Abstract
A number of biologically active peptides have been isolated in recent years. Among these, the “hypothalamic hormones”-luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LHRH) (1,2), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) (3,4), and growth hormone release inhibiting hormone (somatostatin) (5,6,7)-play very specific roles in regulating the anterior pituitary. In addition, these hormones may act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators at sites distant from the median eminence. The functions of other peptides, such as substance P (8) and neurotensin (9), remain to be determined.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Baba, Y., H. Matsuo, and A. V. Schally, “Structure of the porcine LH-and FSH-releasing hormone. II. Confirmation of the proposed structure by conventional sequential analyses,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 44: 459–463, 1971.
Matsuo, H., Y. Baba, R. M. G. Nair, A. Arimura, and A. V. Schally, “Structure of the porcine LH-and FSH-releasing hormone. I. The proposed amino acid sequence,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 43: 1334–1339, 1971.
Bøler, J., F. Enzmann, K. Folkers, C. Y. Bowers, and A. V. Schally, “The identity of chemical and hormonal properties of the thyrotropin releasing hormone and pyroglutamyl-histidyl-proline amide,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 37: 705–710, 1969.
Burgus, R., N. Ling, M. Butcher, and R. Guillemin, “Primary structure of somatostatin, a hypothalamic peptide that inhibits the secretion of pituitary growth hormone,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 70: 684–688, 1973.
Brazeau, P., W. Vale, R. Burgus, N. Ling, M. Butcher, J. Rivier, and R. Guillemin, “Hypothalamic polypeptide that inhibits the secretion of immunoreactive pituitary growth hormone,” Science 179: 77–79, 1973.
Rivier, J., P. Brazeau, W. Vale, N. Ling, R. Burgus, G. Gilon, J. Yardley, and R. Guillemin, “Synthese totale par phase solide d’un tétradécapeptide ayant les propriétés chemique et biologique de la somatostatine,” C R Acad Sci (Paris) [D] 275: 666–669, 1973.
Vale, W., P. Brazeau, G. Grant, A. Nussey, R. Burgus, J. Rivier, N. Ling, and R. Guillemin, “Premieres observations sur le mode d’action de la somatostatine un facteur hypothalamique qui inhibe la sécrétion de l’hormone de croisance,” C R Acad Sci (Paris) [D] 275: 2913–2916, 1972.
Chang, M. M., and S. E. Leeman, “Isolation of a sialogogic peptide from bovine hypothalamic tissue and its characterization as substance P,” J. Biol Chem 245: 4784–4790, 1970.
Carraway, R., and S. E. Leeman, “The isolation of a new hypotensive peptide, neurotensin, from bovine hypothalami,” J. Biol Chem 248: 6854–6861, 1973.
McCann, S. M., “A hypothalamic luteinizing-hormone-releasing-factor,” Amer J Physiol 202: 395–400, 1962.
Schneider, H. P. G., D. B. Crighton, and S. M. McCann, “Suprachiasmatic LH-releasing factor,” Neuroendocrinology 5: 271–280, 1969.
Crighton, D. B., H. P. G. Schneider, and S. M. McCann, “Localization of LH-releasing factor in the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis as determined by in vitro method,” Endocrinology 87: 323–329, 1970.
Wheaton, J. E., L. Krulich, and S. M. McCann, “Localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the preoptic area and hypothalamus of the rat using radioimmunoassay,” Endocrinology 97: 30–38, 1975.
Palkovits, M., A. Arimura, M. J. Brownstein, A. V. Schally, and J. M. Saavedra, “Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) content of the hypothalamic nuclei in rat,” Endocrinology 96: 554–558, 1974.
Kizer, J. S., M. Palkovits, and M. Brownstein, “Releasing factors in circumventricular organs of the rat brain,” Endocrinology 98: 309–315, 1976.
Martini, L., F. Fraschini, and M. Motta, “Neural control of anterior pituitary functions,” Recent Prog Hormone Res 24: 439–485, 1968.
Brownstein, M., A. Arimura, A. V. Schally, M. Palkovits, and J. S. Kizer, “The effect of surgical isolation of the hypothalamus on its luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone content,” Endocrinology 98: 662–665, 1976.
Weiner, R. I., E. Pattou, B. Kerdelhue, and C. Kordon, “Differential effects of hypothalamic deafferentation upon luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the median eminence and Organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis,” Endocrinology 97: 1597–1600, 1975.
Brownstein, M. J., M. Palkovits, and J. S. Kizer, “On the origin of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in the supraoptic crest,” Life Sci 17: 679–682, 1975.
Barry, J., M. P. Dubois, and P. Poulain, “LRF producing cells of the mammalian hypothalamus,” Z Zellforsch 146: 351–366, 1973.
Baker, B. L., W. C. Dermody, and J. R. Reel, “Localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone in the mammalian hypothalamus,” Amer J Anat 139: 129–134, 1974.
Hökfelt, T., K. Fuxe, M. Goldstein, O. Johansson, H. Fraser, and S. L. Jeffcoate, “Immunofluorescence mapping of central monoamine and releasing hormone (LRF) systems,” Anatomical Neuroendocrinology, W. E. Stumpf and L. D. Grant (eds.), Karger, Basel, 1975, pp. 381–392.
King, J. C., J. A. Parsons, S. L. Erlandsen, and T. H. Williams, “Luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) pathway of the rat hypothalamus revealed by the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method,” Cell Tissue Res 153: 211–217, 1974.
Kordon, C., B. Kerdelhue, E. Pattous, and M. Jutisz, “Immunocyto-chemical localization of LH-RH in axons and nerve terminals in the rat median eminence,” Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 147: 122–127, 1974.
Kozlowski, G. P., and E. A. Zimmerman, “Localization of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH) in sheep and mouse brain,” Anat Record 178: 396–406, 1974.
Naik, D. V., “Immunoreactive LH-RH neurons in the hypothalamus identified by light and fluorescent microscopy,” Cell Tissue Res 157: 423–436, 1975.
Setalo, G., S. Vigh, A. V. Schally, A. Arimura, and B. Flerko, “LH-RH-containing neural elements in the rat hypothalamus,” Endocrinology 96: 135–142, 1975.
Barry, J., M. P. Dubois, and B. Carette, “Immunofluorescence study of the preoptico-infundibular LRF neurosecretory pathway in the normal, castrated, or testosterone-treated male guinea pig,” Endocrinology 95: 1416–1423, 1974.
Zimmerman, E. A., “Localization of hypothalamic hormones by immunocytochemical techniques,” Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, vol 4, L. Martini and W. F. Ganong (eds.), Raven Press, New York, 1976, pp. 25–62.
Jackson, I. M. D., and S. Reichlin, “Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH): Distribution in hypothalamic and extrahypothalamic brain tissues of mammalian and sub-mammalian chordates,” Endocrinology 95: 854–862, 1974.
Oliver, C., R. L. Eskay, N. Ben-Jonathan, and J. C. Porter, “Distribution and concentration of TRH in the rat brain,” Endocrinology 95: 540–553, 1974.
Winokur, A., and R. D. Utiger, “Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: regional distribution in rat brain,” Science 185: 265–267, 1974.
Brownstein, J. J., M. Palkovits, J. Saavedra, R. Bassiri, and R. D. Utiger, “Thyrotropin-releasing hormone in specific nuclei of rat brain,” Science 185: 267–269, 1974.
Krulich, L., M. Quijada, E. Hefco, and D. K. Sundberg, “Localization of thyrotropin-releasing factor (TRF) in the hypothalamus of the rat,” Endocrinology 95: 9–17, 1974.
Brownstein, M., R. Utiger, M. Palkovits, and J. S. Kizer, “Effect of hypothalamic deafferentation on thyrotropin releasing hormone levels in rat brain,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 4177–4179, 1975.
Hökfelt, T., K. Fuxe, O. Johansson, S. Jeffcoate, and N. White, “Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-containing nerve terminals in certain brain stem nuclei and in the spinal cord,” Neuroscience Letters 1: 133–139, 1975.
Brownstein, M., A. Arimura, H. Sato, A. V. Schally, and J. S. Kizer, “The regional distribution of somatostatin in the rat brain,” Endocrinology 96: 1456–1461, 1975.
Vale, W., C. Rivier, M. Palkovits, J. M. Saavedra, and M. J. Brownstein, “Ubiquitous brain distribution of inhibitors of adenohypophysial secretion,” Endocrinology 94: A128, 1974.
Palkovits, M., M. J. Brownstein, A. Arimura, H. Sato, A. V. Schally, and J. S. Kizer, “Somatostatin content of the hypothalamic ventromedial and arcuate nuclei and the circumventricular organs in the rat,” Brain Res 109: 430–434, 1976.
Brownstein, M. J., A. Arimura, R. Fernandez-Durango, A. V. Schally, M. Palkovits, and J. S. Kizer, “The effect of hypothalamic deafferentation on somatostatin in the rat brain,” Endocrinology 100: 246–249, 1977.
Alpert, L. C., J. R. Brawer, Y. C. Patel, and S. Reichlin, “Somatostatinergic neurons in anterior hypothalamus: immunohistochemical localization,” Endocrinology 98: 255–258, 1976.
Hökfelt, T., S. Efendic, C. Hellerstrom, O. Johansson, R. Luft, and A. Arimura, “Cellular localization of somatostatin in endocrine-like cells and neurons of the rat with special references to the A1-cells of the pancreatic islets and to the hypothalamus,” Acta Endocrinologica 80: Suppl 200, 1975.
Eide, R. P., and J. A. Parsons, “Immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin in cell bodies of the rat hypothalamus,” Amer J Anatomy 144: 541–548, 1975.
Krieger, D. T., A. Liotta, and M. J. Brownstein, “CRF distribution in normal and Brattleboro rat brain: effect of deafferentation, hypophysectomy and steroid treatment,” Endocrinology 100: 227–237, 1977.
Brownstein, M. J., E. A. Mroz, J. A. Kizer, M. Palkovits, and S. E. Leeman, “Regional distribution of substance P in the brain of the rat,” Brain Res 116: 299–305, 1976.
Mroz, E. A., M. J. Brownstein, and S. E. Leeman, “Evidence for substance P in the striato-nigral tract,” Brain Res (in press).
Brownstein, M. J., E. A. Mroz, M. Tappaz, and S. E. Leeman, “On the origin of substance P and glutamic acid decarboxylase in the substantia nigra,” Brain Res (in press).
Mroz, E. A., M. J. Brownstein, and S. E. Leeman, “Evidence for substance P in the habenulo-interpeduncular tract,” Brain Res 113: 597–599, 1976.
Hökfelt, T., J. O. Kellerth, G. Nilsson, and B. Pernow, “Substance P: localization in the central nervous system and in some primary sensory neurons,” Science 190: 889–890, 1975.
Sachs, H., and Y. Takabatake, “Evidence for a precursor in vasopressin biosynthesis,” Endocrinology 75: 934–938, 1964.
Gainer, H., Y. Same, and M. J. Brownstein, “Neurophysin biosynthesis: conversion of a putative precursor during axonal transport,” Science (in press).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1977 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Brownstein, M.J. (1977). Studies of the Distribution of Biologically Active Peptides in the Brain. In: Porter, J.C. (eds) Hypothalamic Peptide Hormones and Pituitary Regulation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 87. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8849-8_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8849-8_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8851-1
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8849-8
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive