Abstract
The control of human movement and spatial orientation is notably complex. The body is multiply articulate and as the trunk and limbs change their orientation with respect to the gravitational-force vector, the forces necessary to move a limb through a given angle also change. Moving the forearm back and forth through the same angular distances in a vertical and then in a horizontal plane represents a simple example of this. Even though the motor commands necessary to bring about the “same movement” in the two cases differ because of the load and orientation changes, one nevertheless, unless fatigued, experiences little or no difference in the effort required to bring about the movements. This means that the skeletomuscular system is “calibrated” such that body movements of a given extent are perceived as equivalent in terms of apparent force despite often radical differences in the actual forces involved. Such a calibration is possible only through a continual monitoring of the relative configuration and orientation of the body in relation to the substrate of support and the gravitoinertial-force vector. Actually, as Mach (1897) pointed out long ago, the eyes are really the only movable parts of the body that can be controlled by means of innervation sequences that bring about the same movements regardless of body orientation.1
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Bahill, A., & Stark, L., The trajectories of saccadic eye movements. Scientific American, 1979, 240, 108–117.
Bernard, C., Introduction a l’Etude de la Médecine Expérimentale. Paris: J.B. Baillière et fils, 1865.
Bernstein, N., The co-ordination and regulation of movements. Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1967.
Cannon, W.B., The wisdom of the body. New York: Norton, 1963.
Chomsky, N., Syntactic structures. The Hague: Mouton, 1957.
Chomsky, N., Review of Verbal Behavior by B.F. Skinner (1957). Language, 1959, 35, 26–58.
Chomsky, N., Aspects of the theory of syntax. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1965.
Dewar, R., Adaptation to displaced vision: Variations on the “prismatic shaping” technique. Perception and Psychophysics, 1971, 9, 155–157.
Fairbanks, G., Selective vocal effects of delayed auditory feedback. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 1955, 20, 333–345.
Finke, R., The functional equivalence of mental images and errors of movement. Cognitive Psychology, 1979, 11, 235–264.
Gibson, E., & Walk, R., The “visual cliff.” Scientific American, 1960, 202, 64–71.
Goodwin, G., McCloskey D., & Matthews, P., The contribution of muscle afferents to kinesthesia shown by vibration induced illusions of movement and by the effects of paralysing joint afferents. Brain, 1972, 95, 705–748.
Graybiel, A., Structural elements in the concept of motion sickness. Aerospace Medicine, 1969, 40, 351–367.
Graybiel, A., & Wood, C., Rapid vestibular adaptation in a rotating environment by means of controlled head movements. Aerospace Medicine, 1969, 40, 638–643.
Graybiel, A., Guedry, F., Johnson, W., & Kennedy, R., Adaptation to bizarre stimulation of the semicircular canals as indicated by the oculogyral illusion. Aerospace Medicine, 1961, 32, 321–327.
Guedry, F., Psychophysics of vestibular sensation. In H. Kornhuber (Ed.), Handbook of Sensory Physiology. Volume VI/2: Vestibular System. Part 2: Psychophysics, Applied Aspects and General Interpretations. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1974, pp. 3–154.
Hagbarth, K.-E., & Eklund, G., Motor affects of vibratory stimuli in man. In R. Granit (Ed.), Muscle Afferents and Motor Control. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell, 1966, pp. 177–186.
Harris, C., Adaptation to displaced vision: Visual, motor, or proprioceptive change. Science, 1963, 140, 812–813.
Hay, J., & Pick, H., Visual and proprioceptive adaptation to optical displacement of the visual stimulus. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1966, 71, 150–158.
Held, R., Exposure-history as a factor in maintaining stability of perception and coordination. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1961, 132, 26–32.
Held, R., Plasticity in sensory-motor systems. Scientific American, 1965, 213, 84–94.
Held, R., Action contingent development of vision in neonatal animals. In D.P. Kimble (Ed.), Experience and Capacity. New York: New York Academy of Sciences, 1968.
Held, R., & Bossom, J., Neonatal deprivation and adult rearrangement: Complementary techniques for analyzing plastic sensory-motor coordinations. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1961, 54, 33–37.
Held, R., & Freedman, S., Plasticity in human sensorimotor control. Science, 1963, 142, 455–462.
Held, R., & Gottlieb, N., Technique for studying adaptation to disarranged hand-eye coordination. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1958, 8, 83–86.
Held, R., & Hein, A., Adaptation to disarranged hand-eye coordination contingent upon reafferent stimulation. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1958, 8, 87–90.
Held, R., & Hein, A., Movement-produced stimulation in the development of visually guided behavior. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 1963, 56, 872–876.
Held, R., & Schlank, M., Adaptation to disarranged eye-hand coordination in the distance dimension. American Journal of Psychology, 1959, 72, 603–605.
Henderson, L.J. The fitness of the environment. New York: Macmillan, 1913.
Howard, T. Displacing the optic array. In S. Freedman (Ed.), The neuropsychology of spatially oriented behavior. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey Press, 1968, pp. 19–36.
Katz, D., Animals and men. London: Penguin Books, 1953.
Katz, D., & Lackner, J., Adaptation to delayed auditory feedback. Perception and Psychophysics, 1977, 22, 476–486.
Kravitz, T., & Wallach, H., Adaptation to displaced vision contingent upon vibrating stimulation. Psychonomic Science, 1966, 6, 465–466.
Lackner, J., Influence of posture on the spatial localization of sounds. Ph.D. thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1970.
Lackner, J., The role of posture in adaptation to visual rearrangement. Neuropsychologia, 1973, 11, 33–44.
Lackner, J., Adaptation to displaced vision: Role of proprioception. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 1974, 38, 1251–1256.
Lackner, J., Induction of illusory self-rotation and nystagmus in stationary subjects with a rotating sound field. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 1917, 48, 129–131.
Lackner, J., Some mechanisms underlying sensory and postural stability in man. In R. Held, H. Leibowitz, & H.L. Teuber (Eds.), Handbook of sensory physiology. Vol. 8: Perception. Berlin: Springer Verlag, 1978, pp. 805–845.
Lackner, J., Adaptation to constancy of auditory direction transfers to visual direction. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, in press.
Lackner, J., & Graybiel, A. Postural illusions experienced during z-axis recumbent rotation and their dependence upon somatosensory stimulation of the body surface. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 1978, 49, 484–488. (a)
Lackner, J., & Graybiel, A., Some influences of touch and pressure cues on human spatial orientation. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 1978, 49, 798-804. (b)
Lackner, J., & Graybiel, A., Relationship between slow-phase velocity of optokinetic nystagmus and the visual induction of illusory self-rotation. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, in press.
Lackner, J.R., & Graybiel, A., Parabolic flight: Loss of sense orientation. Science, 1979, 206, 1105–1108.
Lackner, J., & Levine, M., Visual direction depends on the operation of spatial constancy mechanisms. Neuroscience Letters, 1978, 7, 207–212.
Lackner, J., & Levine, M., Changes in apparent body orientation and sensory localization induced by vibration of postural muscles: Vibratory my esthetic illusions. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 1979, 50, 346–354.
Lackner, J., & Lobovits, D., Adaptation to displaced vision: Evidence for prolonged aftereffects. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1977, 29, 65–69.
Lackner, J., & Lobovits, D., Incremental exposure facilitates adaptation to sensory rearrangement. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 1978, 49, 362–364.
Lackner, J.R., & Teixeira, R., Optokinetic motion sickness: Continuous head movements attenuate the visual induction of apparent self-rotation and symptoms of motion sickness. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 1911, 48, 248–253.
Lackner, J., & Tuller, B., Role of efference monitoring in the detection of self-produced speech errors. In E.C.T. Walker & W.E. Cooper (Eds.), Sentence Processing. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Erlbaum Associates, 1979, pp. 281–294.
Mach, E., Contributions to the analysis of the sensations. Chicago: Open Court Publishing, 1897.
Magnus, R., Korperstellung. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1924.
Mather, J., & Lackner, J., Adaptation to visual rearrangement elicited by tonic vibration reflexes. Experimental Brain Research, 1975, 24, 103–105.
Mather, J., & Lackner, J., Sensory factors in adaptation to visual rearrangement. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1911, 29, 237–244.
Mather, J., & Lackner, J., Visual tracking of active and passive movements of the hand. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1980, 32, 307–316. (a)
Mather, J., & Lackner, J., Adaptation to visual rearrangement with active and passive limb movements: Effect of movement frequency and predictability. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1980, 32, 317–324. (b)
Mather, J., & Lackner, J., Adaptation to visual displacement: Contribution of proprioceptive, visual, and attentional factors, 1980, in submission, (c)
Moulden, B., Adaptation to displaced vision: Reafference is a special case of the cuediscrepancy hypothesis. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1971, 23, 113–117.
Skowbo, D., Timney, B., Gentry, T., & Morant, R., McCollough effects: Experimental findings and theoretical accounts. Psychological Bulletin, 1975, 82, 497–510.
Steinbach, M., Eye tracking of self-moved targets: The role of efference. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 1969, 83, 366–376.
Steinbach, M., & Held, R., Eye tracking of observer-generated target movements. Science, 1968, 161, 187–188.
Teixeira, R., & Lackner, J., Influence of apparent head position on optokinetic nystagmus and eye posture. Experimental Brain Research, 1976, 24, 435–440.
Teixeira, R., & Lackner, J.R., Optokinetic motion sickness: Attenuation of visually induced illusory self-rotation by passive head movements. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 1979, 50, 264–266.
von Hoist, E., Relations between the central nervous system and the peripheral organs. British Journal of Animal Behaviour, 1954, 2, 89–94.
Walk, R., Shepherd, J., & Miller, D., Attention as an alternative to self-induced motion for the perceptual behavior of kittens. Society for Neuroscience Abstracts, 1978, 4, 128, A395.
Wallach, H., Informational discrepancy as a basis of perceptual adaptation. In S. Freedman (Ed.), The Neuropsychology of spatially oriented behavior. Homewood, Illinois: Dorsey Press, 1968, pp. 209 - 229.
Wallach, H., On perception. New York: Quadrangle/The New York Times Book Co., 1976.
Wallach, H., & Bacon, J., Two kinds of adaptation in the constancy of visual direction and their different effects on the perception of shape and visual direction. Perception and Psychophysics, 1977, 21, 227 - 242.
Wallach, H., & Kravitz, J., The measurement of the constancy of visual direction and of its adaptation. Psychonomic Science, 1965, 2, 217–218.
Wallach, H., & Kravitz, J., Adaptation in the constancy of visual direction tested by measuring the constancy of auditory direction. Perception and Psychophysics, 1968, 4, 299–303.
Welch, R., Perceptual modification: Adapting to altered sensory environments. New York: Academic Press, 1978.
Yachzel, B., & Lackner, J., Adaptation to displaced vision: Evidence for transfer of adaptation and long-lasting aftereffects. Perception and Psychophysics, 1977, 22, 147–151.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1981 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Lackner, J.R. (1981). Some Aspects of Sensory-Motor Control and Adaptation in Man. In: Walk, R.D., Pick, H.L. (eds) Intersensory Perception and Sensory Integration. Perception and Perceptual Development. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9197-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9197-9_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9199-3
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9197-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive