symposium on Thirst in the Regulation of Body Water” (M. J. Wayner, ed.), Pergamon Press, New York, pp. 177–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ogata, H., Ogata, F., Mendelson, J. H., and Mello, N. K., 1972, A comparison of techniques to induce alcohol dependence and tolerance in the mouse, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 180:216–230.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palfai, T., Kutscher, C. L., and Symons, J. P., 1971, Schedule-induced polydipsia in the mouse, Physiol. Behav. 6:461–462.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Panksepp, J., 1975, Hormonal control of feeding behavior and energy balance, in “Hormonal Correlates of Behavior” (B. E. Eleftheriou and R. L. Sprott, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, pp. 657–695.

    Google Scholar 

  • Parra-Covarrubias, A., Rivera-Rodriguez, J., and Almarez-Ugalde, A., 1971, Cephalic phase of insulin release in obese adolescents, Diabetes 20:800–802.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penick, S. B., Prince, H., and Hinkle, L. E., 1966, Fall in plasma content of free fatty acids associated with the sight of food, N. Engl. J. Med. 275:416–419.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J. H., Arazie, R. Holbrook, J. W., Cheek, M. S., and Allen, J. D., 1975, Effects of variable and fixed second-order schedules on schedule-induced polydipsia in the rat, Physiol. Behav. 14:143–149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Porter, J. H., and Kenshalo, D. R., Jr., 1974, Schedule-induced drinking following omission of reinforcement in the rhesus monkey, Physiol. Behav. 12:1075–1077.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ramsauer, S., Mendelson, J., and Freed, W. J., 1974, Effects of water temperature on the reward value and satiating capacity of water in water-deprived rats, Behav. Biol. 11:381–393.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reynierse, J. H., and Spanier, D., 1968, Excessive drinking in rats’ adaptation to the schedule of feeding, Psychon. Sci. 10:95–96.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, G. S., 1961, Behavioral contrast, J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 4:57–71.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roll, D., Schaeffer, R. W., and Smith, J. C., 1969, Effects of a conditioned taste aversion on schedule-induced polydipsia, Psychon. Sci. 16:39–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenblith, J. Z., 1970, Polydipsia induced in the rat by a second-order schedule, J. Exp. Anal. Behav. 14:139–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samson, H. H., and Falk, J. L., 1974a, Alteration of fluid preference in ethanol-dependent animals, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 190:365–376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samson, H. H., and Falk, J. L., 1974b, Schedule-induced ethanol polydipsia: Enhancement by saccharin, Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 2:835–838.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, C. R., and Woods, J. H., 1966, Schedule-induced polydipsia in the rhesus monkey, Psychol. Rep. 19:823–828.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Segal, E. F., 1972, Induction and the provenance of operants, in “Reinforcement: Behavioral Analyses” (R. M. Gilbert and J. R. Millenson, eds.), Academic Press, New York, pp.1–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, E. F., and Deadwyler, S. A., 1964, Water drinking patterns under several dry food reinforcement schedules, Psychon. Sci. 1:271–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, E. F., and Deadwyler, S. A., 1965, Determinants of polydipsia: VI. Taste of the drinking solution on DRL, Psychon. Sci. 3:101–102.

    Google Scholar 

  • Segal, E. F., Oden, D. L., and Deadwyler, S. A., 1965, Determinants of polydipsia: IV. Free-reinforcement schedules, Psychon. Sci. 3:11–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shanab, M. E., and Peterson, J. L., 1969, Polydipsia in the pigeon, Psychon. Sci. 15:51–52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Singer, G., Wayner, M. J., Stein, J., Cimino, K., and King, K., 1974, Adjunctive behavior induced by wheel-running, Physiol. Behav. 12:493–495.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steffens, A. B., 1969, Rapid absorbtion of glucose in the intestinal tract of the rat after ingestion of a meal, Physiol. Behav. 4:829–832.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steffens, A. B., 1970, Plasma insulin content in relation to blood glucose level and meal pattern in the normal and hypothalamic hyperphagic rat, Physiol. Behav. 5:147–151.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steffens, A. B., Mogenson, G. J., and Stevenson, J. A. F., 1972, Blood glucose, insulin, and free fatty acids after stimulation and lesions of the hypothalamus, Am. J. Physiol. 222:1446–1452.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, L., 1964, Excessive drinking in the rat: Superstition or thirst? J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 58:237–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stricker, E. M., 1976, Drinking by rats after lateral hypothalamic lesions: A new Look at the lateral hypothalamic syndrome, J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 90:127–143.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stricker, E. M., and Adair, E. R., I966, Body fluid balance, taste and postprandial factors in schedule-induced polydipsia,J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol. 62:449–454.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sundsten, J. W., 1969, Alterations in water intake and core temperature in baboons during hypothalamic thermal stimulation, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 157:1018–1029.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teitelbaum, P., 1966, The use of operant methods in the assessment and control of motivational states, in “Operant Behavior: Areas of Research and Application” (W. K. Honig, ed.), Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, pp. 565–608.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tepperman, J., 1974, Some aspects of the control of carbohydrate and fat metabolism, in “The Control of Metabolism” (J. D. Sink, ed.), Pennsylvania State University Press, Philadelphia, pp. 35–48.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomka, M. L., and Rosellini, R. A., 1975, Influence of prandial drinking vs. dry mouth in the attenuation of SIP in the desalivate rat, Behav. Biol 17:529–545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, M. M., and Mayer, J., 1959, Hypoglycemic effects of saccharin in experimental animals, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 7:80–85.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vance, W. B., 1965, Observations on the role of salivary secretions in the regulation of food and fluid intake in the white rat, Psychol. Monogr. 79:1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, G. N., and Zucker, I., 1970, Hormonal modulation of responsiveness to an aversive taste stimulus in rats, Physiol. Behav. 5:269–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, D. W., and Freund, G., 1971, Impairment of shuttlebox avoidance learning following prolonged alcohol consumption in rats, Physiol. Behav. 7:773–778.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wayner, M. J., 1970, Motor control functions of the lateral hypothalamus and adjunctive behavior, Physiol. Behav. 5:1319–1325.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wayner, M. J., 1974a, The lateral hypothalamus and adjunctive drinking, in “Progress in Brain Research: Integrative Hypothalamic Activity” (D. F. Swaab and J. P. Schade, eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 371–394.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Wayner, M. J. 1974b, Specificity of behavioral regulation, Physiol. Behav. 12:851–869.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wayner, M. J., and Greenberg, I., 1972, Effects of septal lesions on palatability modulation of schedule-induced polydipsia, Physiol. Behav. 9:663–665.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wayner, M. J., and Greenberg, I., 1973, Schedule dependence of schedule-induced polydipsia and lever pressing, Physiol. Behav. 10:965–966.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wayner, M. J., Greenberg, I., Fraley, S., and Fisher, S., 1973, Effects of A 9-tetrahydrocannabinol and ethyl alcohol on adjunctive behavior and the lateral hypothalamus, Physiol. Behav. 10:109–132.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weijnen, J. A. W. M., 1975, Lingual stimulation and water intake, in “Control Mechanisms of Drinking, (G. Peters, J. T. Fitzsimons, and L. Peters-Haefeli, eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York, pp. 9–13.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Weijnen, J. A. W. M., 1976, Effects of denervation of the tongue on airlicking and current-licking behavior in the rat, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the European Brain and Behaviour Society, Copenhagen, Denmark.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wike, E. L., 1965, Comments on the Ison-Kniaz study of consummatory activity, Psychol. Rep. 12:162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wike, E. L., and Barrientos, G., 1957, Selective learning as a function of differential consummatory activity, Psychol. Rep. 3:255–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiley, J. J., and Leveille, G. A., 1970, Significance of insulin in the metabolic adaptation of rats to meal ingestion, J. Nutr. 100:1073–1080.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, S., and Spencer, W. B., 1975, Schedule-induced polydipsia: Species limitations, Psychol. Rep. 36:863–866.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, S. C., Alexander, K. R., and Porte, D., Jr., 1972, Conditioned insulin secretion and hypoglycemia following repeated injections of tolbutamide in rats, Endocrinology 90:227–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, S. C., Decke, E., and Vasselli, J. R., 1974, Metabolic hormones and the regulation of body weight, Psychol. Rev. 81:26–43.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, S. C., Hutton, R. A., and Makous, W., 1970, Conditioned insulin secretion in the albino rat, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 133:964–968.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woods, S. C., and Porte, D., Jr., 1974, Neural control of the endocrine pancreas, Physiol. Rev. 54:569–619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wuttke, W., and Innis, N. K., 1972, Drug effects upon behavior induced by second-order schedules of reinforcement. The relevance of ethological analyses, in “Schedule Effects: Drugs, Drinking, and Aggression” (R. M. Gilbert and J. D. Keehn, eds.), University of Toronto Press, Toronto, pp. 129–147.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Laboratory of Clinical Psychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, St. Elizabeth’s Hospital, William A. White Building, Washington, D.C., USA

    William J. Freed

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA

    Ronald F. Zec & Joseph Mendelson

Authors
  1. William J. Freed
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Ronald F. Zec
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joseph Mendelson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands

    Jan A. W. M. Weijnen

  2. University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA

    Joseph Mendelson

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Freed, W.J., Zec, R.F., Mendelson, J. (1977). Schedule-Induced Polydipsia: The Role of Orolingual Factors and a New Hypothesis. In: Weijnen, J.A.W.M., Mendelson, J. (eds) Drinking Behavior. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2319-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-2319-8_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-2321-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-2319-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation