Abstract
This discussion will be concentrated almost exclusively on the toxic effects of microscopic algae, i.e., phytoplankton. Table I (1) shows a simplified diagramatic scheme of the interrelationship of algae and plankton. The form our contribution will take is not that of a report of an original laboratory study. Rather it will be a digestion and distillation of what has gone before, as seen from a medical perspective.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literature Cited
Schwimmer, M., and Schwimmer, D. 1955. The role of algae and plankton in medicine. Grune & Stratton, New York. 85 pp.
Nova Scotia Research Foundation. 1953. Utilization of seaweed. Bibliography No. 2. Utilization of algae. Halifax. [47] leaves. (Supersedes Bibliography No. 1, 1952.)
Nova Scotia Research Foundation. 1955. Selected bibliography on algae. No. 3. Halifax, [73] leaves.
Nova Scotia Research Foundation. 1958. Selected bibliography on algae. No. 4. Halifax, 109 pp.
Nova Scotia Research Foundation. 1960. Selected bibliography on algae. No. 5. Halifax, 220 pp.
Ingram, W. M., and Prescott, G. W. 1954. Toxic fresh-water algae. Midland Naturalist 52:75.
Davidson, F. F. 1959. Poisoning of wild and domestic animals by atoxic water- bloom of Nostoc rivulare Kütz. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 51:1277.
Brongersma-Sanders, M. 1948. The importance of upwelling water to vertebrate paleontology and oil geology. Verhandel. K. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Natuurkunde, Sect. 2, Deel 45, No. 4, p. 1.
Chamberlain, W. J. 1948. Effects of algae on water supply. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Department of Chemistry. Papers, Vol. 1, No. 29. 80 pp., 60 plates.
Simons, H. 1922. SaprophytischeOscillarien des Menschen und der Tiere [Saprophytic Oscillaria in man and animals]. Centralhl.f. Bakt. I. Abt. Originale. 88:501.
Langeron, M. 1923. LesOscillariees parasites du tube digestif de l’homme et des animaux [The parasitic Oscillatoriae in the digestive canal of man and animals]. Ann. de Parasit. 1(1):75.
Langeron, M. 1923. LesOsdllariees parasites du tube digestif de rhomme et des animaux [The parasitic Oscillatoriae in the digestive canal of man and animals]. Ann. de Parasit. 1(2): 113.
Valentin, G. 1836. Hygrocrocis intestinalis, eine auf der lebendigen und ungestört functionierenden Schleimhaut des Darmkanales vegetierende Conferve [Hygrocrocis intestinalis, a Conferva vegetating on the living, normally functioning mucosa of the intestinal canal]. In Repertorium für Anatomie und Physiologie, Berlin. Vol. 1, p. 110.
Leidy, J. 1904. Observations. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 4:225 (1849). Reprint: Smithsonian Misc. Collections. 46, No. 1477, p. 12.
Robin, C. P. 1853. Histoire naturelle des vögötaux parasites qui croissent sur l’homme et sur les animaux vivants [Natural history of plant parasites growing in man and live animals]. J. B. Bailliöre, Paris, pp. 359–360; 404–405.
Müller, R. 1911. Zur Stellung der Krankheitserreger im Natursystem [On the role of pathogens in nature]. München. Med. Wochschr. 58:2246.
Collin, B. 1912–1913. Sur un ensemble de protistes parasites des batraciens (note pröliminaire). d. Arthromitus batrachorum n. sp. [Preliminary note on the association of plant parasites and batraciens]. Arch, de zoologie exp. et gen. Notes et revue 51(3):63–64.
Chatton, E., and Pérard, C. 1913. Schizophytes du caecum du cobaye. I. Oscillospira Guilliermondi n.g., n. sp. [Schizophytes in the guinea pig cecum]. Compt. rend. soc. de biol. 74:1159.
Redaelli, P., and Ciferri, R. 1935. La acloriche coprofite del genere Prototheca algae of the genusPrototheca in animals in French: Pouvoir pathoglne pour les animaux des algues coprophytes achlor- iques du genrePrototheca. Observations sur les protothecaceae Pathogenicity of coprophytic achloric algae of the genus Prototheca in animals. Observations on protothecaceae]. Boll. sez. ital. soc. internal, microbiol. 7:316.
Newiadomski, M. M. 1937. Blastozystentumoren [Blastocyte tumors]. Zentralbl. F. Bankt. I. Abt. Originale 138:244.
Mariani, P. L. 1942. Ricerche sperimentali intorno ad alcune alghe parassite dell’uomo [Experimental researches on some parasitic algae of man]. Boll. soc. ital. di microbiol. 14:113.
Tiffany, L. H. 1935. Algae of bizarre abodes. Sci. Month. 40:541.
Tiffany, L. H. 1958. Algae, the grass of many waters. Second ed. C. C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. 199 pp.
Messikommer, E. 1948. Algennachweis in Entenexkrementen [Evidence of algae in duck feces]. Hydrobiologia, Acta Hydrobiologica 1:22.
Sieburth, J. M. 1959. Gastrointestinal microflora of antarctic birds. J. Bact. 77:521.
Francis, G. 1878. Poisonous Australian lake. Nature 18:11.
Porter, E. D. Investigations of supposed poisonous vegetation in the waters of some of the lakes of Minnesota. Dept. of Agric. Report 1881/86. Biennial Report of the Board of Regents, No. 4, Suppl. No. 1, p. 95.
Stalker, M. On the Waterville cattle disease. University of Minnesota, Dept. of Agric. Report 1881/86. Biennial Report of the Board of Regents, No. 4, Suppl. No. 1, p. 105.
Arthur, J. C. Second report on some algae of Minnesota supposed to be poisonous. University of lnnesota. Dept. of Agric. Report 1881/86. Biennial Report of the Board of Regents, No. 4, Suppl. No. 1, p. 109. Idem. Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. 3:97, 1885.
Nelson, N. P. B. 1903–1904. Observations upon some algae which cause "water bloom." Minnesota Bot. Studies 3:51. (Minnesota Geolog, and Nat. History Survey. Reports of Survey. Bot. Ser. VI.)
Fitch, C. P., et al. 1934. "Water bloom" as a cause of poisoning in domestic animals. Cornell Veterinarian 24:30. Idem. Paper No. 1248 Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.
Gortner, R. A. [On toxic water bloom]. Cited in J. E. Tilden 1935. The algae and their life relations. Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, p. 473.
Seydel E. 1913. Fischsterben durch Wasserblüte [Fish deaths due to water- bloom]. Mitt. Fischerei-Ver. Brandenburg n.s. 5(9):87.
Steyn, D. G. 1943. Poisoning of animals by algae on dams and pans. Farming in South Africa 18:489.
Steyn, D. G. 1944. Poisonous and non-poisonous algae (waterbloom, scum) in dams and pans. Farming in South Africa 19:465.
Steyn, D. G. 1944. Vergifting deur slyk (algae) op damme en panne [Poisoning by algae on dams and pans]. South African M. J. 18:378.
Steyn, D. G. 1945. Poisoning of animals by algae (scum or waterbloom) in dams and pans. Pretoria, Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agric. and Forestry. 9 pp.
Steyn, D. G. 1945. Poisoning of animals and human beings by algae. South Africa J. Sc. 41:243.
Stephens, E. L. 1948. Microcystis toxica sp. n.: a poisonous alga from the Transvaal and Orange Free State. (Summary of paper read May 16, 1945, Roy. Soc. of South Africa.) Hydrobiologia, Acta Hydrobiologica (The Hague) 1:14.
Stephens, E. L. 1949. Microcystis toxica sp. n.: a poisonous alga from the Transvaal and Orange Free State. (Read May 16, 1945.) Tr. Roy. Soc. South Africa 32(pt. 1):105.
Cotton, H. L. 1914. Algae poisoning. Am. J. Vet. Med. 9:903.
Náday, L. 1914. Az állóvizdk virágzása [Water-bloom of stagnant water]. Természettud. Közlöny (K. Magyar termeszettudomanyi tärsulat. Budapest) 46:432.
Gillam, W. G. 1925. The effect on live stock, of water contaminated with fresh water algae. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 67 (n.s. 20):780.
Howard, N. J., and Berry, A. E. 1933. Algal nuisances in surface waters. Canad. Pub. Health J. 24:377.
One hundred twenty seven hogs, 4 cows die after drinking water from [Big Stone] lake, stock stricken, last Saturday, all die in short time, lake water sent in for analysis. Wilmot Enterprise, Wilmot, S. Dak., Sept. 24, 1925.
Farmer tells some news [on stock poisoning in Big Stone Lake]. Wilmot Enterprise, Wilmot, S. Dak., Oct. 1, 1925.
Woodcock, E. F. 1927. Plants of Michigan poisonous to livestock. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 25:475.
Hindersson, R. 1933. Forgiftning av nötkreatur genon sötvattensplankton [Poisoning of cattle by fresh-water plankton]. Finsk. Vet. Tidskrift 39:179.
Prescott, G. W. 1933. Some effects of the blue-green algae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, on lake fish. Collecting Net, Woods Hole, Mass. 8:77.
Prescott, G. W. 1938. Objectionable algae and their control in lakes and reservoirs. Reprint: Louisiana Municipal Review, Shreveport, Vol. 1, Nos. 2 and 3 (July/August, Sept./Oct.).
Prescott, G. W. 1939. Some relationships of phytoplankton to limnology and aquatic biology. In Problems of lake biology. Publ. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sc. 10:65.
Prescott, G. W. 1948. Objectionable algae with reference to the killing offish and other animals. Hydrobiologia, Acta Hydrobiologica (The Hague) 1:1.
Prescott, G. W. 1951. Algae of the western Great Lakes area, exclusive of desmids and diatoms. Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Cranbrook Inst, of Science, 1951. (Cranbrook Inst, of Science. Bull. No. 31.) p. 44.
McLeod, J. A., and Bondar, G. F. 1952. A case of suspected algal poisoning in Manitoba. Canad. J. Pub. Health 43:347.
Deem, A. W., and Thorp, F. 1939. Toxic algae in Colorado. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 95:542.
Durrell, L. W., and Deem, A. W. 1940. Toxic algae in Colorado. J. Colorado- Wyoming Acad Sc. 2(6):18.
Berlin, R. 1948. Haff disease in Sweden. Acta Med. Scand. 129:560.
Louw, P. G. J. 1950. The active constituent of the poisonous algae. Microcystis toxica Stephens. With a note on experimental cases of algae poisoning in small animals, by J. D. Smit. South African Industrial Chemist 4:62.
Remer, F. Cited in Quin, A. H. 1943. Sheep poisoned by algae.J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 102:299.
Rose, E. T. 1953. Toxic algae in Iowa lakes. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sc. 60:738.
Firkins, G. S. 1953. Toxic algae poisoning. Iowa State College Veterinarian 15:151.
Mullor, J. B. 1945. Algas töxicas [Toxic algae]. Rev. Sanidad, Asistencia Social y Trabajo (Santa Fi, Argentina) 1:95.
Mullor, J. B., and Wachs, A. M. 1948. Algunas caracteristicas del alga toxica "Anabaena venenosa" [Some characteristics of toxic alga "Anabaena venen- osa"]. Congreso Sudamericano de Quimica, 4th. Trabajos presentados, 1948, 1:326–327.
Mackenthun, K. M., Herman, E. F., and Bartsch, A. F. 1948. A heavy mortality of fishes resulting from the decomposition of algae in the Yahara River, Wisconsin. Tr. Am. Fisheries Soc. 75:175 (1945).
Olson, T. A. 1949. History of toxic plankton and associated phenomena. Algae- laden water causes death of domestic animals; nature of poison. Sewage Works Engineering 20(2):71.
Olson, T. A. 1951. Toxic plankton. Proc. Inservice Training Course in Water Works Problems, Univ. of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, p. 86.
Olson, T. A. 1952. Toxic plankton. Water and Sewage Works 99:75.
Olson, T. A. 1960. Water poisoning—a study of poisonous algae blooms in Minnesota. (Laboratory section abstracts of papers presented at 87th Annual Meeting, 1959.) Am. J. Pub. Health 50:883.
Oliveiro, L. de, Nascimento, R. do, Krau, L., and Miranda, R. 1956. Diagnós- tico biológico das mortandades de peixes na Lagoa Ridrogo de Freitas; nota prévia [Biological diagnosis of the mortality of fish in the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon; preliminary notes]. Brasil Med. 70:125.
Oliveiro, L. de, Nascimento, R. do, Krau, L., and Miranda, R. 1957. Observa- cões hidrobiologicas e mortandade de peixas na Lagoa de Freitas [Hydrobiologie observations and the mortality of fish in the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon]. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 55:211.
Bailey, J. W. 1959. Algae can poison cattle. Jersey J. 6:5.
Brandenburg, T. O., and Shigley, F. M. 1947. "Water bloom" as a cause of poisoning in livestock in North Dakota. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 110:384.
Barnum, D. A., Henderson, J. A., and Steward, A. G., 1950. Algae poisoning in Ontario. Milk Producer 25:312.
Stewart, A. G., Barnum, D. A., and Henderson, J. A. 1950. Algal poisoning in Ontario. Canad. J. Comp. Med. 14:197.
MacKinnon, A. F. 1950. Report on algae poisoning. Canada J. Comp. Med. 14:208.
Scott, R. M. 1952. Algal toxins. Public Works 83:54.
O’Donoghue, J. G., and Wilton, G. S. 1951. Algal poisoning in Alberta. Canad. J. Comp. Med, 15:193.
Shelubsky (Shilo), M. 1950. Observations on the properties of a toxin produced by Microcystis. Internat. Assoc. Theoret. and Applied Limnology. (11th International Limnological Congress, Brussels, 1950.) Proceedings 11:362.
Shilo (Shelubsky), M., and Aschner, M. 1953. Factors governing the toxicity of cultures containing phytoflagellate Prymnesium pgrvum Carter. J. Gen. Microbiol. 8:333.
Vinberg, G. G. 1955. Toxic phytoplankton.Translated from: Uspekhi Sovr. Biologii 38, 2(5):216. (National Research Council of Canada. Technical Translation TT-549.) Ottawa. 25 leaves.
Dillenberg, H. O. 1959. Toxic waterbloom in Saskatchewan. Presented before the 14th Annual Meeting INCDNCM, August 26–29, 1959, at Washington State College, Pullman, Washington.
Dillenberg, H. O., and Dehnel, M. K. 1960. Toxic waterbloom in Saskatchewan, 1959. Canad. M. 83:1151.
Dillenberg, H. O., and Dehnel, M. K. 1961. "Waterbloom poisoning." Fast and "slow death" factors isolated from blue-green algae at Canadian N R C Laboratories. World-Wide Abstr. Gen. Med. 4 (No. 4):20.
Dillenberg, H. O. 1961. Case reports of algae poisoning. Personal communication.
Dillenberg, H. O. 1962. Case reports of algae poisoning. Personal communication.
Water made children ill. 1959. Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, Saskatoon, Canada, July 22, 1959.
There is no ground for an algae scare. 1959. Qu’Appelle Lake tourist trade falls off. The Leader-Post, Regina, Canada, July 20, 1959 and July 21, 1959.
Senior, V. E. 1960. Algal poisoning in Saskatchewan. Canad. J. Comp. Med. 24:26.
Mason, M. F., and Wheeler, R. E. 1942. Observations upon the toxicity of blue-green algae (Am. Soc. Biol. Chemists. 36th Ann. Meeting, Boston). Fed. Proc. 1(12): 124.
Wheeler, R. E., Lackey, J. B., and Schott, S. 1943. A contribution on the toxicity of algae. Pub. Health Rep. 57:1695 (Nov. 6, 1942). Abstract in: J. Am. Vet. Med Assoc. 102:230.
Ashworth, C. T., and Mason, M. F. 1946. Observations on the pathological changes produced by a toxic substance present in blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa). Am. J. Path. 22:369.
Grant, G. A. 1953. Toxic algae. 1. Development of toxicity in blue-green algae. Canada. Defence Research Board. Defence Research Chemical Laboratories. Report No. 124. Project No. D52–20-20–18. Ottawa. 11 leaves.
Grant, G. A., and Hughes, E. O. 1953. Development of toxicity in blue-green algae. Canad. J. Pub. Health 44:334.
Mclvor, R. A., and Grant, G. A. 1955. Toxic algae. II. Preliminary attempts to prepare toxic extracts. Canada. Defence Research Board. Defence Research Chemical Laboratories. Rep. No. 190. Project No. D52–20-20–18. Ottawa. 7 leaves.
Chaput, M., and Grant, G. A. 1958. Toxic algae. III. Screening of a number of species. Canada. Defence Research Board. Defence Research Laboratories. Report No. 279, Project No. D52–20-20–18. Ottawa. 6 leaves.
Thomson, W. K., Laing, A. C., and Grant, G. A. 1957. Toxic algae. IV. Isolation of toxic bacterial contaminants. Canada. Defence Research Board.406 Schwimmer and Schwimmer Defence Research Kingston Laboratory. Report No. 51. Project No. D52–20- 20–18. Ottawa. 9 leaves.
Thomson, W. K. Toxic Algae. V. Study of toxic bacterial contaminants. Canada. Defence Research Board. Defence Research Kingston Laboratory. Report No. 63. Project No. 63. Project No. D52–20-20–18.
Hughes, E. O., Gorham, P. R., and Zehnder, A. 1958. Toxicity of unialgal culture of Microcystis aeruginosa. Canad. J. Microb. 4:225.
Zehnder, A., Hughes, E. O., and Gorham, P. R. 1956. Giftige Blaualgen. [Toxic blue algae]. Abstract. Verh. Schweiz. Naturforsch. Ges. 136:126.
Bishop, C. T., Anet, E. F. L. J., and Gorham, P. R. 1959. Isolation and identification of the fast-death factor in Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1. Canad. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:453.
Davidson, F. F. 1959. Effects of extracts of blue-green algae on pigment production by Serratia marcescens. J. Gen. Microbiol. 20:605.
Gorham, P. R. 1960. Toxic waterblooms of blue-green algae. Canad. Vet. Jour. 1:235.
Gorham, P. R. Laboratory studies on the toxins produced by waterblooms of blue-green algae. Read to the Laboratory Sect. Am. Pub. Health Assoc., Annual Meeting, Detroit, Mich., Nov. 14, 1961. Accepted for publication by Am. J. Pub. Health.
Fink, H., Schlie, L, and Herold, E. 1954. Über die Eiweissqualität einzelliger Grünalgen und ihre Beziehung zur alimentären Lebernekrose der Ratte. XI [On the protein quality of unicellular green algae and its relation to alimentary liver necrosis of the rat. Xl]. Naturwissenschaften 41:169.
Fink, H., and Herold, E. 1957. Über die Eiweissqualität einzelliger Grünalgen und ihre Lebernekrose verhütende Wirkung. II [On the protein quality of unicellular green algae and its preventive action in necrosis of the liver]. Hoppe Seyler’s Z. f Physiol. Chem. 307:202.
Fink, H., and Herold, E. 1958. Über die Eiweissqualität einzelliger Grünalgen und ihre Lebernekrose verhütende Wirkung. III. Über den Einfluss des Trocknens auf das diätetische Verhalten der einzelligen ZuchtalgeScenedesmus obliquus. [On the protein quality of unicellular green algae and its preventive action in necrosis of the liver. III. On the effect of drying on the dietetic behavior of the unicellular cultured alga Scenedesmus obliquus]. Hoppe Seyler’s Z.f Physiol. Chem. 311:13.
Arakawa, S., et al. 1960. Experimental breeding of white leghorn with Chlorella-addQd combined feed. Japan. J. Exp. Med. 30(3): 185.
Arakawa, S., et al. 1960. Experimental breeding of mice with Chlorella-added combined feed and their resisting power against dysentery bacilli. Yokohama Med. Bull. 11:186.
Redaelli, P., and Ciferri, R. 1935. Une nouvelle hypothese sur la nature du Blastocystis hominis [A new hypothesis concerning the nature of Blastocystis hominis]. Boll. sez. itai soc. internaz. microbiol. 7:321.
Redaelli, P., and Ciferri, R. 1936. Argomenti a favore di una sistemazione del genere "Blastocystis" nelle Algae [Arguments for classification of genus "Blastocystis" with algae]. Boll. ist. sieroterap. milanese 15:154.
Redaelli, P., and Cifferi, R. 1940. Ulteriori osservazioni su Blastocystis della rana e conferma della natura e posizione sistematica del’alga [Further observations on Blastocystis of the frog and confirmation of the nature and systematic position of the alga]. Mycopathologia 2:239.
Ciferri, R. 1961. Algheosi [Algoses]. Enciclopedia Medica Italiana. Aggi- ornamento. Venezia, Roma, Istituto per la Collaborazione Culturale, Vol. 1, p. 140.
Davidson, F. F. 1961. Personal communicationre tumor formation.
Davidson, F. F. 1962. Personal communicationre tumor formation.
Robertson, W. v. B., and Schwartz, B. 1953. Ascorbic acid and the formation of collagen. J. Biol. Chem. 201:689.
Robertson, W. v. B., and Hinds, H. 1956. Polysaccharide formation in repair tissue during ascorbic acid deficiency. J. Biol Chem. 221:791
Williams, G. 1957. A histological study of the connective tissue reaction to carrageenin. J. Path. Bact. 73:557.
Nante, L. 1957. Azione dell’ ACTH e del prednisolone sul granuloma speri- mentale da caragenina [Action of ACTH and of prednisolone on experimental carrageenin granuloma]. Pathologica 49:547.
Jackson, D. S. 1957. Connective tissue growth stimulated by carrageenin. 1. The formation and removal of collagen. Biochem. J. 65:277.
Slack, H. G. B. 1958. Connective tissue growth stimulated by carrageenin. 3. The nature and amount of polysaccharide produced in normal and scorbutic guinea pigs and the metabolism of a chondroitin sulphuric acid fraction. Biochem. J. 69:125.
Robertson, W. B., Hiwett, J., and Herman, C. 1959. The relation of ascorbic acid to the conversion of proline to hydroxyproline in the synthesis of collagen in the carrageenin granuloma. J. Biol. Chem. 234:105.
Benitz, K. F., and Hall, L. M. 1959. Local morphological response following a single subcutaneous injection of carrageenin in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 102:442.
Fisher, E. R., and Paar, J. 1960. Carrageenin granuloma in the guinea pig and rat. I. Effect of hydrocortisone, estradiol and mast cell depletion on its histological and histochemical features. Arch. Path. 70:565.
Paronetto, F., et al. 1962. Experimental focal fibrosis of liver produced by carrageenin or quartz; evolution of the lesion and influence of cortisone. Lab. Invest. 11:70.
Devlin, J. C. 1961. Mystery ailment kills Bronx fish. New York Times, May 8, p. 43.
Death of fish here puzzles park men. 1962. New York Times, July 29, p. 49.
Haff, J. O. 1961. Jersey wildlife hit by botulism. Waterfowl and marsh birds dying by thousands in Hackensack area. New York Times, Sept. 20, p. 31.
Huntsman, A. G. 1946. Heat stroke in Canadian maritime stream fishes. J. Fisheries Res. Board Canada 6:416.
Bailey, R. M. 1955. Differential mortality from high temperature in a mixed population of fishes in southern Michigan. Ecology 36:526.
Hecht, H. H., et al. 1959. Brisket disease. Tr. Assoc. Am. Physicians 72:157.
Newson, I. E. 1915. Cardiac insufficiency at high altitude. Am. J. Vet. Med. 10:837.
Glover, G. H., and Newson, L. E. 1918. Further studies on brisket disease. J. Agric. Res. 15:409.
Cuba Caparo, A., and Copairay Elmodela Vega, M. 1955. Mai de montana cronico en vacunos (Brisket disease) [Chronic mountain sickness in cattle]. Ann. Fac. de med. Lima 38:222.
Alexander, A. F., and Jensen, R. 1959. Gross cardiac changes in cattle with high mountain (brisket) disease in experimental cattle maintained at high altitudes. Am. J. Veterinary Res. 20:680.
Hecht, H. H., et al. 1962. Brisket disease. II. Clinical features and hemodynamic observations in altitude-dependent right heart failure of cattle. Am. J. Med. 32:171.
Suit, R. F. 1949. Parasitic diseases of citrus in Florida. Florida, Univ., Agr. Expt. Stas. (Gainesville), Bull. No. 463. 112 p
Insalata, N. F. 1952. Balking algae in beverage water. Food Engineering 24:72.
Lamcke, K., and Kühn, R. 1936. Discoloration of wall tile by plant organisms. Chem. Abstr. 30:1194.
Kasparek, B. 1936. Beiträge zur Diagnose des Ertrinkungstodes durch den Nachweis von Planktonorganismen in Lunge und Duodenum [Contributions to diagnosis of death by drowning through evidence of plankton organisms in the lung and duodenum]. Deutsche Ztschr. ges. gerichtl Med. 27:132.
Buhtz, G., and Burkhardt, W. 1938. Die Feststellung des Ertränkungsortes aus dem Diatomeenbefund der Lungen [Determination of place of drowning by evidence of diatoms in the lung]. Deutsche Z. ges. gerichtl. Med. Originalien 29:469.
Incze, G. 1942. Fremdkörper in Blutkreislauf Ertrunkener [Foreign bodies in the blood stream of drowned persons]. Zentr. Allg. Path. 79:176
Tamaska, L. 1950. Vizihulläk esontvelöjének diatom-taratalmáró [On the diatom content of the bone marrow of drowned persons]. Orvosi Hetilap 90:509. English abstract in: Excerpta Med. (Sect. V) 3:153.
Naeve, W. 1956. Zur praktischen gerichtsmedizinischen Anwendung des Diatomeennachweises im "grossen Kreislauf" [Practical medico-legal aspects of diatoms in the vascular system]. Deutsche Z. ges. gerichtl. Med. 45:364.
Einbrodt, H. J. 1957. Der phasenmikroskopische Nachweis von Diatomeen in Lungen [Phase microscopic evidence of diatomeae in lungs]. Deutsche Z. ges. gerichtl. Med. 46:235.
Tamaska, L. 1961. Über den Diatomeennachweis im Knochenmark der Wasserleichen [Demonstration of diatoms in the bone marrow following death by drowning]. Deutsche Z. ges. gerichtl. Med. 51:398–403. Also Über den Diatomeennachweis im Knochenmark der Wasserleichen [Demonstration of diatoms in the bone marrow following death by drowning]. Zacchia, Ser. 2, 24:263.
Weber, A. Etude sur les algues parasites des paresseux [Study on parasitic algae in sloths]. Natuurk. Verhandel, Holland. Maatsch. Wetensch., Haarlem, Ser. 3, 5, part 1, p. 1.
Harper, R. M. 1950. Algae on animals: a bibliographical note. Ecology 31:303.
U. S. Public Health Service. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati. Algae in water supplies, by C. M. Palmer. Wash., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1959. 88 p. (U.S. Public Health Service. Publ. 657.)
Farre, A. 1844. On the minute structure of certain substances expelled from the human intestine, having the ordinary appearance of shreds of lymph, but consisting entirely of filaments of a Confervoid type, probably belonging to the genus Oscillatoria. Tr. Roy. Microscop. Soc., London 1:92. Idem. In Kuchenmeister, G. F. H. 1857. On animal and vegetable parasites of the human body. Transl. from the 2nd German edit, by E. Lankaster. Sydenham Soc., London. Vol. 2, p. 264.
Küchenmeister, G. F. H. 1855. Oscillaria intestini. In his Die in und an dem Körper des lebenden Menschen vorkommenden Parasiten. 2. Abt. Die pflanzlichen Parasiten. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, p. 26.
Küchenmeister, G. F. H. 1857. Oscillaria intestini. In his On animal and vegetable parasites of the human body. Transl. from the 2nd German edit, by E. Lankaster. Sydenham Soc., London. Vol. 2, p. 136.
Hallier, E. 1886. Oscillaria intestini. In his Die pflanzlichen Parasiten des menschlichen Körpers. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, p. 100.
Ashford, B. K., Ciferri, R., and Dalmau, L. M. 1930. A new species oi Proto- theca and a variety of the same isolated from the human intestine. Arch. f. Protistenkunde 70:619.
Tisdale, E. S. 1931. Epidemic of intestinal disorders in Charleston, W. Va., occurring simultaneously with unprecedented water supply conditions. Am. J. Pub. Health 21:198.
Tisdale, E. S. 1931. The 1930–1931 drought and its effect upon public water supply. Am. J. Pub. Health 21:1203.
Veldee, M. V. 1931. An epidemiological study of suspected water-borne gastroenteritis. Am. J. Pub. Health 21:1227.
Spencer, R. R. 1930. Unusually mild recurring epidemic simulating food infection. Pub. Health Rep. 45:2867.
Nelson, T. C. 1941. Discussion of "Algae control" paper presented by W. D. Monie, 1941, at the New Jersey Section Meeting. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 33:716.
Taylor, H. F. 1917. A mortality of fishes on the west coast of Florida. Science 48:367.
Taylor, H. F. 1917. Mortality of fishes on the west coast of Florida. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. 1917, App. III. 24 pp.
Lund, E. J. 1934–1935. Some facts relating to the occurrences of dead and dying fish on the Texas coast during June, July and August, 1935. Ann. Rep. Texas Game, Fish, Oyster Comm. 1934–35, p. 47.
Heise, H. A. 1949. Symptoms of hay fever caused by algae. J. Allergy 20:383.
Heise, H. A. 1951. Symptoms of hay fever caused by algae. II. Mycrocystis. Ann. Allergy 9:100.
Gunter, G., Smith, F. G. W., and Williams, R. H. 1947. Mass mortality of marine animals on the lower west coast of Florida, November 1946-January 1947. Science 105:256.
Gunter, G., et al. 1948. Catastrophic mass mortality of marine animals and coincident phytoplankton bloom on the west coast of Florida, November 1946-August 1947. Ecol. Monogr. 18:309.
Galtsoff, P. S. 1949. The mystery of the red tide. Sci. Month. 68:109.
Hutner, S. H., and McLaughlin, J. J. A. 1958. Poisonous tides. Sei. Amer. 199(2):92.
Woodcock, A. H. 1948. Note concerning human respiratory irritation associated with high concentrations of plankton and mass mortality of marine organisms. J. Marine Res. 7(1):56.
Ingle, R. M. 1954. Irritant gases associated with red tide. University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. Marine Laboratory. Special Service Bull. No. 9. 4 pp.
Sams, W. M. 1949. Seabather’s eruption. Arch. Dermat. Syph. 60:227.
Ayres, S. 1949. Discussion of W. M. Sams’ Seabather’s eruption. Arch. Dermat. Syph. 60:236.
Hardin, F. F. 1961. Seabather’s eruption. J.M.A. Georgia 50:450.
Cohen, S. G., and Reif, C. B. 1953. Cutaneous sensitization to blue-green algae. J. Allergy 24:452.
Grauer, F. H. 1959. Dermatitis escharotica caused by a marine alga. Hawaii Med. J. 19:32.
Grauer, F. H., and Arnold, H. L. 1961–1962. Seaweed dermatitis; first report of a dermatitis-producing marine alga. Arch. Dermat. 84:720. Abstracts in J. A. M. A. 178:194; Modern Med. 30:138.
Banner, A. H. 1959. A dermatitis-producing alga in Hawaii; preliminary report. Hawaii Med. J. 19:35.
De Almeida, F., Forattini, O., and da Silva Lacaz, C. 1946. Consideracoes sobre tres casos de micoses humanas, de cujas lesoes foram isoladas ao lado dos cogumelos responsaveis, algas provavalmente do generoChlorella [Observations on three cases of human mycosis in which algae of the genus Chlorella, in addition to the causative mycotic organisms, were isolated from the lesions]. Ann. Fac. de med. da Univ. de Sao Paulo 22:295.
McDowell, M. E., et al. 1960. Algae feeding in humans: acceptability, digestibility and toxicity. (44th Ann. Meeting Fed. Amer. Soc. Exp. Biol., Chicago. 1960. Abstracts) Fed. Proc. 19(10):319.
Powell, R. C., Nevels, E. M., and McDowell, M. E. 1961. Algae feeding in humans. J. Nutrit. 75(1):7.
Algae, fish flour, chemical diets tested for therapy, space travel. Scope Weekly, Kalamazoo, Mich., May 4, 1960.
Meyer, K. P., Sommer, H., and Schoenholz, P. 1928. Mussel poisoning. Prev. Med 2:365.
Sommer, H., and Meyer, K. F. 1935. Mussel poisoning. California and West. Med 42:423.
Sommer, H., and Meyer, K. F. 1937. Paralytic shell-fish poisoning. Arch. Path. 24:560.
McFarren, E. F., et al. 1956. Public health significance of paralytic shell-fish poison: a review of literature and unpublished research. Proc. Natl Shellfish- eries Assoc. 47:114.
Covell, W. P., and Whedon, W. F. 1937. Effects of the paralytic shell-fish poison on nerve cells. Arch. Path. 24:411.
Sapeika, N. 1953. Actions of mussel poison. Arch. Internat, de pharmacodyn. et de therap. 93:135.
Porge, J. F. 1952. Les nephropathies d’origine alimentaire [Nephropathies of alimentary origin]. Bull, et mim. soc. mid. Paris 156:39.
Dérot, M. 1952. La nephrite apres ingestion des moules, role de I’allergie Nephritis after ingestion of mussels, role of allergy]. Presse med. 60:316.
Sommer, H., et al. 1937. Relation of paralytic shell-fish poison to certain plankton organisms of the genus Gonyaulax. Arch. Path. 24:537.
Randall, J. E. 1958. A review of Ciguatera, Tropical Fish Poisoning, with a tentative explanation of its cause. Bull. Marine Science of the Gulf and Carribean 8(3):236.
Halstead, B. W., and Lively, W. M. 1954. Poisonous fishes and ichthyosarco- toxism. U. S. Armed Forces Med. J. 5:157.
Habekost, R. C., Eraser, L M., and Halstead, B. W. 1955. Observations on toxic marine algae. J. Washington Acad. Sc. 45:101.
Jeddeloh, B. Z. 1939. Haffkrankheit [Haff disease]. Erg. inn. Med 57:138.
Laskin, V. E. 1948. Kistorii vozniknoveniya i izucheniya yuksovskoy (gaffskoy) bolezni [Study of the history and origin of Yuksov (Haff) disease]. Gigiena i Sanitariya, No. 10, p. 44.
Basharina, A. A., and Kurochkina, Z. V. 1949. Gaffskaya (yuksovskaya) bolezn v Karelo-Finskoy SSR [Haff (Yuksov) disease in the Karelian-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic]. Gigienai Sanitariya, No. 2, p. 31.
Laskin, V. E. 1939. Yuksovskaya bolezn [Yuksov (Haff) disease]. Sovetskii Vrach. Jurnal, No. 9, p. 501.
Reed, R. J., Smith, J. L., and Sternberg, W. H. 1961. Granulomas induced by surgical lubricating jelly. Am. J. Clin. Pathol 36:41.
Gafford, R. D., and Craft, C. E. 1959. A photosynthetic gas exchanger capable of providing for the respiratory requirement of small animals. School of Aviation Medicine, USAF, Randolph AFB, Texas. Report 58–124.
Wilks, S. S. 1957. Algae hazard found facing space travel. Aviation Week 67:65.
Wilks, S. S. 1959. Carbon monoxide in green plants. Science 129:964.
Bowman, R. O., and Thomae, F. W. 1961. Long-term nontoxic support of animal life with algae. Science 134:55.
[McGuire, in] The Geogens of Cholera. Sciences (N. Y. Acad. Sc.), Vol. 1, No. 17, Feb. 1, 1962.
Reimann, H. A. 1962. Infectious diseases; annual review of significant publications. Arch. Intern. Med. 109:76.
Cockburn, T. A., and Cassanos, J. G. 1960. Epidemiology of endemic cholera. Pub. Health Rep. 75:791.
Ryther, J. H. 1954. Inhibitory effects of phytoplankton upon the feeding of Daphnia magna with reference to growth, reproduction, and survival. Ecology 35:522.
Landers, H. 1956. Weather aspects of Tallahassee polio-like outbreak. J. Florida Med. Assoc. 43:355.
Montreal priest links polio with prevailing air currents. Med. Tribune, 1960.
Nigrelli, R. F. 1962. Antimicrobial substances from marine organisms. (Sect, of Biol, and Med. Sc., New York Acad. Sc., Feb. 12, 1962.) Tr. New York Acad. Sc., Ser. 2, 24(5):496.
Rusk, H. 1961. Research in the seas. II. Informal inquiry suggests possibility conch diet may lower the polio rate. New York Times, Feb. 5, p. 57.
CO., tension found polio-damage factor. Med. Tribune, March 12, 1962.
Wallace, E. C. 1958. Infectious hepatitis: report of an outbreak, apparently water-borne. Med. J. Australia 45:101.
Roth, L. M., and Willis, E. R. 1960. The biotic associations of cockroaches. Smithsonian Institution. Miscellaneous Collections. 141.
Hillis, W. D. 1961. An outbreak of infectious hepatitis among chimpanzee handlers at a United States Air Force Base. Am. J. Hyg. 73:316.
Mason, J. O., and McLean, W. R. 1962. Infectious hepatitis traced to the consumption of raw oysters. Am. J. Hyg. 75:90.
Sullivan, W. 1961. Hepatitis traced to an oysterman. Many recent cases tracked to river in Mississippi. New York Times, Nov. 19.
Dougherty, W. J., and Altman, R. 1962. Viral hepatitis in New Jersey. Am. J. Med. 32:704.
Davis, H. C. 1953. On food and feeding of larvae of the American oyster, C. Virginica. Biol. Bull. 104:334.
Davis, H. C., and Chanley, P. E. 1955. Effects of some dissolved substances on bivalve larvae. Proc. Natl. Shellfisheries Assoc. 46:59.
Gurevich, F. A. 1949. Sinezelenye vodorosli i embriony presnovodnykh jivotnykh [Blue-green algae in embryos of limnetic animals]. Dokladv Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. N. S. 68:939.
Goryunova, S. V. 1955. Yavlenie khishchnichestva u sinezelenykh vodorosley [Occurrence of carnivorous blue-green algae]. Mikrobiologiya 24:211.
Weaver, P. J. 1960. A report of the latest research work investigating the effects of household detergents in water and sewage. Reprint: Water & Sewage Works, Dec. 1960.
Indestructible detergents. Sci. Amer. 201:89, Dec. 1959.
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (progressive motor neurone disease), an epidemiological study; an exhibit at the Meeting of the American Medical Association, Atlantic City, June 6–10, 1955, by U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, 1955. Govt. Print. Off., Wash. 4 pp.412 Schwimmer and Schwimmer
Guam Revisited—Neurological Aspects. 1962. (Based on a paper presented by R. S. Schwab at the 630th meeting, Boston Society of Psychiatry and Neurology, May 18, 1961.)New England J. Med. 266:262.
Cruickshank, E. K. 1960. (Univ. College, Kingston, Jamaica.) Personal communication.
One-hundred Seven "Nightmare Deaths" Still Mystery in Hawaii. New York Herald Tribune, Feb. 19, 1956.
Kriss, A. E., et al. O vliyanii microorganizmov na beton gidrotekhnicheskikh soorujeniy [The effect of microorganisms on the concrete of hydrotechnical constructions].
Myers, H. C. 1947. The role of algae in corrosion. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 38:322.
Doell, B. C. 1954. Effect of algae-infested water on the strength of concrete. J. Am. Concrete Inst. 26:333.
Isachenko, V. 1936. The corrosion of concrete. Dokl. Acad. Sei. U.S.S.R., Moscow, No. 7, pp. 287–289.
Oborn, E. T., and Higginson, E. C. 1954. Biological corrosion of concrete. Joint report by the Field Crops Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, U. S. Dept. of Agric.; and Bureau of Reclamation, U. S. Dept. of Interior. (Laboratory Report no. C-735, Engineering Laboratories, Office of Assistant Commissioner and Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.) January 15, 1954. 8 pp., 5 plates.
Peyer, B. 1945. Über Algen und Pilze in tierischen Hartsubstanzen [On algae and fungi in hard animal substances]. Arch. Julius Klaus Stift. Vererbungsforsch. 20(Suppl.):496.
Zipkin, L 1961. Chemical agents affecting experimental caries. J.A.M.A. 177:310.
Ringer, W. C., and Campbell, S. J. 1955. Use of chlorine dioxide for algae control at Philadelphia. J. Am. Water Works. Assoc. 740.
Moore, G. T. 1900. Algae as a cause of the contamination of drinking water. Am. J. Pharm. 72:25.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1964 Plenum Press
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Schwimmer, D., Schwimmer, M. (1964). Algae and Medicine. In: Jackson, D.F. (eds) Algae and Man. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1719-7_17
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1719-7_17
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1721-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1719-7
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive