Skip to main content

Building Effective Multiethnic Schools

Evolving Models and Paradigms

  • Chapter
School Desegregation

Abstract

During the 25 years since Brown v Board of Education (1954),1 research concerning school desegregation has evolved through three basic paradigms. Studies during the early period were primarily atheoretical, impact studies. These were followed by a variety of studies based on deficit models and psychologistic hypotheses. More recently, interest has shifted to models which describe the interpersonal processes and the social structural characteristics of the school as a social system and relate system characteristics to educational outcomes.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allport, G. W. The nature of prejudice. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1954.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armor, D. J. School and family effects on black and white achievement. In F. Mosteller & D. P. Moynihan (Eds.), On equality of educational opportunity. New York: Vintage, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, H. S. Social class variations in the teacher-pupil relationship. Journal of Educational Sociology, 1952, 25, 451–465.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bereiter, C. A non-psychological approach to early compensatory education. In M. Deutsch, I. Katz, & A. Jensen (Eds.), Social class, race, and psychological development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, J., Cohen, B. P., & Zelditch, J. Status characteristics and social interaction. American Sociological Review, 1972, 37, 241–255.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bernstein, B. Language and social class. British Journal of Sociology, 1960, 11, 271–276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloom, R., Whiteman, M., & Deutsch, M. Race and social class as separate factors related to social environment. American Journal of Sociology, 1965, LXX, 471–476.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, D. T., & Stanley, J. C. Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for research. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, E. G. Interracial interaction disability. Human Relations, 1972, 25, 9–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, E. G. Modifying the effects of social structure. American Behavioral Scientist, 1973, 16, 861–878.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, E. G., & Roper, S. S. Modification of interracial interaction disability: An application of status characteristic theory. American Sociological Review, 1972, 37, 643–657.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, E. G., Lohman, M., Hall, K., Lucero, D., & Roper, S. Expectation training I: Altering the effects of a racial status characteristic. Technical Report No. I, Stanford, California: School of Education, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coleman, J. S., Campbell, E. Q., Hobson, C. J., McPartland, J., Mood, A. M., Weinfeld, F. D., & York, R. L. Report on equality of educational opportunity. U. S. Office of Education, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D. C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, W. A. Social-class influences upon learning. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1948.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, W. A., & Havighurst, R. J. Social-class and color differences in childrearing. American Sociological Review, 1946, 11, 698–710.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, M., & Brown, B. Social influences in negro-white intelligence differences. Journal of Social Issues, 1964, 24–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Entwisle, D. R., & Webster, M. Status factors in expectation raising. Sociology of Education, 1973, 115–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Entwisle, D., & Webster, M. Expectations in mixed racial groups. Sociology of Education, 1974, 301–318.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eysenck, H. J. The IQ argument: Race, intelligence, and education. New York: Library Press, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Findley, W. G., & Bryan, M. M. Ability grouping: 1970. Center for Educational Improvement, College of Education, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glazer, N. Foreward. In N. H. St. John (Ed.), School desegregation: Outcomes for children. New York: Wiley, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, B. Low income youth in urban areas. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gottlieb, D. Teaching and students: The views of negro and white teachers. Sociology of Education, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, E. W. Programs of compensatory education. In M. Deutsch, I. Katz, & A. Jensen (Eds.), Social class, race, and psychological development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, S. W., & Klaus, R. A. An experimental preschool program for culturally deprived children. Child Development, 1965, 36, 887–898.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gray, S. W., & Klaus, R. A. The early training project: A seventh year report. Child Development, 1970, 41, 909–924.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, D. G., & Slatin, G. T. The relationship between the child’s SES and teacher’s expectations: A test of the middle class bias hypothesis. Social Forces, 1975, 54, 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, R. D., & Shipman, V. Early experience and the socialization of cognitive modes in children. Child Development, 1966, 34, 869–886.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hollingshead, A. B. Elmtown’s youth. New York: Wiley, 1949.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, G., & Cosca, C. The inequality of educational opportunity in the southwest: An observational study of ethnically mixed classrooms. American Educational Research Journal, 1974, 11, 219–229.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jencks, C. Inequality: A reassessment of the effect of family and schooling in America. New York: Basic, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. Social class and verbal learning. In M. Deutsch, I. Katz, & A. Jensen (Eds.), Social class, race, and psychological development. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R. How much can we boost IQ and scholastic achievement? Harvard Educational Review, 1969, 39, 1–123.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jensen, A. R. Do schools cheat minority children? Educational Research, 1971, 14, 3–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E. B., Gerard, H. B., & Miller, N. Teacher influences in the desegregated classroom. In H. B. Gerard & N. Miller (Eds.), School desegregation. New York: Plenum, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karier, C. J., Violas, P., & Spring, J. Roots of crisis: American education in the twentieth century. Chicago: Rand McNally, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karnes, M. B., Teska, J. A., Hodgins, A. S., & Badger, E. D. Educational intervention at home by mothers of disadvantaged infants. Child Development, 1970, 41, 925–935.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katz, M. B. Class, bureaucracy and schools: The illusion of educational change in America. New York: Praeger, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, I. Desegregation or integration in public schools: The policy implications of research. Integrated Education, 1967–1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katz, I., & Cohen, M. The effects of training Negroes upon cooperative problem solving in biracial teams. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1962, 64, 319–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lohman, M. Changing a racial status ordering: Some implications for integration efforts. Education and Urban Society, 1972, 4, 383–402.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marans, A. E., & Lourie, R. Hypotheses regarding the effects of child-rearing patterns on the disadvantaged child. In J. Hellmuth (Ed.), Disadvantaged child (Vol 1). New York: Brunner /Mazel, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, J. R. Issues and dilemmas in school desegregation: A case study. Proceedings of the 17th western regional conference on testing problems. Educational Testing Service, San Francisco, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, J. R. Institutionalized anglocentrism: Labeling mental retardates in the public schools. In P. Orleans & W. Russell (Eds.), Race, change, and urban society: Urban affairs annual review (Vol. 5). Los Angeles: Sage, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, J. R. Who is normal? Two perspectives on mild mental retardation. In E. G. Jaco (Ed.), Patients, physicians and illness (rev. ed.). Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, J. R. Labeling the mentally retarded. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, J. R. A policy statement on assessment procedures and the rights of children. Harvard Educational Review, 1974, 44, 125–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, J. R. Test “validity,” “bias,” and “fairness:” An analysis from the perspective of the sociology of knowledge. Interchange, 1978–1979, 9, 1–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, J. R. System of multicultural pluralistic assessment: Technical and conceptual manual. New York: Psychological Corporation, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, J. R., & Brown, W. C. Racial differences in IQ: Fact or artifact? In C. Senna (Ed.), The fallacy of IQ. New York: Third Press, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mercer, J. R., Coleman, M., & Harloe, J. Racial/ethnic segregation and desegregation in American public education. In W. Gordon (Ed.), Uses of the sociology of education: The 73rd yearbook of the national society for the study of education (Vol. 2). Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Institute of Education. The desegregation literature: A critical appraisal. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Washington, D.C. 20208, July 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasamanick, B., & Knobloch, H. The contribution of some organic factors to school retardation in Negro children, Journal of Negro Education, 1958, 27, 4–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pavenstedt, E. A comparison of the child-rearing environment of upper-lower and very low-lower class families. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1965, 35, 89–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, A. J. Occupations and social status. New York: Free Press, 1961.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rist, R. C. Student social class and teacher expectations: The self-fulfilling prophecies in ghetto education. Harvard Educational Review, 1970, 40, 411–451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, B. C. The achievement syndrome: A psychocultural dimension of social stratification. American Sociological Review, 1956, 21, 203–211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, B. C., & D’Andrade, R. The psychological origins of achievement motivation. Sociometry, 1959, 22, 185–218.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St. John, N. H. School desegregation: Outcomes for children. New York: Wiley, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schaefer, E. S. Parents as educators: Evidence from cross-sectional, longitudinal and intervention research. The young child: Reviews of research (Vol. 2). Washington, D.C.: National Association for the Education of Young Children, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, W., & Hauser, R. Causes and consequences of higher education: Models of the status attainment process. In W. Sewell (Ed.), Schooling and achievement in American society. New York: Academic, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, W., Haller, A. O., & Strauss, M. A. Social status and educational and occupational aspiration. American Sociological Review, 1957, 22, 67–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Silberman, C. Crisis in black and white. New York: Random House, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stendler-Lavatelli, E. B. Environmental intervention in infancy and childhood. In M. Deutsch, I. Katz, & A. Jensen (Eds.), Social class, race, and psychological development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strodtbeck, F. L. The hidden curriculum of the middle class home. In C. W. Hunnicutt (Ed.), Urban education and cultural deprivation. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tulkin, S. R., & Kagan, J. Mother-child interaction in the first year of life. Child Development, 1972, 43, 31–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Commission on Civil Rights. The unfinished education: Outcomes for minorities in the five southwestern states. Mexican-American Education Series, Report II. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  • United States Commission on Civil Rights. The excluded student: Educational practices affecting Mexican-Americans in the southwest. Mexican-American Education Series, Report III. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weikart, D., & Lambie, D. Preschool intervention through a home teaching program. In J. Hellmuth (Ed.), Disadvantaged Child (Vol. 2). New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, M. Minority students: A research appraisal. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiteman, M., Brown, B., & Deutsch, M. Some effects of social class and race on children’s language and intellectual abilities. In M. Deutsch (Ed.), The disadvantaged child. New York: Basic, 1967.

    Google Scholar 

  • Whiteman, M., & Deutsch, M. Social disadvantage as related to intellective and language development. In M. Deutsch, I. Katz, & A. Jensen (Eds.), Social class, race, and psychological development. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, 1968.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, A. B. Social stratification and academic achievement. In A. H. Passow (Ed.), Education in depressed areas. New York: Teachers College Press, 1963.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wortis, H., Bardach, J. L., Cutler, R., Rue, R., & Freedman, A. Child-rearing practices in a low socioeconomic group. Pediatrics, 1963, 32, 298–311.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mercer, J.R., Iadicola, P., Moore, H. (1980). Building Effective Multiethnic Schools. In: Stephan, W.G., Feagin, J.R. (eds) School Desegregation. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9155-9_12

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-9155-9_12

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-9157-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-9155-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics