Skip to main content

DNA-Mediated Gene Transfer into Mammalian Cells

  • Chapter

Abstract

In many situations it is very convenient to express a gene in a variety of different cell types, other than those from which it was derived. This could be useful in a number of areas such as the study of the regulation of gene expression and the biological function of gene products. There are a number of methods available (outlined below) to transfer both cloned and uncloned genes. Unfortunately, there is no method suitable for all situations and one must choose a particular method to suit the genetic material being used, the type of study to be undertaken and, most importantly, the cell type under study. Suggestions for suitable usage are made in each section. The calcium phosphate precipitation method1 is the one most widely used because it is suitable for most forms of DNA and is technically very simple to perform. Consequently, this method is described in most detail. Other methods which require sophisticated apparatus (such as microinjection) or great expertise (such as viral transformation) are described in less detail, but give essential references for those whose needs are suited to these methods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Further Reading

  • Hogan, B.L.M., Costantini, F. and Lacy, E. (eds) (1986) Manipulation of the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

    Google Scholar 

  • Maniatis, T., Fritsch, E.F. and Sambrook, J. (eds) (1982) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

    Google Scholar 

References

  1. Graham, F.L. and van der Eb, A.J. (1973) A New Technique for the Assay of Infectivity of Human Adenovirus 5 DNA, Virology, 52, 456–467

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Wigler, M., Silverstein, S., Lee, L.S., Pellicer, A., Cheng, Y.C. and Axel, R. (1977) Transfer of Purified Herpes Virus Thymidine Kinase Gene to Cultured Mouse Cells, Cell, 11 223–232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Loyter, A., Scangos, G.A. and Ruddle, F.H. (1982) Mechanisms of DNA Uptake by Mammalian Cells: Fate of Exogenously Added DNA Monitored by the Use of Fluorescent Dyes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 79, 422–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Gilmour, R.S., Gow, J.W. and Spandidos, D.A. (1982) In vivo Assembly of Regularly Spaced Nucleosomes on Mouse Beta Maj-globin DNA Cloned in an SV40 Recombinant, Biosci. Rep., 2, 1031–1040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Grosveld, F., Lund, T., Murray, E.J., Mellor, A.L., Dahl, H.H. and Flavell, R.A. (1982) The Construction of Cosmid Libraries Which Can Be Used to Transform Eukaryotic Cells, Nucleic Acids Res., 10, 6715–6732

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Wright, S., deBoer, E., Grosveld, F.G. and Flavell, R.A. (1983). Regulated Expression of the Human Beta-globin Gene Family in Murine Erythroleukaemia Cells, Nature, Lond., 305, 22–28

    Google Scholar 

  7. Graham, F.L. and Bacchetti, S. (1983) DNA Mediated Gene Transfer Using the Calcium Technique, Nucleic Acid Biochem., B506, 1–14

    Google Scholar 

  8. Spandidos, D.A. and Wilkie, N.M. (1984) In vitro Transcription and Translation — A Practical Approach, in Hames, B.D. and Higgins, F.J. (eds) Expression of Exogenous DNA in Mammalian Cells, pp. 1–48. (IRL Press, Oxford)

    Google Scholar 

  9. Graham, F.L., Bacchetti, S. and McKinnon, R. (1980) Transformation of Mammalian Cells with DNA Using the Calcium Technique, in Introduction of Macromolecules into Viable Mammalian Cells, pp. 3–25. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York)

    Google Scholar 

  10. Freshney, R.I. (1983) Cloning and Selection of Specific Cell Types, in Culture of Animal Cells, pp. 129–143. (Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York)

    Google Scholar 

  11. Kühn, C.C., McClelland, A. and Ruddle, F.H. (1984) Gene Transfer, Expression and Molecular Cloning of the Human Transferrin Receptor Gene, Cell, 37, 94–103

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Southern, E. (1975) Detection of Specific Sequences Among DNA Fragments Separated by Gel Electrophoresis, J. Mol. Biol., 98, 503–517

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Wofsy, L., Henry, C., Kimura, J. and North, J. (1980) Modification and Use of Antibodies to Label Cell Surface Antigens, in Mishell, B.B. and Shiigi, S.M. (eds) Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology, pp. 287–304. (W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco)

    Google Scholar 

  14. Littman, D.R., Thomas, Y., Maddon, P.J., Chess, L. and Axel, R. (1985) The Isolation and Sequence of the Gene Encoding T8: A Molecule Defining Functional Classes of T Lymphocytes, Cell, 40, 237–246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Stow, N.D. and Wilkie, N. (1976) An Improved Technique for Obtaining Enhanced Infectivity with Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 DNA, J. Gen. Virol., 33, 447–458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Frost, E. and Williams, J. (1978) Mapping Temperature-Sensitive and Host-range Mutations by Adenovirus Type 5 by Marker Rescue, Virology, 91, 39–50

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Copeland, N. and Cooper, G. (1979) Transfection by Exogenous and Endogenous Murine Retrovirus DNAs, Cell, 16, 347–356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Szybalska, E. and Szybalski, W. (1962) Genetics of Human Cell Lines. IV. DNA-mediated Heritable Transformation of a Biochemical Trait, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 48, 2026–2034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Wigler, M., Pellicer, A., Silverstein, S., Axel, R., Urlaub, G. and Chasin, L. (1979) DNA-mediated Transfer of the Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase Locus into Mammalian Cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 76, 1373–1376

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Mulligan, R.C. and Berg, P. (1980) Expression of a Bacterial Gene in Mammalian Cells, Science, 209, 1422–1427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Jimenez, A. and Davies, J. (1980) Expression of a Transposable Antibiotic Resistance Element in Saccharomyces, Nature, Lond., 287, 869–871

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Blochlinger, K. and Diggelmann, H. (1984) Hygromycin B. as a Selectable Marker for DNA Transfer Experiments with Higher Eukaryotic Cells, Mol. Cell. Biol., 4, 2929–2931

    Google Scholar 

  23. Weinberg, R.A. (1984) Oncogenes and the Molecular Biology of Cancer, J. Cell. Biol., 97 (6), 1661–1662

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Nagata, Y., Diamond, B. and Bloom, B.R. (1983) The Generation of Human Macrophage/Monocyte Cell Lines, Nature, Lond., 306, 597–599

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Bird, A.G., McLachlan, S.M. and Britton, S. (1981) Cyclosporin A Promotes Spontaneous Outgrowth in vitro of EBV-induced B-cell Lines, Nature, Lond., 289, 300–301

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Grosveld, G.C., de Boer, E., Shewmaker, C.K. and Flavell, R.A. (1982) DNA Sequences Necessary for Transcription of the Rabbit Beta-globin Gene in vivo, Nature, Lond., 295, 120–126

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Banerji, J., Rusconi, S. and Schaffner, W. (1981) Expression of a Beta-globin Gene is Enhanced by Remote SV40 DNA Sequences, Cell, 27, 299–308

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. McKeehan, W.L. and Ham, R.G. (1976) Stimulation of Clonal Growth of Normal Fibroblasts with Substrata Coated with Basic Polymers, J. Cell. Biol., 71, 727–734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Vaheri, A. and Pagano, J.S. (1965) Infectious Polio Virus RNA: A Sensitive Method of Assay, Virology, 27, 434–436

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Warden, D. and Thorne, H.V. (1968) The Infectivity of Polyoma Virus DNA for Mouse Embryo Cells in the Presence of Diethylaminoethyl-dextran, J. Gen. Virol., 3, 371–377

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Sompayral, L.M. and Danna, K.J. (1981) Efficient Infection of Monkey Cells with DNA of Simian Virus 40, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 78, 7575–7578

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Schaffner, W. (1980) Direct Transfer of Cloned Genes from Bacteria to Mammalian Cells, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 77, 2163–2167

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Straublinger, R.M., Hong, K., Friend, D.S. and Papahadjopoulos, D. (1983) Endocytosis of Liposomes and Intracellular Fate of Encapsulated Molecules: Encounter with a Low pH Compartment After Internalization in Coated Vesicles, Cell, 32, 1069–1079

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Fraley, R. and Papadjopoulos, D. (1982) Liposomes: The Development of a New Carrier System for Introducing Nucleic Acid into Plant and Animal Cells, Curr. Top. Microbiol Immunol., 96, 171–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Deamer, D.W. and Uster, P.S. (1980) Liposome Preparation Methods and Monitoring Liposome Fusion, in Baserga, R., Crace, D. and Rovera, G. (eds) Introduction of Macromolecules into Viable Mammalian Cells, pp. 205–220. (Alan R. Liss Inc., New York)

    Google Scholar 

  36. Szoka, F. and Papadjopoulos, D. (1978) Procedure for Preparing Liposomes with Large Internal Aqueous Space and High Capture by Reverse-phase Evaporation, Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA, 75, 4194–4198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Weissman, G., Bloomgarden, D., Kaplan, R., Cohen, R., Hoffstein, S., Collins Gotlieb, A. and Nagle, D. (1975) A General Method for the Introduction of Enzymes by Means of Immunoglobulin-coated Liposomes into Lysosomes of Recipient Cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 72, 88–93

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Köhler, G. and Milstein, C. (1975) Continuous Cultures of Fused Cells Secreting Antibody of Predefined Specificity, Nature, Lond., 256, 495–497

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Oi, V.T. and Herzenberg, L.A. (1980) Immunoglobulin-producing Hybrid Cell Lines, in Mishell, B.B. and Shiigi, S.M. (eds) Selected Methods in Cellular Immunology, pp. 351–372. (W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco)

    Google Scholar 

  40. Geurt van Kessel, A., Tetteroo, P., van Agthoven, T., Paulaussen, R., van Dongen, J., Hagemeyer, A. and von dem Borne, A. (1984) Localization of Human Myeloid Associated Surface Antigens Detected by a Panel of 20 Monoclonal Antibodies to the ql2-qtr Region of Chromosome 11, J. Immunol., 98, 503–517

    Google Scholar 

  41. Willing, M.C., Nienhuis, A.W., and Anderson, W.F. (1979) Selective Activation of Human ß- But Not a-globin Gene in Human Fibroblast and Mouse Erythroleukaemia Cell Hybrids, Nature, Lond., 277, 534–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Smithies, O., Gregg, R.G., Boggs, S.S., Koralewski, M.A. and Kucherlaput, R.S. (1985) Insertion of DNA Sequence into the Human Chromosomal ß-globin Locus by Homologous Recombination. Nature, Lond., 317, 230–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Wong, T-K., and Neumann, E. (1982) Electric Field Mediated Gene Transfer, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm., 107 (2), 584–587

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Zimmermann, U., and Vienken, J. (1982) Electric Field-induced Cell-to-cell Fusion, J. Membr. Biol., 67, 165–182

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Neumann, E., Schaefer-Ridder, M., Wang, Y., and Hofschneider, P.H. (1982) Gene Transfer into Mouse Myeloma Cells by Electroporation in High Electric Fields, EMBO J., 1, 841–845

    Google Scholar 

  46. Graessmann, A. (1968) Doctoral dissertation, University of Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  47. Diacumakos, E.G., Holland, S., and Pecora, P. (1970) A Microsurgical Methodology for Human Cells in vitro: Evolution and Applications, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 65, 911–918

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Capecchi, M. (1980) High Efficiency Transformation by Direct Microinjection of DNA into Cultured Mammalian Cells, Cell, 22, 479–488

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Yamamoto, F., Furusawa, M., Furusawa, I., and Obingta, M. (1982) The ‘Pricking’ Method. A New Efficient Technique for Mechanically Introducing Foreign DNA into the Nuclei of Culture Cells, Exp. Cell Res., 142, 79–84

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Varmus, H. (1982) Form and Function of Retroviral Proviruses, Science, 216, 812–820

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Baltimore, D. (1985) Retroviruses and Retrotransposons: The Role of Reverse Transcription in Shaping the Eukaryotic Genome, Cell, 40, 481–482

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Panganiban, A.T. (1985) Retroviral DNA Integration, Cell, 42, 5–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Weiss, R., Teich, N., Varmus, H., and Coffin, J. (1982) RNA Tumour Viruses. (Cold Spring Harbor, New York, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory)

    Google Scholar 

  54. Mann, R., Mulligan, R., and Baltimore, D. (1983) Construction of a Retrovirus Packaging Mutant and its Use to Produce Helper-free Defective Retrovirus, Cell, 33, 153–159

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Cepko, C.L., Roberts, B.E., and Mulligan, R.C. (1984) Construction and Applications of a Highly Transmissible Murine Retrovirus Shuttle Vector, Cell, 37, 1053–1062

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1987 John M. Walker and Wim Gaastra

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

James, R.F.L., Grosveld, F.G. (1987). DNA-Mediated Gene Transfer into Mammalian Cells. In: Walker, J.M., Gaastra, W. (eds) Techniques in Molecular Biology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9799-5_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9799-5_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7099-3673-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9799-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics