Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to analyse the stimulus driving ventilation and the adaptation of this drive to metabolic needs. The main questions are what is the adequate stimulus, where is the receptor, what is the mechanism of stimulation, what are the conditions surrounding the receptor and how does the feedback operate?
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Ahmad, H.R., Berndt, J. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1976) ’Bicarbonate Exchange between Blood, Brain Extracellular Fluid and Brain CeUs at Maintained PCO2’, in H.H. Loeschcke (ed.) Acid Base Homeostasis of the Brain Extracellular Fluid and the Respiratory Control System, Thieme Verlag, Stuugart, pp. 19–27
Ahmad, H.R. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1983a) Transient and Steady State Response of Pulmonary Ventilation to the Medullary Extracellular Pflügers Arch., 395, 285–92
Ahmad, H.R. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1983b) Tast Bicarbonate-Chloride Exchange between Brain Cells and Brain Extracellular Fluid in Respiratory Acidosis’, Pflügers Arch,, 395, 293–304
Ahmad, H.R. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1983c) Tast HCO3–C1 Exchange between Plasma and Brain Extracellular Fluid at Maintained PCO2, Pflügers Arch. 395, 305–25
Åström, A. (1952) XDn the Action of Combined Carbon Dioxide Excess and Oxygen Deficiency in the Regulation of Breathing’, Acta Physiol Scand., 21, Suppl. 98
Benzinger, T., Opitz, E. & Schoedel, W. (1938) ’Atmungserregung durch Sauerstoffmangel’, Pflügers Arch., 241, 71–7
Çakar, L. & Terzioglu, M. (1976) ‘The Response of the Chemosensitive Areas of the Cat to the Breathing of Hypercapnia Gas Mixtures’, Bull Physio-Pathol Resp., 12, 224 P
Cherniack, N.S., v. Euler, C., Homma, I. & Kao, F.F. (1979) ’Graded Changes in Central Chemoreceptor Input by Local Temperature Changes on the Ventral Surface of the Medulla’, J. Physiol,287, 191–211
Cragg, P., Patterson, L. & Purves, M.J. (1977) The pH of Brain Extracellular Fluid in the Cat’, Physiol, 2 72, 137–66
Davies, R.O. (1980) ’Evidence that Neural Paths from the Caudal and Cranial Chemoreceptor Zones of the Ventral Medulla Converge in the Intermediate Zone’, Proc. Int. Un. Physiol Sci, XIV, 371
Davies, R.O. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1977) ’Neural Activity Evoked by Electrical Stimulation on the Chemosensitive Areas on the Ventral Medullary Surface’, Proc. Int. Un. Physiol Set, XIII, 164
Dermietzel, R. (1976) ’Central Chemosensitivity, Morphological Studies’, in H.H. Loeschcke (ed.) Acid-Base Homeostasis of the Brain Extracellular Fluid and the Respiratory Control System, Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, pp. 52–65
Dev, N.B. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1979a) Topography of the Respiratory and Circulatory Responses to Acetylcholine and Nicotine on the Ventral Surface of the Medulla Oblongata’, Pflügers Arch., 379, 19–27
Dev, N.G. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1979b) ’A Cholinergic Mechanism Involved in the Respiratory Chemosensitivity’, Pflügers Arch., 379, 29–36
V. Euler, C. & Söderberg, U. (1952) ’Medullary Chemosensitive Receptors’, J Physiol, 118, 545–59
Feldberg, W. (1976) The Ventral Surface of the Brainstem: a Scarcely Explored Region of Pharmacological Sensitivity’, Neuroscience, 1, 427–41
Feldberg, W. (1980) ’Cardiovascular Effects of Drug Acting on the Ventral Surface of the Brain Stem’, in H.P. Koepchen, S.M. Hilton & A. Trzebski (eds) Central Interaction between Respiratory and Cardiovascular Control Systems, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 45–55
Fend, V. (1971) ’Distribution of H+ and HCO3 in Cerebral Fluids’, in B.K. Siesjö & S.C. Sørensen (eds), Ion Homeostasis of the Brain. Alfred Benzon Symposium III, Munksgaard, Copenhagen, pp. 175–85
Fend, V., Miller, T.B. & Pappenheimer, J.R. (1966) ’Studies on the Respiratory Response to Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance, with Deductions Concerning the Ionic Composition of Cerebral Interstitial Fluid’, Am. J. Physiol, 210, 459–72
Fukuda, Y. & Honda, Y. (1975) ’pH Sensitive CeUs at Ventrolateral Surface of the Rat Medulla Oblongata’, Nat. New. Biol, 256, 317–8
Fukuda, Y., Honda, Y., Schlaefke, M.E. & Loeschcke, H.H, (1978) ’Effect of H+ on the Membrane Potential of Silent Cells in the Ventral and Dorsal Surface Layer of the Rat Medulla in Vitro, Pflügers Arch., 376, 229–35
Fukuda, Y. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1977) ’Effect of H+ on Spontaneous Neuronal Activity in the Surface Layer of the Rat Medulla Oblongata’, Pflügers Arch., 577,125–34
Fukuda, Y. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1979) ’A Cholinergic Mechanism Involved in the Neuronal Excitation by H" in the Respiratory Chemosensitive Structures of the Ventral Medulla Oblongata of Rats in Vitro’ Pflügers Arch., 379, 125–35
Fukuda, Y., See, W.R., Schlaefke, M.E. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1979) ’Chemosensitivity and Rhythmic Activity of Neurons in the Ventral Surface Layer of the Rat Medulla Oblongata in Vitro and in Vivo’ Pflügers Arch., 379, R 50
Gesell, R. & Hansen, E.T. (1942) ’Eserine, Acetylcholine, Atropine and Nervous Integration’, J. Physiol, 139, 371–85
Gesell, R. & Hansen, E.T. (1945) ’Anticholinesterase Activity of Acid as a Biological Instrument of Nervous Integration’, Am. J. Physiol, 144, 126–63
Gray, J.S. (1950) Pulmonary Ventilation and its Physiological Regulation,Thomas, Springfield,111.
Guertzenstein, P.G. (1979) ’Blood Pressure Effects Obtained by Drugs Applied to the Ventral Surface of the Brain’, J. Physiol, 229, 395–408
Hori, T., Roth, G.I. & Yamamoto, W.S. (1970) ’Respiratory Sensitivity of Rat Brain-stem to Chemical Stimuli’, J. Appl Physiol, 28, 721–4
Hugelin, A. & Cohen, M.I. (1963) ’The Reticular Activating System and Respiratory Regulation in the Cat’, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Set, 109, 568–603
Kao, F.F. (1956) ’Regulation of Respiration During Muscular Activity’, Am. J. Physiol, 185, 145
Kronenberg, R.S. & Cain, S.M. (1968) ’Effects of Acetazolamide and Hypoxia on Cerebrospinal Fluid Bicarbonate’, J. Appl Physiol, 24, 17–20
Lambertsen, C.J., Semple, S.J.G., Smith, M.G. & Gelfand, R. (1961) ’H+ and PCO2 as Chemical Factors in Respiratory and Cerebral Circulatory Control’, J. Appl Physiol, 16, 473–84
Leibstein, A.G., Willenberg, I. & Dermitzel, R. (1981) ’Untersuchung zur Trans- mittercharakteristik von Neuronen an der ventralen Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata’. Pflügers Arch., 391, 226–30
Leusen, I. (1954a) ’Chemosensitivity of the Respiratory Center. Influence of CO2 in the Cerebral Ventricles on Respiration’, Am. J. Physiol, 176, 39–44
Leusen, I. (1954b) ’Chemosensitivity of the Respiratory Center. Influence of Changes of H and Total Buffer Concentrations in the Cerebral Ventricles on Respiration’, Am. J. Physiol, 176, 45–51
Leusen, I. (1972) ’Regulation of CSF Composition with Reference to Breathing’, Physiol Rev., 52, 1–56
Lipscomb, W.T. & Boyarski, L.L. (1972) ’Neurophysiological Investigations of Medullary Chemosensitive Areas of Respiration’, Resp. Physiol, 16, 362–76
Loeschcke, H.H. (1969) ’On Specificity of CO2 as a Respiratory Stimulus’, Bull Physio-Pathol Resp., 5, 13–25
Loeschcke, H.H. (1973) ’The Respiratory Control System: Analysis of Steady State Solutions for Metabolic and Respiratory Acidosis-Alkalosis and Increased Metabollsm’, Pflügers Arch., 341, 23–42
Loeschcke, H.H. (1980) ’Introduction’, in H.P. Koepchen, S.M. Hilton & A. Trzebski (eds) Central Interaction between Respiratory and Cardiovascular Control Systems. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 45–6
Loeschcke, H.H., Koepchen, H.P. & Gertz, K.H. (1958) ’Uber den Einfluß von Wasserstoffionenkonzentration und CO2-Druck im Liquor cerebrospinalis auf die Atmung’, Pflügers Arch., 266, 565–85
Loeschcke, H.H., de Lattre, J., Schlaefke, M.E. & Trouth, C.O. (1970) ’Effects on Respiration and Circulation of Electrically Stimulating the Ventral Surface of the Medulla Oblongata’, Resp. Physiol, 10, 184–97
Loeschcke, H.H., Schlaefke, M.E., See, W.R. & Herker-See, A. (1979) ’DoesCO2 Act on the Respiratory Centers?’ Pflügers Arch., 381, 249–54
Loeschcke, H.H. & Sugioka, K (1969) ’pH of Cerebrospinal Fluid in the Cisterna Magna and on the Surface of the Choroid Plexus of the 4th Ventricle and its Effect on Ventilation in Experimental Disturbances of Acid-Base Balance’, Pflügers Arch., 312, 161–88
Marino, P.L. & Lamb, T.W. (1975) ’Effects of CO2 and Extracellular H+ Iontophoresis on Single Cell Activity in the Cat Brainstem’, J. Appl Physiol, 38, 688–95
Middendorf, T. (1974) ’Analysis of the Efficiency of the Respiratory Control System’, in W. Umbach & H.P. Koepchen (eds), Central Rhythmic and Regulation, Hippokrates, Stuttgart, pp. 117–20
Middendorf, T. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1976a) ’Mathematische Simulation des Respirationssystems’, J. Mathem. Biol, 3,149–77
Middendorf, T. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1976b) ’Analysis of the Respiratory Control System’, in H. Loeschcke (ed.) Acid-Base Homeostasis in the Brain Extracellular Fluid and the Respiratory Control System, Thieme, Stuttgart, pp. 190–201
Mikulski, A., Marek, W. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1983) ’Interconnections between Central Chemosensitive Areas, ’Respiratory Centres’ and Efferent Output’, Pflügers Arch, (in press)
Mitchell, R.A., Carman, C.J., Severinghaus, J.W., Richardson, B.W., Singer, M.M. & Schnider, S. (1965) ’Stability of Cerebrospinal Fluid pH in Chronic Acid- Base Disturbances in Blood’, J. Appl Physiol, 20, 443–52
Mitchell, R.A. & Herbert, D.A. (1974) ’Synchronized High Frequency Synaptic Potentials in Medullary Respiratory Neurons’, Brain Res., 75, 350–5
Mitchell, R.A., Loeschcke, H.H., Massion, W.H. & Severinghaus, J.W. (1963a) ’Respiratory Responses Mediated through Superficial Chemosensitive Areas on the Medulla’,J Appl Physiol, 18, 523–33
Mitchell, R.A., Loeschcke, H.H., Severinghaus, J.W., Richardson, B.W. & Massion, W.H. (1963b) ’Regions of Respiratory Chemosensitivity on the Surface of the Medulla’, Ann. N. Y. Acad Set, 109, 661–81
Mitchell, R.A., Massion, W., Carman, C.T. & Severinghaus, J.W. (1960) ’4th Ventricle Respiratory Chemosensitivity and the Area Postrema’, Fed. Proc., 19, 374
Nielsen, M. (1936) ’Untersuchungen über die Atmungsregulation beim Menschen’, Skand. Arch. Physiol, 74, Suppl. 10, 83–208 Page, R.B.
Funsch, D.L, Brennan, R.W. & Hernandez, M.J. (1980) ’Choroid Plexus Blood Flow in the Sheep’, Brain Res., 197, 532–7
Pannier, J.C., Weyne, J. & Leusen, I. (1970) ’The CSF/Blood Potential and the Regulation of the Bicarbonate Concentration of CSF During Acidosis in the Cat’, Life Sci, 287–300
Pappenheimer, J.R. (1967) ’The Ionic Composition of Cerebral Extracellular Fluid and its Relation to Control of Breathing’, Harvey Lectures, 61, 71–94
Pappenheimer, J.R., Fend, V., Heisey, S.R. & Held, D. (1965) ’Role of Cerebral Fluids in Control of Respiration as Studied in Unanaesthetized Goats’, Am. J. Physiol, 208,436–50
Pokorski, M. (1976) ’Neurophysiological Studies on Central Chemosensor in Medullary Ventrolateral Areas’, Am. J. Physiol, 230, 1288–95
Pokorski, M., Schlaefke, M.E. & See, W.R. (1975) ’Neurophysiological Studies on the Central Chemosensitive Mechanism’, Pflügers Arch., 355, R 33
Ponten, U. & Siesjö, B.K. (1966) ’Gradients of CO2 Tension in the Brain’, Acta Physiol Scand., 67, 129–40
Prill, R.K. (1977) ’Das Verhalten von Neuronen des caudalen chemo sensiblen Feldes in der Medulla oblongata der Katze gegenüber intravenösen Injektionen von NaHCOa und HCl’, Thesis. Abt. Naturwiss. Med., Ruhr-Universität Bochum
Schlaefke, M.E., Kille, J., Folgering, H., Herker, A. & See, W.R. (1974) ’Breathing Without Central Chemosensitivity’, in W. Umbach & H.P. Koepchen (eds) Central Rhythmic and Regulation, Hippokrates, Stuttgart, pp. 97–104
Schlaefke, M.E., Kille, J.F. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1979b) ’Elimination of Central Chemosensitivity by Coagulation of a Bilateral Area on the Ventral Medullary Surface in Awake Cats’, Pflügers Arch., 379, 231–41
Schlaefke, M.E. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1967) ’Lokalisation eines an der Regulation von Atmung und Kreislauf beteiligten Gebietes an der ventralen Oberfläche der Medulla oblongata durch Kälteblockade’, Pflügers Arch., 297, 201–20
Schlaefke, M.E., Pokorski, M., See, W.R., Prill, R.K., Kille, J.F. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1975) ’Chemosensitive Neurons on the Ventral Medullary Surface’, Bull. Physio-Pathol Resp., 11, 277–84
Schlaefke, M.E., See, W.R., Herker-See, A. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1979a) ’Respiratory Response to Hypoxia and Hypercapnia after Elimination of Central Chemosensitivity’, Pflügers Arch., 381, 241–8
Schlaefke, M.E., See, W.R. & KiUe, J.F. (1979c) ’Origin and Afferent Modification of Respiratory Drive from Ventral Medullary Areas’, in C. von Euler & H. Lagercrantz (eds). Central Nervous Control Mechanisms in Breathing, Pergamon Press, Oxford, New York, Toronto, Sidney, Paris, Frankfurt, pp. 25–34
Schlaefke, M.E., See, W.R. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1970) ’Ventilatory Response to Alterations of H+-ion Concentration in Small Areas of the Ventral Medullary Surface’, Resp. Physiol, 10,198–212
Schlaefke, M.E., See, W.R., Massion, W.H. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1969) ’Die Rolle ’spezifischer’ und ’unspezifischer’ Afferenzen für den Antrieb der Atmung, untersucht durch Reizung und Blockade von Afferenzen an der decerebrierten Katze’, Pflügers Arch.,312,189–205
See, W.R. & Schlaefke, M.E. (1978) ’The Influence of Sinus Nerve Stimulation on Neuronal Activity of Ventral Medullary Neurones’, Neurosci. Lett., Suppl. 7, 519
Shams, H., Ahmad, H.R. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1982) ’The Dependence of Ventilation on H+-Activity in the Extracellular Fluid of the Brain in Respiratory or Metabolic Acidosis’, Pflügers Arch., 272, R 53
Shimada, K., Trouth, C.O. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1969) ’Von der H+-Ionenkonzen- tration des Liquors abhängige Aktivität von Neuronen im Gebiet der chemo- sensiblen Zonen der Medulla oblongata’. Pflügers Arch., 312, R 55
Spode, R. (1980) ’Ausschaltung der zentralen und peripheren chemo sensiblen Atemantriebe bei der anaesthesierten Katze während Muskelarbeit’, Thesis. Abt. Nat. Mec?., Ruhr-Universität Bochum
Tok, T. & Loeschcke, H.H. (1983) ’Untersuchung über die zentrale Wirkung von Progesteron auf die Atmung und Vasomotorik bei Katzen’, Z. Atemwegs- und Lungenkranheiten, Dustri-Verlag, München-Deisenhofen (in press)
Trouth, C.O., Loeschcke, H.H. & Berndt, J. (1973a) ’A Superficial Substrate on the Ventral Surface of the Medulla Oblongata Influencing Respiration’, Pflügers Arch., 339, 135–52
Trouth, C.O., Loeschcke, H.H. & Berndt, J. (1973b) ’Histological Structures in the Chemosensitive Regions on the Ventral Surface of the Cat’s Medulla Oblongata’, Pflügers Arch., 339, 171–83
Trzebski, A., Mikulski, A. & Przybyszewski, A. (1980) ’Effects of Stimulation of Chemosensitive Areas by Superfusion on Ventral Medulla and by Infusion into Vertebral Artery of Chemical Stimuh in Non-anaesthetized "Encephale Isole" Preparation in Cats’, in H.P. Koepchen, S. Hilton & A. Trzebski (eds). Central Interaction Between Respiratory and Cardiovascular Control Systems, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York
Trzebski, A., Zielinski, A., Lipski, J. & Majcherczyk, S. (1971) ’Increase of Sympathetic Preganglionic Discharges and of the Peripheral Resistance Following Stimulation by H+ Ions of the Superficial Chemosensitive Areas in the Medulla Oblongata in Cats’, Proc, Int. Un. Physiol. Sci., 9, 571
Trzebski, A., Zielinksi, A., Majcherczyk, S., Lipski, J. & Szulczyk, P. (1974) ’Effect of Chemical Stimulation and Depression of the Medullary Superficial Areas on the Respiratory Motoneurone Discharges, Sympathetic Activity and Efferent Control of Carotid Area Receptors’, in W. Umbach & H.P. Koepchen (eds) Central Rhythmic and Regulation, Hippokrates, Stuttgart, pp. 170–7
Ullah, Z. (1973) ’Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen über ein chemo- sensibles Areal für die Atmungsregulation im Bereich der Medulla oblongata der Hauskatze’, Thesis. Abt. Theoretische Medizin, G.H. Essen
Wieth, J.O., Brahm, J. & Funder, J. (1980) ’Transport and Interactions of Anions and Protons in the Red Blood Cell Membrane’, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 341, 394–418
Willshaw, P. (1975) ’Sinus Nerve Efferents as a Link Between Central and Peripheral Chemoreceptors’, in M.T. Purves (ed.). The Peripheral Arterial Chemoreceptors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 253–68
Willshaw, P. (1977) ’Mechanism of Inhibition of Chemoreceptor Activity by Sinus Nerve Efferents’, in H. Acker, S. Fidone, D. Pallot, C. Eyzaguirre & D.W. Lübbers (eds), Chemoreception in the Carotid Body, Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, pp. 168–72
Winterstein, H. (1911) ’Die Regulierung der Atmung durch das Blut’, Pflügers Arch., 138, 167–84
Winterstein, H. (1956) ’Chemical Control of Pulmonary Ventüation III. The Reaction Theory of Respiratory Control’, N. Engl. J. Med., 255, 331–7
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1983 David J. Pallot
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Loeschcke, H.H. (1983). Central Chemoreceptors. In: Pallot, D.J. (eds) Control of Respiration. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1487-5_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1487-5_2
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4684-1489-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4684-1487-5
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive