Skip to main content

Algae and Medicine

  • Chapter

Abstract

This discussion will be concentrated almost exclusively on the toxic effects of microscopic algae, i.e., phytoplankton. Table I (1) shows a simplified diagramatic scheme of the interrelationship of algae and plankton. The form our contribution will take is not that of a report of an original laboratory study. Rather it will be a digestion and distillation of what has gone before, as seen from a medical perspective.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Literature Cited

  1. Schwimmer, M., and Schwimmer, D. 1955. The role of algae and plankton in medicine. Grune & Stratton, New York. 85 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Nova Scotia Research Foundation. 1953. Utilization of seaweed. Bibliography No. 2. Utilization of algae. Halifax. [47] leaves. (Supersedes Bibliography No. 1, 1952.)

    Google Scholar 

  3. Nova Scotia Research Foundation. 1955. Selected bibliography on algae. No. 3. Halifax, [73] leaves.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Nova Scotia Research Foundation. 1958. Selected bibliography on algae. No. 4. Halifax, 109 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Nova Scotia Research Foundation. 1960. Selected bibliography on algae. No. 5. Halifax, 220 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ingram, W. M., and Prescott, G. W. 1954. Toxic fresh-water algae. Midland Naturalist 52:75.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Davidson, F. F. 1959. Poisoning of wild and domestic animals by atoxic water- bloom of Nostoc rivulare Kütz. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 51:1277.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Brongersma-Sanders, M. 1948. The importance of upwelling water to vertebrate paleontology and oil geology. Verhandel. K. Nederl. Akad. Wetensch. Afd. Natuurkunde, Sect. 2, Deel 45, No. 4, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Chamberlain, W. J. 1948. Effects of algae on water supply. University of Queensland, Brisbane, Department of Chemistry. Papers, Vol. 1, No. 29. 80 pp., 60 plates.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Simons, H. 1922. SaprophytischeOscillarien des Menschen und der Tiere [Saprophytic Oscillaria in man and animals]. Centralhl.f. Bakt. I. Abt. Originale. 88:501.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Langeron, M. 1923. LesOscillariees parasites du tube digestif de l’homme et des animaux [The parasitic Oscillatoriae in the digestive canal of man and animals]. Ann. de Parasit. 1(1):75.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Langeron, M. 1923. LesOsdllariees parasites du tube digestif de rhomme et des animaux [The parasitic Oscillatoriae in the digestive canal of man and animals]. Ann. de Parasit. 1(2): 113.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Valentin, G. 1836. Hygrocrocis intestinalis, eine auf der lebendigen und ungestört functionierenden Schleimhaut des Darmkanales vegetierende Conferve [Hygrocrocis intestinalis, a Conferva vegetating on the living, normally functioning mucosa of the intestinal canal]. In Repertorium für Anatomie und Physiologie, Berlin. Vol. 1, p. 110.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Leidy, J. 1904. Observations. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. 4:225 (1849). Reprint: Smithsonian Misc. Collections. 46, No. 1477, p. 12.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Robin, C. P. 1853. Histoire naturelle des vögötaux parasites qui croissent sur l’homme et sur les animaux vivants [Natural history of plant parasites growing in man and live animals]. J. B. Bailliöre, Paris, pp. 359–360; 404–405.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Müller, R. 1911. Zur Stellung der Krankheitserreger im Natursystem [On the role of pathogens in nature]. München. Med. Wochschr. 58:2246.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Collin, B. 1912–1913. Sur un ensemble de protistes parasites des batraciens (note pröliminaire). d. Arthromitus batrachorum n. sp. [Preliminary note on the association of plant parasites and batraciens]. Arch, de zoologie exp. et gen. Notes et revue 51(3):63–64.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Chatton, E., and Pérard, C. 1913. Schizophytes du caecum du cobaye. I. Oscillospira Guilliermondi n.g., n. sp. [Schizophytes in the guinea pig cecum]. Compt. rend. soc. de biol. 74:1159.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Redaelli, P., and Ciferri, R. 1935. La acloriche coprofite del genere Prototheca algae of the genusPrototheca in animals in French: Pouvoir pathoglne pour les animaux des algues coprophytes achlor- iques du genrePrototheca. Observations sur les protothecaceae Pathogenicity of coprophytic achloric algae of the genus Prototheca in animals. Observations on protothecaceae]. Boll. sez. ital. soc. internal, microbiol. 7:316.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Newiadomski, M. M. 1937. Blastozystentumoren [Blastocyte tumors]. Zentralbl. F. Bankt. I. Abt. Originale 138:244.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Mariani, P. L. 1942. Ricerche sperimentali intorno ad alcune alghe parassite dell’uomo [Experimental researches on some parasitic algae of man]. Boll. soc. ital. di microbiol. 14:113.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Tiffany, L. H. 1935. Algae of bizarre abodes. Sci. Month. 40:541.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Tiffany, L. H. 1958. Algae, the grass of many waters. Second ed. C. C. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois. 199 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Messikommer, E. 1948. Algennachweis in Entenexkrementen [Evidence of algae in duck feces]. Hydrobiologia, Acta Hydrobiologica 1:22.

    Google Scholar 

  25. Sieburth, J. M. 1959. Gastrointestinal microflora of antarctic birds. J. Bact. 77:521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Francis, G. 1878. Poisonous Australian lake. Nature 18:11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Porter, E. D. Investigations of supposed poisonous vegetation in the waters of some of the lakes of Minnesota. Dept. of Agric. Report 1881/86. Biennial Report of the Board of Regents, No. 4, Suppl. No. 1, p. 95.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Stalker, M. On the Waterville cattle disease. University of Minnesota, Dept. of Agric. Report 1881/86. Biennial Report of the Board of Regents, No. 4, Suppl. No. 1, p. 105.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Arthur, J. C. Second report on some algae of Minnesota supposed to be poisonous. University of lnnesota. Dept. of Agric. Report 1881/86. Biennial Report of the Board of Regents, No. 4, Suppl. No. 1, p. 109. Idem. Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci. 3:97, 1885.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Nelson, N. P. B. 1903–1904. Observations upon some algae which cause "water bloom." Minnesota Bot. Studies 3:51. (Minnesota Geolog, and Nat. History Survey. Reports of Survey. Bot. Ser. VI.)

    Google Scholar 

  31. Fitch, C. P., et al. 1934. "Water bloom" as a cause of poisoning in domestic animals. Cornell Veterinarian 24:30. Idem. Paper No. 1248 Journal Series, Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Gortner, R. A. [On toxic water bloom]. Cited in J. E. Tilden 1935. The algae and their life relations. Univ. of Minnesota Press, Minneapolis, p. 473.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Seydel E. 1913. Fischsterben durch Wasserblüte [Fish deaths due to water- bloom]. Mitt. Fischerei-Ver. Brandenburg n.s. 5(9):87.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Steyn, D. G. 1943. Poisoning of animals by algae on dams and pans. Farming in South Africa 18:489.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Steyn, D. G. 1944. Poisonous and non-poisonous algae (waterbloom, scum) in dams and pans. Farming in South Africa 19:465.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Steyn, D. G. 1944. Vergifting deur slyk (algae) op damme en panne [Poisoning by algae on dams and pans]. South African M. J. 18:378.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Steyn, D. G. 1945. Poisoning of animals by algae (scum or waterbloom) in dams and pans. Pretoria, Union of South Africa. Dept. of Agric. and Forestry. 9 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Steyn, D. G. 1945. Poisoning of animals and human beings by algae. South Africa J. Sc. 41:243.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Stephens, E. L. 1948. Microcystis toxica sp. n.: a poisonous alga from the Transvaal and Orange Free State. (Summary of paper read May 16, 1945, Roy. Soc. of South Africa.) Hydrobiologia, Acta Hydrobiologica (The Hague) 1:14.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Stephens, E. L. 1949. Microcystis toxica sp. n.: a poisonous alga from the Transvaal and Orange Free State. (Read May 16, 1945.) Tr. Roy. Soc. South Africa 32(pt. 1):105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Cotton, H. L. 1914. Algae poisoning. Am. J. Vet. Med. 9:903.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Náday, L. 1914. Az állóvizdk virágzása [Water-bloom of stagnant water]. Természettud. Közlöny (K. Magyar termeszettudomanyi tärsulat. Budapest) 46:432.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gillam, W. G. 1925. The effect on live stock, of water contaminated with fresh water algae. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 67 (n.s. 20):780.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Howard, N. J., and Berry, A. E. 1933. Algal nuisances in surface waters. Canad. Pub. Health J. 24:377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. One hundred twenty seven hogs, 4 cows die after drinking water from [Big Stone] lake, stock stricken, last Saturday, all die in short time, lake water sent in for analysis. Wilmot Enterprise, Wilmot, S. Dak., Sept. 24, 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Farmer tells some news [on stock poisoning in Big Stone Lake]. Wilmot Enterprise, Wilmot, S. Dak., Oct. 1, 1925.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Woodcock, E. F. 1927. Plants of Michigan poisonous to livestock. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 25:475.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Hindersson, R. 1933. Forgiftning av nötkreatur genon sötvattensplankton [Poisoning of cattle by fresh-water plankton]. Finsk. Vet. Tidskrift 39:179.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Prescott, G. W. 1933. Some effects of the blue-green algae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, on lake fish. Collecting Net, Woods Hole, Mass. 8:77.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Prescott, G. W. 1938. Objectionable algae and their control in lakes and reservoirs. Reprint: Louisiana Municipal Review, Shreveport, Vol. 1, Nos. 2 and 3 (July/August, Sept./Oct.).

    Google Scholar 

  51. Prescott, G. W. 1939. Some relationships of phytoplankton to limnology and aquatic biology. In Problems of lake biology. Publ. Am. Assoc. Adv. Sc. 10:65.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Prescott, G. W. 1948. Objectionable algae with reference to the killing offish and other animals. Hydrobiologia, Acta Hydrobiologica (The Hague) 1:1.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Prescott, G. W. 1951. Algae of the western Great Lakes area, exclusive of desmids and diatoms. Bloomfield Hills, Mich. Cranbrook Inst, of Science, 1951. (Cranbrook Inst, of Science. Bull. No. 31.) p. 44.

    Google Scholar 

  54. McLeod, J. A., and Bondar, G. F. 1952. A case of suspected algal poisoning in Manitoba. Canad. J. Pub. Health 43:347.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Deem, A. W., and Thorp, F. 1939. Toxic algae in Colorado. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 95:542.

    Google Scholar 

  56. Durrell, L. W., and Deem, A. W. 1940. Toxic algae in Colorado. J. Colorado- Wyoming Acad Sc. 2(6):18.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Berlin, R. 1948. Haff disease in Sweden. Acta Med. Scand. 129:560.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  58. Louw, P. G. J. 1950. The active constituent of the poisonous algae. Microcystis toxica Stephens. With a note on experimental cases of algae poisoning in small animals, by J. D. Smit. South African Industrial Chemist 4:62.

    Google Scholar 

  59. Remer, F. Cited in Quin, A. H. 1943. Sheep poisoned by algae.J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 102:299.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Rose, E. T. 1953. Toxic algae in Iowa lakes. Proc. Iowa Acad. Sc. 60:738.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Firkins, G. S. 1953. Toxic algae poisoning. Iowa State College Veterinarian 15:151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Mullor, J. B. 1945. Algas töxicas [Toxic algae]. Rev. Sanidad, Asistencia Social y Trabajo (Santa Fi, Argentina) 1:95.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Mullor, J. B., and Wachs, A. M. 1948. Algunas caracteristicas del alga toxica "Anabaena venenosa" [Some characteristics of toxic alga "Anabaena venen- osa"]. Congreso Sudamericano de Quimica, 4th. Trabajos presentados, 1948, 1:326–327.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Mackenthun, K. M., Herman, E. F., and Bartsch, A. F. 1948. A heavy mortality of fishes resulting from the decomposition of algae in the Yahara River, Wisconsin. Tr. Am. Fisheries Soc. 75:175 (1945).

    Google Scholar 

  65. Olson, T. A. 1949. History of toxic plankton and associated phenomena. Algae- laden water causes death of domestic animals; nature of poison. Sewage Works Engineering 20(2):71.

    Google Scholar 

  66. Olson, T. A. 1951. Toxic plankton. Proc. Inservice Training Course in Water Works Problems, Univ. of Michigan, School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, p. 86.

    Google Scholar 

  67. Olson, T. A. 1952. Toxic plankton. Water and Sewage Works 99:75.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Olson, T. A. 1960. Water poisoning—a study of poisonous algae blooms in Minnesota. (Laboratory section abstracts of papers presented at 87th Annual Meeting, 1959.) Am. J. Pub. Health 50:883.

    Google Scholar 

  69. Oliveiro, L. de, Nascimento, R. do, Krau, L., and Miranda, R. 1956. Diagnós- tico biológico das mortandades de peixes na Lagoa Ridrogo de Freitas; nota prévia [Biological diagnosis of the mortality of fish in the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon; preliminary notes]. Brasil Med. 70:125.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Oliveiro, L. de, Nascimento, R. do, Krau, L., and Miranda, R. 1957. Observa- cões hidrobiologicas e mortandade de peixas na Lagoa de Freitas [Hydrobiologie observations and the mortality of fish in the Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon]. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 55:211.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Bailey, J. W. 1959. Algae can poison cattle. Jersey J. 6:5.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Brandenburg, T. O., and Shigley, F. M. 1947. "Water bloom" as a cause of poisoning in livestock in North Dakota. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 110:384.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Barnum, D. A., Henderson, J. A., and Steward, A. G., 1950. Algae poisoning in Ontario. Milk Producer 25:312.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Stewart, A. G., Barnum, D. A., and Henderson, J. A. 1950. Algal poisoning in Ontario. Canad. J. Comp. Med. 14:197.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. MacKinnon, A. F. 1950. Report on algae poisoning. Canada J. Comp. Med. 14:208.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  76. Scott, R. M. 1952. Algal toxins. Public Works 83:54.

    Google Scholar 

  77. O’Donoghue, J. G., and Wilton, G. S. 1951. Algal poisoning in Alberta. Canad. J. Comp. Med, 15:193.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Shelubsky (Shilo), M. 1950. Observations on the properties of a toxin produced by Microcystis. Internat. Assoc. Theoret. and Applied Limnology. (11th International Limnological Congress, Brussels, 1950.) Proceedings 11:362.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Shilo (Shelubsky), M., and Aschner, M. 1953. Factors governing the toxicity of cultures containing phytoflagellate Prymnesium pgrvum Carter. J. Gen. Microbiol. 8:333.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Vinberg, G. G. 1955. Toxic phytoplankton.Translated from: Uspekhi Sovr. Biologii 38, 2(5):216. (National Research Council of Canada. Technical Translation TT-549.) Ottawa. 25 leaves.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Dillenberg, H. O. 1959. Toxic waterbloom in Saskatchewan. Presented before the 14th Annual Meeting INCDNCM, August 26–29, 1959, at Washington State College, Pullman, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  82. Dillenberg, H. O., and Dehnel, M. K. 1960. Toxic waterbloom in Saskatchewan, 1959. Canad. M. 83:1151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  83. Dillenberg, H. O., and Dehnel, M. K. 1961. "Waterbloom poisoning." Fast and "slow death" factors isolated from blue-green algae at Canadian N R C Laboratories. World-Wide Abstr. Gen. Med. 4 (No. 4):20.

    Google Scholar 

  84. Dillenberg, H. O. 1961. Case reports of algae poisoning. Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  85. Dillenberg, H. O. 1962. Case reports of algae poisoning. Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  86. Water made children ill. 1959. Saskatoon Star-Phoenix, Saskatoon, Canada, July 22, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  87. There is no ground for an algae scare. 1959. Qu’Appelle Lake tourist trade falls off. The Leader-Post, Regina, Canada, July 20, 1959 and July 21, 1959.

    Google Scholar 

  88. Senior, V. E. 1960. Algal poisoning in Saskatchewan. Canad. J. Comp. Med. 24:26.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Mason, M. F., and Wheeler, R. E. 1942. Observations upon the toxicity of blue-green algae (Am. Soc. Biol. Chemists. 36th Ann. Meeting, Boston). Fed. Proc. 1(12): 124.

    Google Scholar 

  90. Wheeler, R. E., Lackey, J. B., and Schott, S. 1943. A contribution on the toxicity of algae. Pub. Health Rep. 57:1695 (Nov. 6, 1942). Abstract in: J. Am. Vet. Med Assoc. 102:230.

    Google Scholar 

  91. Ashworth, C. T., and Mason, M. F. 1946. Observations on the pathological changes produced by a toxic substance present in blue-green algae (Microcystis aeruginosa). Am. J. Path. 22:369.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Grant, G. A. 1953. Toxic algae. 1. Development of toxicity in blue-green algae. Canada. Defence Research Board. Defence Research Chemical Laboratories. Report No. 124. Project No. D52–20-20–18. Ottawa. 11 leaves.

    Google Scholar 

  93. Grant, G. A., and Hughes, E. O. 1953. Development of toxicity in blue-green algae. Canad. J. Pub. Health 44:334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  94. Mclvor, R. A., and Grant, G. A. 1955. Toxic algae. II. Preliminary attempts to prepare toxic extracts. Canada. Defence Research Board. Defence Research Chemical Laboratories. Rep. No. 190. Project No. D52–20-20–18. Ottawa. 7 leaves.

    Google Scholar 

  95. Chaput, M., and Grant, G. A. 1958. Toxic algae. III. Screening of a number of species. Canada. Defence Research Board. Defence Research Laboratories. Report No. 279, Project No. D52–20-20–18. Ottawa. 6 leaves.

    Google Scholar 

  96. Thomson, W. K., Laing, A. C., and Grant, G. A. 1957. Toxic algae. IV. Isolation of toxic bacterial contaminants. Canada. Defence Research Board.406 Schwimmer and Schwimmer Defence Research Kingston Laboratory. Report No. 51. Project No. D52–20- 20–18. Ottawa. 9 leaves.

    Google Scholar 

  97. Thomson, W. K. Toxic Algae. V. Study of toxic bacterial contaminants. Canada. Defence Research Board. Defence Research Kingston Laboratory. Report No. 63. Project No. 63. Project No. D52–20-20–18.

    Google Scholar 

  98. Hughes, E. O., Gorham, P. R., and Zehnder, A. 1958. Toxicity of unialgal culture of Microcystis aeruginosa. Canad. J. Microb. 4:225.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Zehnder, A., Hughes, E. O., and Gorham, P. R. 1956. Giftige Blaualgen. [Toxic blue algae]. Abstract. Verh. Schweiz. Naturforsch. Ges. 136:126.

    Google Scholar 

  100. Bishop, C. T., Anet, E. F. L. J., and Gorham, P. R. 1959. Isolation and identification of the fast-death factor in Microcystis aeruginosa NRC-1. Canad. J. Biochem. Physiol. 37:453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Davidson, F. F. 1959. Effects of extracts of blue-green algae on pigment production by Serratia marcescens. J. Gen. Microbiol. 20:605.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Gorham, P. R. 1960. Toxic waterblooms of blue-green algae. Canad. Vet. Jour. 1:235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Gorham, P. R. Laboratory studies on the toxins produced by waterblooms of blue-green algae. Read to the Laboratory Sect. Am. Pub. Health Assoc., Annual Meeting, Detroit, Mich., Nov. 14, 1961. Accepted for publication by Am. J. Pub. Health.

    Google Scholar 

  104. Fink, H., Schlie, L, and Herold, E. 1954. Über die Eiweissqualität einzelliger Grünalgen und ihre Beziehung zur alimentären Lebernekrose der Ratte. XI [On the protein quality of unicellular green algae and its relation to alimentary liver necrosis of the rat. Xl]. Naturwissenschaften 41:169.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Fink, H., and Herold, E. 1957. Über die Eiweissqualität einzelliger Grünalgen und ihre Lebernekrose verhütende Wirkung. II [On the protein quality of unicellular green algae and its preventive action in necrosis of the liver]. Hoppe Seyler’s Z. f Physiol. Chem. 307:202.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Fink, H., and Herold, E. 1958. Über die Eiweissqualität einzelliger Grünalgen und ihre Lebernekrose verhütende Wirkung. III. Über den Einfluss des Trocknens auf das diätetische Verhalten der einzelligen ZuchtalgeScenedesmus obliquus. [On the protein quality of unicellular green algae and its preventive action in necrosis of the liver. III. On the effect of drying on the dietetic behavior of the unicellular cultured alga Scenedesmus obliquus]. Hoppe Seyler’s Z.f Physiol. Chem. 311:13.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  107. Arakawa, S., et al. 1960. Experimental breeding of white leghorn with Chlorella-addQd combined feed. Japan. J. Exp. Med. 30(3): 185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Arakawa, S., et al. 1960. Experimental breeding of mice with Chlorella-added combined feed and their resisting power against dysentery bacilli. Yokohama Med. Bull. 11:186.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Redaelli, P., and Ciferri, R. 1935. Une nouvelle hypothese sur la nature du Blastocystis hominis [A new hypothesis concerning the nature of Blastocystis hominis]. Boll. sez. itai soc. internaz. microbiol. 7:321.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Redaelli, P., and Ciferri, R. 1936. Argomenti a favore di una sistemazione del genere "Blastocystis" nelle Algae [Arguments for classification of genus "Blastocystis" with algae]. Boll. ist. sieroterap. milanese 15:154.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Redaelli, P., and Cifferi, R. 1940. Ulteriori osservazioni su Blastocystis della rana e conferma della natura e posizione sistematica del’alga [Further observations on Blastocystis of the frog and confirmation of the nature and systematic position of the alga]. Mycopathologia 2:239.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  112. Ciferri, R. 1961. Algheosi [Algoses]. Enciclopedia Medica Italiana. Aggi- ornamento. Venezia, Roma, Istituto per la Collaborazione Culturale, Vol. 1, p. 140.

    Google Scholar 

  113. Davidson, F. F. 1961. Personal communicationre tumor formation.

    Google Scholar 

  114. Davidson, F. F. 1962. Personal communicationre tumor formation.

    Google Scholar 

  115. Robertson, W. v. B., and Schwartz, B. 1953. Ascorbic acid and the formation of collagen. J. Biol. Chem. 201:689.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Robertson, W. v. B., and Hinds, H. 1956. Polysaccharide formation in repair tissue during ascorbic acid deficiency. J. Biol Chem. 221:791

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Williams, G. 1957. A histological study of the connective tissue reaction to carrageenin. J. Path. Bact. 73:557.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Nante, L. 1957. Azione dell’ ACTH e del prednisolone sul granuloma speri- mentale da caragenina [Action of ACTH and of prednisolone on experimental carrageenin granuloma]. Pathologica 49:547.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Jackson, D. S. 1957. Connective tissue growth stimulated by carrageenin. 1. The formation and removal of collagen. Biochem. J. 65:277.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Slack, H. G. B. 1958. Connective tissue growth stimulated by carrageenin. 3. The nature and amount of polysaccharide produced in normal and scorbutic guinea pigs and the metabolism of a chondroitin sulphuric acid fraction. Biochem. J. 69:125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  121. Robertson, W. B., Hiwett, J., and Herman, C. 1959. The relation of ascorbic acid to the conversion of proline to hydroxyproline in the synthesis of collagen in the carrageenin granuloma. J. Biol. Chem. 234:105.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Benitz, K. F., and Hall, L. M. 1959. Local morphological response following a single subcutaneous injection of carrageenin in the rat. Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 102:442.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Fisher, E. R., and Paar, J. 1960. Carrageenin granuloma in the guinea pig and rat. I. Effect of hydrocortisone, estradiol and mast cell depletion on its histological and histochemical features. Arch. Path. 70:565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Paronetto, F., et al. 1962. Experimental focal fibrosis of liver produced by carrageenin or quartz; evolution of the lesion and influence of cortisone. Lab. Invest. 11:70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Devlin, J. C. 1961. Mystery ailment kills Bronx fish. New York Times, May 8, p. 43.

    Google Scholar 

  126. Death of fish here puzzles park men. 1962. New York Times, July 29, p. 49.

    Google Scholar 

  127. Haff, J. O. 1961. Jersey wildlife hit by botulism. Waterfowl and marsh birds dying by thousands in Hackensack area. New York Times, Sept. 20, p. 31.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Huntsman, A. G. 1946. Heat stroke in Canadian maritime stream fishes. J. Fisheries Res. Board Canada 6:416.

    Google Scholar 

  129. Bailey, R. M. 1955. Differential mortality from high temperature in a mixed population of fishes in southern Michigan. Ecology 36:526.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  130. Hecht, H. H., et al. 1959. Brisket disease. Tr. Assoc. Am. Physicians 72:157.

    Google Scholar 

  131. Newson, I. E. 1915. Cardiac insufficiency at high altitude. Am. J. Vet. Med. 10:837.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Glover, G. H., and Newson, L. E. 1918. Further studies on brisket disease. J. Agric. Res. 15:409.

    Google Scholar 

  133. Cuba Caparo, A., and Copairay Elmodela Vega, M. 1955. Mai de montana cronico en vacunos (Brisket disease) [Chronic mountain sickness in cattle]. Ann. Fac. de med. Lima 38:222.

    Google Scholar 

  134. Alexander, A. F., and Jensen, R. 1959. Gross cardiac changes in cattle with high mountain (brisket) disease in experimental cattle maintained at high altitudes. Am. J. Veterinary Res. 20:680.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Hecht, H. H., et al. 1962. Brisket disease. II. Clinical features and hemodynamic observations in altitude-dependent right heart failure of cattle. Am. J. Med. 32:171.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Suit, R. F. 1949. Parasitic diseases of citrus in Florida. Florida, Univ., Agr. Expt. Stas. (Gainesville), Bull. No. 463. 112 p

    Google Scholar 

  137. Insalata, N. F. 1952. Balking algae in beverage water. Food Engineering 24:72.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Lamcke, K., and Kühn, R. 1936. Discoloration of wall tile by plant organisms. Chem. Abstr. 30:1194.

    Google Scholar 

  139. Kasparek, B. 1936. Beiträge zur Diagnose des Ertrinkungstodes durch den Nachweis von Planktonorganismen in Lunge und Duodenum [Contributions to diagnosis of death by drowning through evidence of plankton organisms in the lung and duodenum]. Deutsche Ztschr. ges. gerichtl Med. 27:132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  140. Buhtz, G., and Burkhardt, W. 1938. Die Feststellung des Ertränkungsortes aus dem Diatomeenbefund der Lungen [Determination of place of drowning by evidence of diatoms in the lung]. Deutsche Z. ges. gerichtl. Med. Originalien 29:469.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  141. Incze, G. 1942. Fremdkörper in Blutkreislauf Ertrunkener [Foreign bodies in the blood stream of drowned persons]. Zentr. Allg. Path. 79:176

    Google Scholar 

  142. Tamaska, L. 1950. Vizihulläk esontvelöjének diatom-taratalmáró [On the diatom content of the bone marrow of drowned persons]. Orvosi Hetilap 90:509. English abstract in: Excerpta Med. (Sect. V) 3:153.

    Google Scholar 

  143. Naeve, W. 1956. Zur praktischen gerichtsmedizinischen Anwendung des Diatomeennachweises im "grossen Kreislauf" [Practical medico-legal aspects of diatoms in the vascular system]. Deutsche Z. ges. gerichtl. Med. 45:364.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Einbrodt, H. J. 1957. Der phasenmikroskopische Nachweis von Diatomeen in Lungen [Phase microscopic evidence of diatomeae in lungs]. Deutsche Z. ges. gerichtl. Med. 46:235.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  145. Tamaska, L. 1961. Über den Diatomeennachweis im Knochenmark der Wasserleichen [Demonstration of diatoms in the bone marrow following death by drowning]. Deutsche Z. ges. gerichtl. Med. 51:398–403. Also Über den Diatomeennachweis im Knochenmark der Wasserleichen [Demonstration of diatoms in the bone marrow following death by drowning]. Zacchia, Ser. 2, 24:263.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Weber, A. Etude sur les algues parasites des paresseux [Study on parasitic algae in sloths]. Natuurk. Verhandel, Holland. Maatsch. Wetensch., Haarlem, Ser. 3, 5, part 1, p. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  147. Harper, R. M. 1950. Algae on animals: a bibliographical note. Ecology 31:303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  148. U. S. Public Health Service. Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati. Algae in water supplies, by C. M. Palmer. Wash., U. S. Govt. Print. Off., 1959. 88 p. (U.S. Public Health Service. Publ. 657.)

    Google Scholar 

  149. Farre, A. 1844. On the minute structure of certain substances expelled from the human intestine, having the ordinary appearance of shreds of lymph, but consisting entirely of filaments of a Confervoid type, probably belonging to the genus Oscillatoria. Tr. Roy. Microscop. Soc., London 1:92. Idem. In Kuchenmeister, G. F. H. 1857. On animal and vegetable parasites of the human body. Transl. from the 2nd German edit, by E. Lankaster. Sydenham Soc., London. Vol. 2, p. 264.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  150. Küchenmeister, G. F. H. 1855. Oscillaria intestini. In his Die in und an dem Körper des lebenden Menschen vorkommenden Parasiten. 2. Abt. Die pflanzlichen Parasiten. B. G. Teubner, Leipzig, p. 26.

    Google Scholar 

  151. Küchenmeister, G. F. H. 1857. Oscillaria intestini. In his On animal and vegetable parasites of the human body. Transl. from the 2nd German edit, by E. Lankaster. Sydenham Soc., London. Vol. 2, p. 136.

    Google Scholar 

  152. Hallier, E. 1886. Oscillaria intestini. In his Die pflanzlichen Parasiten des menschlichen Körpers. W. Engelmann, Leipzig, p. 100.

    Google Scholar 

  153. Ashford, B. K., Ciferri, R., and Dalmau, L. M. 1930. A new species oi Proto- theca and a variety of the same isolated from the human intestine. Arch. f. Protistenkunde 70:619.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Tisdale, E. S. 1931. Epidemic of intestinal disorders in Charleston, W. Va., occurring simultaneously with unprecedented water supply conditions. Am. J. Pub. Health 21:198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  155. Tisdale, E. S. 1931. The 1930–1931 drought and its effect upon public water supply. Am. J. Pub. Health 21:1203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Veldee, M. V. 1931. An epidemiological study of suspected water-borne gastroenteritis. Am. J. Pub. Health 21:1227.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Spencer, R. R. 1930. Unusually mild recurring epidemic simulating food infection. Pub. Health Rep. 45:2867.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  158. Nelson, T. C. 1941. Discussion of "Algae control" paper presented by W. D. Monie, 1941, at the New Jersey Section Meeting. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 33:716.

    Google Scholar 

  159. Taylor, H. F. 1917. A mortality of fishes on the west coast of Florida. Science 48:367.

    Google Scholar 

  160. Taylor, H. F. 1917. Mortality of fishes on the west coast of Florida. Rep. U. S. Comm. Fish. 1917, App. III. 24 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  161. Lund, E. J. 1934–1935. Some facts relating to the occurrences of dead and dying fish on the Texas coast during June, July and August, 1935. Ann. Rep. Texas Game, Fish, Oyster Comm. 1934–35, p. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  162. Heise, H. A. 1949. Symptoms of hay fever caused by algae. J. Allergy 20:383.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  163. Heise, H. A. 1951. Symptoms of hay fever caused by algae. II. Mycrocystis. Ann. Allergy 9:100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Gunter, G., Smith, F. G. W., and Williams, R. H. 1947. Mass mortality of marine animals on the lower west coast of Florida, November 1946-January 1947. Science 105:256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  165. Gunter, G., et al. 1948. Catastrophic mass mortality of marine animals and coincident phytoplankton bloom on the west coast of Florida, November 1946-August 1947. Ecol. Monogr. 18:309.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  166. Galtsoff, P. S. 1949. The mystery of the red tide. Sci. Month. 68:109.

    Google Scholar 

  167. Hutner, S. H., and McLaughlin, J. J. A. 1958. Poisonous tides. Sei. Amer. 199(2):92.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Woodcock, A. H. 1948. Note concerning human respiratory irritation associated with high concentrations of plankton and mass mortality of marine organisms. J. Marine Res. 7(1):56.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Ingle, R. M. 1954. Irritant gases associated with red tide. University of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. Marine Laboratory. Special Service Bull. No. 9. 4 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  170. Sams, W. M. 1949. Seabather’s eruption. Arch. Dermat. Syph. 60:227.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  171. Ayres, S. 1949. Discussion of W. M. Sams’ Seabather’s eruption. Arch. Dermat. Syph. 60:236.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Hardin, F. F. 1961. Seabather’s eruption. J.M.A. Georgia 50:450.

    Google Scholar 

  173. Cohen, S. G., and Reif, C. B. 1953. Cutaneous sensitization to blue-green algae. J. Allergy 24:452.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  174. Grauer, F. H. 1959. Dermatitis escharotica caused by a marine alga. Hawaii Med. J. 19:32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  175. Grauer, F. H., and Arnold, H. L. 1961–1962. Seaweed dermatitis; first report of a dermatitis-producing marine alga. Arch. Dermat. 84:720. Abstracts in J. A. M. A. 178:194; Modern Med. 30:138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  176. Banner, A. H. 1959. A dermatitis-producing alga in Hawaii; preliminary report. Hawaii Med. J. 19:35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  177. De Almeida, F., Forattini, O., and da Silva Lacaz, C. 1946. Consideracoes sobre tres casos de micoses humanas, de cujas lesoes foram isoladas ao lado dos cogumelos responsaveis, algas provavalmente do generoChlorella [Observations on three cases of human mycosis in which algae of the genus Chlorella, in addition to the causative mycotic organisms, were isolated from the lesions]. Ann. Fac. de med. da Univ. de Sao Paulo 22:295.

    Google Scholar 

  178. McDowell, M. E., et al. 1960. Algae feeding in humans: acceptability, digestibility and toxicity. (44th Ann. Meeting Fed. Amer. Soc. Exp. Biol., Chicago. 1960. Abstracts) Fed. Proc. 19(10):319.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Powell, R. C., Nevels, E. M., and McDowell, M. E. 1961. Algae feeding in humans. J. Nutrit. 75(1):7.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  180. Algae, fish flour, chemical diets tested for therapy, space travel. Scope Weekly, Kalamazoo, Mich., May 4, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  181. Meyer, K. P., Sommer, H., and Schoenholz, P. 1928. Mussel poisoning. Prev. Med 2:365.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Sommer, H., and Meyer, K. F. 1935. Mussel poisoning. California and West. Med 42:423.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  183. Sommer, H., and Meyer, K. F. 1937. Paralytic shell-fish poisoning. Arch. Path. 24:560.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  184. McFarren, E. F., et al. 1956. Public health significance of paralytic shell-fish poison: a review of literature and unpublished research. Proc. Natl Shellfish- eries Assoc. 47:114.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Covell, W. P., and Whedon, W. F. 1937. Effects of the paralytic shell-fish poison on nerve cells. Arch. Path. 24:411.

    Google Scholar 

  186. Sapeika, N. 1953. Actions of mussel poison. Arch. Internat, de pharmacodyn. et de therap. 93:135.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  187. Porge, J. F. 1952. Les nephropathies d’origine alimentaire [Nephropathies of alimentary origin]. Bull, et mim. soc. mid. Paris 156:39.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Dérot, M. 1952. La nephrite apres ingestion des moules, role de I’allergie Nephritis after ingestion of mussels, role of allergy]. Presse med. 60:316.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  189. Sommer, H., et al. 1937. Relation of paralytic shell-fish poison to certain plankton organisms of the genus Gonyaulax. Arch. Path. 24:537.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  190. Randall, J. E. 1958. A review of Ciguatera, Tropical Fish Poisoning, with a tentative explanation of its cause. Bull. Marine Science of the Gulf and Carribean 8(3):236.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Halstead, B. W., and Lively, W. M. 1954. Poisonous fishes and ichthyosarco- toxism. U. S. Armed Forces Med. J. 5:157.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  192. Habekost, R. C., Eraser, L M., and Halstead, B. W. 1955. Observations on toxic marine algae. J. Washington Acad. Sc. 45:101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  193. Jeddeloh, B. Z. 1939. Haffkrankheit [Haff disease]. Erg. inn. Med 57:138.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Laskin, V. E. 1948. Kistorii vozniknoveniya i izucheniya yuksovskoy (gaffskoy) bolezni [Study of the history and origin of Yuksov (Haff) disease]. Gigiena i Sanitariya, No. 10, p. 44.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Basharina, A. A., and Kurochkina, Z. V. 1949. Gaffskaya (yuksovskaya) bolezn v Karelo-Finskoy SSR [Haff (Yuksov) disease in the Karelian-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic]. Gigienai Sanitariya, No. 2, p. 31.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Laskin, V. E. 1939. Yuksovskaya bolezn [Yuksov (Haff) disease]. Sovetskii Vrach. Jurnal, No. 9, p. 501.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Reed, R. J., Smith, J. L., and Sternberg, W. H. 1961. Granulomas induced by surgical lubricating jelly. Am. J. Clin. Pathol 36:41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  198. Gafford, R. D., and Craft, C. E. 1959. A photosynthetic gas exchanger capable of providing for the respiratory requirement of small animals. School of Aviation Medicine, USAF, Randolph AFB, Texas. Report 58–124.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Wilks, S. S. 1957. Algae hazard found facing space travel. Aviation Week 67:65.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Wilks, S. S. 1959. Carbon monoxide in green plants. Science 129:964.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  201. Bowman, R. O., and Thomae, F. W. 1961. Long-term nontoxic support of animal life with algae. Science 134:55.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. [McGuire, in] The Geogens of Cholera. Sciences (N. Y. Acad. Sc.), Vol. 1, No. 17, Feb. 1, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  203. Reimann, H. A. 1962. Infectious diseases; annual review of significant publications. Arch. Intern. Med. 109:76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  204. Cockburn, T. A., and Cassanos, J. G. 1960. Epidemiology of endemic cholera. Pub. Health Rep. 75:791.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  205. Ryther, J. H. 1954. Inhibitory effects of phytoplankton upon the feeding of Daphnia magna with reference to growth, reproduction, and survival. Ecology 35:522.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  206. Landers, H. 1956. Weather aspects of Tallahassee polio-like outbreak. J. Florida Med. Assoc. 43:355.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  207. Montreal priest links polio with prevailing air currents. Med. Tribune, 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Nigrelli, R. F. 1962. Antimicrobial substances from marine organisms. (Sect, of Biol, and Med. Sc., New York Acad. Sc., Feb. 12, 1962.) Tr. New York Acad. Sc., Ser. 2, 24(5):496.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Rusk, H. 1961. Research in the seas. II. Informal inquiry suggests possibility conch diet may lower the polio rate. New York Times, Feb. 5, p. 57.

    Google Scholar 

  210. CO., tension found polio-damage factor. Med. Tribune, March 12, 1962.

    Google Scholar 

  211. Wallace, E. C. 1958. Infectious hepatitis: report of an outbreak, apparently water-borne. Med. J. Australia 45:101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  212. Roth, L. M., and Willis, E. R. 1960. The biotic associations of cockroaches. Smithsonian Institution. Miscellaneous Collections. 141.

    Google Scholar 

  213. Hillis, W. D. 1961. An outbreak of infectious hepatitis among chimpanzee handlers at a United States Air Force Base. Am. J. Hyg. 73:316.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  214. Mason, J. O., and McLean, W. R. 1962. Infectious hepatitis traced to the consumption of raw oysters. Am. J. Hyg. 75:90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  215. Sullivan, W. 1961. Hepatitis traced to an oysterman. Many recent cases tracked to river in Mississippi. New York Times, Nov. 19.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Dougherty, W. J., and Altman, R. 1962. Viral hepatitis in New Jersey. Am. J. Med. 32:704.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  217. Davis, H. C. 1953. On food and feeding of larvae of the American oyster, C. Virginica. Biol. Bull. 104:334.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  218. Davis, H. C., and Chanley, P. E. 1955. Effects of some dissolved substances on bivalve larvae. Proc. Natl. Shellfisheries Assoc. 46:59.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Gurevich, F. A. 1949. Sinezelenye vodorosli i embriony presnovodnykh jivotnykh [Blue-green algae in embryos of limnetic animals]. Dokladv Akad. Nauk S.S.S.R. N. S. 68:939.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Goryunova, S. V. 1955. Yavlenie khishchnichestva u sinezelenykh vodorosley [Occurrence of carnivorous blue-green algae]. Mikrobiologiya 24:211.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Weaver, P. J. 1960. A report of the latest research work investigating the effects of household detergents in water and sewage. Reprint: Water & Sewage Works, Dec. 1960.

    Google Scholar 

  222. Indestructible detergents. Sci. Amer. 201:89, Dec. 1959.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  223. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (progressive motor neurone disease), an epidemiological study; an exhibit at the Meeting of the American Medical Association, Atlantic City, June 6–10, 1955, by U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness, 1955. Govt. Print. Off., Wash. 4 pp.412 Schwimmer and Schwimmer

    Google Scholar 

  224. Guam Revisited—Neurological Aspects. 1962. (Based on a paper presented by R. S. Schwab at the 630th meeting, Boston Society of Psychiatry and Neurology, May 18, 1961.)New England J. Med. 266:262.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Cruickshank, E. K. 1960. (Univ. College, Kingston, Jamaica.) Personal communication.

    Google Scholar 

  226. One-hundred Seven "Nightmare Deaths" Still Mystery in Hawaii. New York Herald Tribune, Feb. 19, 1956.

    Google Scholar 

  227. Kriss, A. E., et al. O vliyanii microorganizmov na beton gidrotekhnicheskikh soorujeniy [The effect of microorganisms on the concrete of hydrotechnical constructions].

    Google Scholar 

  228. Myers, H. C. 1947. The role of algae in corrosion. J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 38:322.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  229. Doell, B. C. 1954. Effect of algae-infested water on the strength of concrete. J. Am. Concrete Inst. 26:333.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Isachenko, V. 1936. The corrosion of concrete. Dokl. Acad. Sei. U.S.S.R., Moscow, No. 7, pp. 287–289.

    Google Scholar 

  231. Oborn, E. T., and Higginson, E. C. 1954. Biological corrosion of concrete. Joint report by the Field Crops Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland, U. S. Dept. of Agric.; and Bureau of Reclamation, U. S. Dept. of Interior. (Laboratory Report no. C-735, Engineering Laboratories, Office of Assistant Commissioner and Chief Engineer, Bureau of Reclamation, Denver, Colo.) January 15, 1954. 8 pp., 5 plates.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Peyer, B. 1945. Über Algen und Pilze in tierischen Hartsubstanzen [On algae and fungi in hard animal substances]. Arch. Julius Klaus Stift. Vererbungsforsch. 20(Suppl.):496.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Zipkin, L 1961. Chemical agents affecting experimental caries. J.A.M.A. 177:310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Ringer, W. C., and Campbell, S. J. 1955. Use of chlorine dioxide for algae control at Philadelphia. J. Am. Water Works. Assoc. 740.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Moore, G. T. 1900. Algae as a cause of the contamination of drinking water. Am. J. Pharm. 72:25.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1964 Plenum Press

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schwimmer, D., Schwimmer, M. (1964). Algae and Medicine. In: Jackson, D.F. (eds) Algae and Man. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1719-7_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1719-7_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1721-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1719-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics