Abstract
The electrolysis of organic compounds has been carried out for almost a century, but for a long time there was a rather limited understanding of the processes involved. Often, suggested reaction schemes were deduced only from a knowledge of the initial and final compositions of the electrolysed solution. Polarography has contributed more to the understanding of processes involved in the electrolysis of organic substances, than any other method.
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Bibliography
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P. Zuman: The polarography of barbituric acid derivatives III. Thiobarbituric acid derivatives. (in Czech) Chem. listy 48, 1006–1019 (1954); (in German) Collection 20, 649–61 (1955).
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P. Zuman, and J. Krupicka: Polarographie method for the study of reaction of periodic acid with glycols, (in Czech) Chem. listy 51, 424–32 (1957); (in English) Collection 23, 598–609 (1958).
P. Zuman: Polarographic determination of vitamins, (in German) Acta Chim. Acad. Sei. Hungary 9, 279–94 (1956).
P. Zuman: A simple modification of the Polarographie vessel (in Czech) Chem. listy 51, 993–95 (1957).
P. Zuman, J. Sicher, J. Krupicka, and M. Svoboda: Stereochemical studies VII. Oxidation of diastereoisomeric diols of the type RCH(OH)CH(OH)R by periodate. (in Czech) Chem. listy 51, 1068–81 (1957); (in English) Collection 23, 1237–51 (1958).
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P. Zuman: Polarographic study of biochemically important reactions, (in Czech) Farmacie 7, 84–88 (1958).
P. Zuman: Steric effects on the catalytic evolution of hydrogen in ammoniacal solutions of cobalt in the presence of threo- and erythro-phenylcystein. (in Czech) Chem. listy 52, 1349–50 (1958); (in German) Collection 24, 2027–29 (1959).
P. Zuman, and V. Cerny: Polarography of steroids III. Polarographic reduction of steroids containing an aldehydic group in position 18. (in Czech) Chem. listy 52, 1468–73 (1958); (in German) Collection 24, 1925–32 (1959). [8]
P. Zuman: Polarography of some aromatic compounds: sydnones and azulenes. (in German) Z. physikal Chemie (Leipzig): Sonderheft 1958, 243–267. [38]
P. Zuman, and M. Kuik: Influence of sulfur on catalytic waves in ammoniacal solutions of cobaltous salts, (in German) Naturwiss. 45, 541 (1958).
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P. Zuman: Steric effects in polarography. (in Czech) Chem. listy 53, 154–63 (1959); (in German) A eta Chem. Acad. Sei. Hungar. 18, 141–54 (1959).
E. Banyai, and P. Zuman: Polarographic behaviour of 4-amino-4-methoxyphenylamine (Variamin Blue), (in German) Collection 24, 522–25 (1959).
P. Zuman, and M. Kuik: Catalysis of hydrogen evolution in the presence of some sulfur derivatives of hydantoin and pyrimidine. (in German) Collection 24, 3861–80 (1959).
P. Zuman: Polarographic micro-analysis in reaction kinetics. Proc. Internat. Symposium Microchem., Birmingham 1958, Pergamon Press, 294–98 (1960).
P. Zuman: Polarography and structure of organic compounds. Proc. Internat. Symposium Microchem., Birmingham 1958, Pergamon Press, 299–304 (1960).
O. Manousek, and P. Zuman: Polarographic determination of pyridoxal and pyridoxal-5- phosphate, (in German) J. Electroanalyt. Chem. 1, 324–30 (1960).
P. Zuman: A study of the effect of structure on Polarographie behaviour of organic substances in Polarographie Institute of the Czechoslovak Academy of Science, (a review in Czech) Chem. listy 54, 1244–64 (1960); (in English) J. Polarograph. Soc. 7, 66–85 (1961).
P. Zuman: Quantitative treatments of substituent effects in polarography I. General equation for the relation between Polarographie half-wave potentials and the effects of substituents. Collection 25, 3225–44 (1960).
P. Zuman: Polarography of nonbenzenoid aromatic and related substances 11. The course of the reduction of sydnones at the dropping mercury electrode. Collection 25, 3245–51 (1960). [39]
P. Zuman: Polarography of nonbenzenoid aromatic and related substances III. The course of the reduction of N, N-polymethylene-bis-sydnones. Collection 25, 3252–64 (1960). [40]
P. Zuman: Polarography of nonbenzenoid aromatic and related substances IV. Polar effects of substituents in phenyl sydnones; an application of modified Hamrnett equation. Collection 25, 3256–70 (1960). [41]
G. Horn, and P. Zuman: Polarography of urea and thiourea derivatives XI. A note on polarography of some mercaptopurines. (in German) Collection 25, 3401–03 (1960).
P. Zuman, and V. Horac: Polarographic reduction of single carbon-nitrogen bond. Advances in Polarography, Proc. 2nd Internat. Congr. Polarograph., Cambridge 1959, Pergamon Press, 1960, p. 804–11.
P. Zuman: Influence of substituents in aliphatic and heterocyclic series. Advances in Polarography, Proc. 2nd Internat. Congr. Polarograph., Cambridge 1959, Pergamon Press, 1960, p. 812–28.
P. Zuman: Oscillographic and classical polarography. (in Czech) Chem. Zvesti 14, 869–72 (1960).
O. Manousek, and P. Zuman: Polarographic identification of the reactive form in the hydrolysis of pyridoxal-5-phosphate. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 44, 393–94 (1960).
V. Horak, and P. Zuman: Fission of activated carbon-nitrogen and carbon-sulphur bonds. Introductory remarks. Collection 26, 173–75 (1961). [21]
P. Zuman, and V. Horak: Fission of activated carbon-nitrogen and carbon-sulphur bonds I. Polarographic reduction of the single C - N bond. Collection 26, 176–92 (1961). [22]
P. Zuman: A general equation for the effect of substituents on half-wave potentials. Contributi teorici e sperimentali di polarografia 5, Ric. Sci. 30, 229–59 (1960).
P. Zuman: Application of polarography to the study of the structure of organic substances and intermediates, (a review in Czech) Chem. listy 55, 261–81 (1961); (in German) Z. phys. Chem. (Leipzig) 3, 161–71 (1963).
P. Zuman, J. Chodowski, and F. Santavy: Polarography of nonbenzenoid aromatic and related substances VII. A polarographic study of the acid-base properties of the tropylium ion. Collection 26, 380–91 (1961). [42]
P. Zuman, and O. Manousek: Polarographic study of the nonenzymatic hydrolysis of pyridoxal-5-phosphate. Collection 26, 2134–43 (1961).
P. Zuman, and J. Michl: Role of keto-enol tautomerism in polarographic reduction of some carbonyl compounds. Nature 192, 655–57 (1961). [17]
P. Zuman, and D. J. Voaden: Polarography of nonbenzenoid aromatic and related substances VI. Polarographic and spectrophotometry study of hindrance of coplanarity in 3-phenylsydnones. Tetrahedron 16, 130–38 (1961).
P. Zuman, and S. Wawzonek: Trends in organic polarography. Progress in Polarography (Ed. by P. Zuman and I. M. Kolthoff), Vol. I, p. 303–17, Interscience, New York 1962.
P. Zuman: Current trends in study of the influence of structure on the polarographic behaviour of organic substances. Progress in Polarography (Ed. by P. Zuman and I. M. Kolthoff), Vol. I, p. 319–32, Interscience, New York, 1962.
P. Zuman: Important factors in classical polarography. Progress in Polarography (Ed. by P. Zuman and I. M. Kolthoff), Vol. II, p. 583–600, Interscience, New York, 1962.
P. Zuman, and M. Brezina: Polarographic analysis in pharmacy. Progress in Polarography (Ed. by P. Zuman and I. M. Kolthoff), Vol. II, p. 687–701, Interscience, New York, 1962.
P. Zuman, and V. Horak: Fission of activated carbon-nitrogen and carbon-sulphur bonds II. Polarographic reduction of 3-aminoketones. Collection 27, 187–98 (1962). [11]
P. Zuman: Polarography of benzenoid halogen hydrocarbons and their derivatives, (a review in Czech) Chem. listy 56, 219–41 (1962).
O. Manousek, and P. Zuman: Direct polarographic determination of pyridoxal in the presence of pyridoxal-5-phosphate. Collection 27, 486–87 (1962). [7]
V. Horak, J. Michl, and P. Zuman: A contribution to the studies of elimination reactions of Mannich bases, using polarographic method. Tetrahedron Letters 21, 744–45 (1961).
V. Horak, and P. Zuman: Synthetic and polarographic studies in the 3-tropinone series. Tetrahedron Letters 21, 746–48 (1961).
P. Zuman: Application of polarography to organic chemistry. J. Electroanal Chem. 3, 157–68 (1962).
P. Zuman: Quantitative treatments of substituent effects in polarography. II. Free energy relationship in monocyclic heterocyclic series. Collection 27, 630–47 (1962).
P. Zuman: Quantitative treatments of substituent effects in polarography III. Substituents in ortho-position. Collection 27, 648–66 (1962).
P. Zuman, and J. Chodowski: Polarography of nonbenzenoid aromatic and related substances VIII. Adsorption processes during the electroreduetion of the tropylium ion. Collection 27, 759–74 (1962). [43]
P. Zuman, and H. Zinner: Polarography of tetroses and application of polarography in the study of cleavage of 1,1-bis-alkylsulphonyl- pentose-enes (1). (in German) Chem. Ber. 95, 2089–94 (1962).
P. Zuman: Quantitative treatments of substituent effects in polarography IV. Linear free energy relationships in quinoid series. Collection 27, 2035–57 (1962).
P. Zuman: Application of polarography in organic chemistry, (in Hungarian) Magyar Kemikusok Lapja 17, 8–11 1962).
P. Zuman: Polarography in functional group analysis. Analytical Chemistry 1962 (Proc. Feigl Anniv. Symp., Birmingham), p. 222–27, Elsevier, Amsterdam 1963.
P. Zuman, S. Tang: Fission of activated carbon-nitrogen and carbon-sulphur bonds III. Reduction of the C - SM bond in methyl butyl phenacylsulphonium perchlorate. Collection 28, 829–37 (1963). [24]
P. Zuman: Organic polarography, structure and linear free energy relationships. Review of Polarography (Japan) 11, 102–116 (1963).
S. Tang, and P. Zuman: A new type of maximum on the limiting current of the reduction wave of phenacylsulfonium ions. Collection 28, 1524–34 (1963). [25]
P. Zuman: Some techniques in organic polarography. Advances in Analytical Chemistry and Instrumentation (Ed. C. N. Reilley) Vol. 2, 219–53, Inter science-Wiley, New York (1963).
P. Zuman: Structure, linear free energy relationships and polarography. (in Russian) Correlation Equations in Organic Chemistry, Vol. 2, 3–25, Tartu State Univ., Tartu 1964.
S. I. idanov, and P. Zuman: Polarography of nonbenzenoid aromatic and related compounds IX. Reduction and hydrogen evolution catalysis in solutions of N-troponyl amino acids. Collection 29, 960–72 (1964).
A. Talvik, P. Zuman, and O. Exner: Studies on the inductive effect III. The kinetics of the reaction of substituted benzoic acids with diphenyldiazomethane. Collection 29, 1266–76 (1964).
O. Manousek, and P. Zuman: Polarographic study of the reaction of pyridoxal with hydroxylamine. Experientia 20, 301 (1964). [34]
O. Manousek, and P. Zuman: Polarography of pyridgxine and some of its derivatives. Collection 29, 1432–57 (1964). [26]
O. Manousek, and P. Zuman: Polarographic reduction of 2-(2-methyl-3-hydroxy-5-hydroxymethyl-4-pyridyl)thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid. Collection 29, 17–22 (1964). [27]
M. Fedorofiko, and P. Zuman: Polarography of urea and thiourea derivatives XIII. Kinetics of base catalysed decomposition of S-substituted thioureas in alkaline solution. Collection 29, 2115–23 (1964).
P. Carsky, P. Zuman, and V. Horak: Fissions of activated carbon-nitrogen and carbon-sulfur bonds V. Polarographic study of elimination of jS-morpholino propiophenone. Collection 29, 3044–56 (1964). [12]
P. Zuman, O. ManouSek, and V. Horak: Fission of activated carbon-nitrogen and carbon- sulphur bonds VI. Polarographic reduction of the C - N(+) bond in Oraminonitriles. Collection 29 2906–12 (1964). [23]
P. Zuman, and P. Carsky: Reaction kinetics of a reversible reaction which is coupled with two rapidly established equilibria. Z. Physikal. Chem. (Leipzig) 227, 278–80 (1964).
P. Zuman, and O. Exner: Oxime derivatives VIII. Polarographic reduction of O- and N-substituted oximes. Collection 30, 1832–52 (1965). [33]
P. Carsky, P. Zuman, and V. Horak: Fission of activated carbon-nitrogen and carbon-sulfur bonds VII. Kinetics of ketol formation from α, β-unsaturated ketones in alkaline media. Collection 30, 4316–36 (1965). [18]
P. Zuman: Recent trends in organic polarography. Proc. 3rd Internat. Polarograph. Congress, Southampton 1964, 687–710, MacMillan, London 1966.
P. Carsky, V. Horak, and P. Zuman: Polarographic study of the kinetics of elimination reaction of β-morpholino propiophenone. Organic Reaction Mechanisms. Chem. Soc. Spec. Publ. 19, 180–81 (1965).
O. Manousek, and P. Zuman: The polarographic and electrolytic reduction of the cyano group in substituted benzonitriles. Chemical Communs. 1965, 158.
I. Sestakov£, P. Zuman, and V. Horak: Fission of activated carbon-nitrogen and carbonsulphur bonds VIII. Elimination of β-piperidinoethyl phenyl sulphone methoiodide and reaction of phenyl vinyl sulphone with hydroxyl ions. Collection 31, 827–34 (1966). [15]
N. Kucharczyk, M. Adamovsky, V. Horak, and P. Zuman: Slowly established acid-base equilibrium in organic polarography: Tautometric changes between 3-thianaphthenone and 3-hydroxy thianaphthene. J. Electroanal. Chem. 10, 503–10 (1965). [16]
P. Zuman: Polarography of alicyclic compounds. Talanta 12, 1337–79 (1965).
P. Zuman: Application of polarography in organic analysis and in the solution of some fundamental problems of organic chemistry, (in German) Z. anal. Chem. 216, 151–64 (1966).
B. Fleet, and P. Zuman: Quantitative treatment of substituent effects in polarography V. Polarographic reduction of some semicarbazones. Collection 32, 2066–88 (1967). [32]
L. Suchomelova, J. Zyka, and P. Zuman: Effects of structure of the alkyl group on the polarographic waves corresponding to catalytic hydrogen evolution by organic sulphoxides. J. Electroanal Chem. 12, 194–98 (1966).
P. Zuman: Oxidation by chromic oxide. Complete kinetic treatment of the oxidation of secondary alcohols. Collection 32, 1610–13 (1967).
J. Kargin, O. Manousek, and P. Zuman: Polarographic behaviour of p-diacetylbenzene. An example of a compound with two electroactive centres. J. Electroanal. Chem. 12, 443–61 (1966). [9]
P. Zuman: Polarographic behaviour of organic substances bearing two electronegative groups. (in German) Z. anal. Chem. 224, 374–83 (1967).
I. Sestakova, V. Horak, and P. Zuman: Fission of activated carbon-nitrogen and carbon- sulphur bonds IX. Polarographic study of addition of primary amines to phenyl vinyl ketone. Collection 31, 3889–902 (1966). [13]
P. Zuman: Physical organic polarography. Progr. Physical Org. Chem. (Streitwiesser A. Jr., Taft R. W. Eds.) 5, 81–206 (1967).
P. Zuman: Polarography and reaction kinetics. Adv. Physical Org. Chem. (R. Gold, Ed.) 5, 1–52 (1967).
I. Janata, O. Schmidt, and P. Zuman: Application of analogue computers to the studies of reactions involving electrolytically generated reagent II. Treatment of consecutive and competitive reactions. Collection 31, 2344–59 (1966).
A. Bashar, A. Townshend, and P. Zuman: Polarographic evidence for the structure of the so-called phenylthiohydantoic acid. Chem. Commun. 1967, 901–2.
P. Zuman, and D. Barnes: Desorption of 3-phenylpropionaldehyde preceding polarographic reduction. Nature 215, 1269–70 (1967). [6]
P. Zuman: Preparative methods used in the elucidation of organic electrode processes. J. Pokrograph. Soc. 13, 53–70 (1967). [1]
P. Zuman: Some applications of polarography in organic chemistry. Mises au Point de Chim. Anal. Org. Pharm. Bromatol. 17, 219–28 (1968).
D. Barnes, R. Belcher, and P. Zuman: The use of submicroanalysis and flame ionization detecting gas-liquid chromatograph in the identification of electrolysis products at the dropping mercury electrode. Talanta 14, 1197 (1967).
D. J. Halls, A. Townshend, and P. Zuman: Polarography of some sulphur-containing compounds XII. Anodic waves of monoalkyldithiocarbamates and their reaction with heavy metals. Anal. Chem. Acta 40, 459–72 (1968).
D. J. Halls, A. Townshend, P. Zuman: Polarography of some sulphur-containing compounds. XIII. Anodic waves of dialkyldithiocarbamates. Anal. Chim. Acta 41, 51–62 (1968).
O. J. Halls, A. Townshend, and P. Zuman: Polarography of some sulphur-containing compounds XIV. Anodic waves of ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamates and their reactions with heavy metals. Anal. Chim. Acta 41, 63–74 (1968).
D. Barnes, and P. Zuman: Polarographic reduction of cinnamaldehyde; comparison with 3-phenyl-propionaldehyde and phenylpropaigylaldehyde. J. Electroanal. Chem. 16, 575–82 (1968). [19]
O. Manousek, O. Exner, and P. Zuman: Fission of activated carbon-nitrogen and carbon- sulphur bonds X. Polarographic reduction of substituted methyl phenyl sulphones. Collection 33, 3988–99 (1968). [28]
O. Manousek, O. Exner, and P. Zuman: Fission of activated carbon-nitrogen and carbon- sulphur bonds XI. Polarographic reduction of substituted benzene sulphonamides. Collection 33, 4000–07 (1968). [29]
P. Zuman: Polarographic reduction of aldehydes and ketones I. Course of the electrode process. Collection 33, 2548–59 (1968). [2]
P. Zuman, and B. Turcsanyi: Polarographic reduction of aldehydes and ketones II. pH-dependence of - polarographic limiting currents of aryl alkyl ketones governed by the rate of simultaneous reactions with several acids producing the electroactive species. Collection 33, 3090–96 (1968). [3]
P. Zuman, and B. Turcsanyi: Polarographic reduction of aldehydes and ketones III. Effects of alkyl groups in the side chain on the half-wave potentials of deoxybenzoins and some other alkyl aryl ketones. Collection 33, 3205–12 (1968). [4]
P. Zuman, O. Exner, R. F. Rekker, and W. Th. Nauta: Polarographic reduction of aldehydes and ketones IV. Linear free energy treatment of substituted benzophenones. Collection 33, 323–26 (1968). [5]
I. Sestakova, J. Pecka, and P. Zuman: Polarographic reduction of aldehydes and ketones V. 0-Ketosulphides. Collection 33, 3227–34 (1968). [14]
P. Zuman: Polarographic methods. Fast Reactions in Enzymology (Kustin, Ed.). Academic Press, New York 1969.
D. J. Halls, A. Townshend, and P. Zuman: Polarographic determination of some dithiocarbamates and their heavy metal complexes. Analyst 93, 219–23 (1968).
P. Zuman, D. Barnes, and A. Ryvolovä-Kejharova: Polarographie reduction of some carbonyl compounds. Disc. Faraday Soc. 45, 202–26 (1968).
D. Barnes, and P. Zuman: Polarographic determination of caesium in the presence of other alkali metals based on interaction with the cinnamaldehyde radical anion. Analyst 93, 589–94 (1968).
P. Zuman, O. Manousek, and S. K. Vig: Further examples of para- and orfAo-disubstituted benzene derivatives reduced in a reversible two-electron step into products of limited stability. Electroanal Chem. 19, 147–55 (1968). [10]
O. Manousek, P. Zuman, and O. Exner: Quantitative treatment of substituent effects in polarography VI. Polarographic reduction of benzonitriles m- and p-substituted with electronegative groups. Collection 33, 3979–87 (1968). [35]
P. Zuman, and O. Manousek: Fission of activated carbon-nitrogen and carbon-sulphur bonds XII. Polarographic reduction of substituted benzonitriles bearing in para-position a vcarbonyl group in acidic media. Collection 34, 1580–94 (1969). [36]
P. Carsky, and P. Zuman: The use of simple molecular orbital theory to elucidate the Polarographie behaviour of some para-substituted benzonitriles. Collection 34, 497–503 (1969). [37]
P. Zuman, and A. Ryvolova-Kejharova: Desorption preceding polarographic reduction of some acetophenone derivatives in alkaline media. Anal. Letters 1, 429–35 (1968).
B. Kakaf, K. Mnoucek, P. Zuman, M. Semonsky, V. Zikan, and A. Cerny: Substances with antineoplastic activity XXII. Spectral and polarographic properties of β-4-methoxy- benzoyl-β-bromo and β-chloroacrylic acids and related compounds. Collection 33, 1256–77 (1968).
P. Zuman: Polarography in organic chemistry. Fortschr. Chem. Forschg 12, 1–76 (1969).
D. Barnes, and P. Zuman: Polarographic reduction of aldehydes and ketones. Part 6. Behaviour of cinnamaldehyde at lower pH values. Trans. Faraday Soc. 65, 1668–80 (1969).
D. Barnes, and P. Zuman: Polarographic reduction of aldehydes and ketones. Part 7. Cinnamaldehyde at higher pH-values. Trans. Faraday Soc. 65, 1681–89 (1969).
P. Zuman: Polarography of biomolecules. J. Wiley (in press).
A. Ryvolova-Kejharova, and P. Zuman: Polarographic reduction of aldehydes and ketones VIII. Polarographic behaviour of chalcone and dihydrochalcone. J. Electroanal. Chem. 21, 197–219 (1969).
D. Barnes, and P. Zuman: Effect of pH on concentration of species present in aqueous solutions of carbonyl compounds affected by hydration - dehydration and keto-enol equilibria. Talanta 16, 975–93 (1969).
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Zuman, P. (1970). Introduction. In: Zuman, P. (eds) Topics In Organic Polarography. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1812-5_1
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