Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Use of Somatostatin in the Study of Carbohydrate Homeostasis in Man: Physiologic, Pathologic, and Therapeutic Considerations

  • Chapter
Book cover Hypothalamic Peptide Hormones and Pituitary Regulation

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 87))

Abstract

Originally somatostatin (1,2) was thought to be merely a hypothalamic regulatory hormone. This peptide is now known to be present in various extrahypothalamic tissues (1,3–15) and to have numerous actions (1,2,16,17) in addition to its inhibition of growth hormone secretion. These aspects of somatostatin have turned out to be particularly important for those interested in the regulation of carbohydrate homeostasis and its disorders (Table 1).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Vale, W., P. Brazeau, C. Rivier, M. Brown, B. Boss, J. Rivier, R. Burgus, N. Ling, and R. Guillemin, “Somatostatin,” Recent Prog Horm Res 34: 365–397, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Guillemin, R., and J. Gerich, “Somatostatin: Physiologic and clinical significance,” Ann Rev Med 27: 379–388, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. Brownstein, M., A. Arimura, H. Sato, A. Schally, and J. Kizer, “The regional distribution of somatostatin in the rat brain,” Endocrinology 96: 1456–1461, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  4. Hökfelt, T., S. Efendic, O. Johansson, R. Luft, and A. Arimura, “Immunohistochemical localization of somatostatin (growth hormone release-inhibiting factor) in the guinea pig brain,” Brain Res 80: 165–169, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Martin, J., L. Renaud, and P. Brazeau, “Hypothalamic peptides: new evidence for ‘peptidergic’ pathways in the C.N.S.,” Lancet 2: 393–395, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Orci, L., D. Baetens, and C. Rufener, “Evidence for the D-cell of the pancreas secreting somatostatin,” Horm Metab Res 7: 400–406, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. Orci, L., D. Baetens, C. Rufener, M. Amherdt, M. Ravazzola, P. Studer, F. Malaisse-Lagae, and R. Unger, “Réactivité de la cellule a somatostatine de 1’ îlot de langerhans dans le diabète expérimentale,” C R Acad Sci [D] (Paris) 281: 1882–1885, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Orci, L., and R. Unger, “Functional subdivision of islets of Langerhans and possible role of D-cells,” Lancet 2: 1243–1244, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. Patel, Y., and G. Weir, “Increased somatostatin content of islets from streptozotocin-diabetic rats,” Clin Endocrinol 5: 191–194, 1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Polak, J., S. Bloom, A. Arimura, and A. Pearse, “Pancreatic D-cells in normal and pathological human pancreas,” Gut (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  11. Polak, J., L. Grimelius, A. Pearse, S. Bloom, and A. Arimura, “Growth-hormone release-inhibiting hormone in gastrointestinal and pancreatic D-cells,” Lancet 1: 1220–1222, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  12. Rufener, C., M. Amherdt, M. DuBois, and L. Orci, “Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of somatostatin in rat pancreatic monolayer culture,” J. Histochem Cytochem 24: 866–869, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Rufener, C., M. DuBois, F. Malaisse-Lagae, and L. Orci, “Immuno-fluorescent reactivity to anti-somatostatin in the gastrointestinal mucosa of the dog,” Diabetologia 11: 321–324, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Arimura, A., H. Sato, A. DuPont, N. Nishi, and A. Schally, “Somatostatin: Abundance of immunoreactive hormone in rat stomach and pancreas,” Science 189: 1007–1008, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Dubois, M., “Immunoreactive somatostatin is present in discrete cells of the endocrine pancreas,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 72: 1340–1343, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Konturek, S., “Somatostatin and the gastrointestinal secretions,” Scand J Gastroenterol 11: 1–4, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  17. Wahren, J., and P. Felig, “Somatostatin (SRIF) and glucagon in diabetes: Failure of glucagon suppression to improve I.V. glucose tolerance and evidence of and effect of SRIF on glucose absorption,” Clin Res 24: 461A, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Curry, D., and L. Bennett, “Direct inhibition of insulin secretion by synthetic somatostatin,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 58: 885–890, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. Efendic, S., and R. Luft, “Studies on the inhibitory effect of somatostatin on glucose induced insulin release in the isolated perfused rat pancreas,” Acta Endocrinol (Kbh) 78: 510–516, 1975.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Fujimoto, W., J. Ensinck, and R. Williams, “Somatostatin inhibits insulin and glucagon release by monolayer cell culture of rat endocrine pancreas,” Life Sci 15: 1999–2004, 1974.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Gerich, J., R. Lovinger, and G. Grodsky, “Inhibition by somatostatin of glucagon and insulin release from the perfused rat pancreas in response to arginine, isoproterenol, and theophylline: Evidence for a preferential effect on glucagon secretion,” Endocrinology 96: 749–754, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. Luft, R., S. Efendic, T. Hökfelt, O. Johansson, and A. Arimura, “Immunohistochemical evidence for the localization of somatostatin-like immunoreactivity in a cell population of the pancreatic islets,” Med Biol 52: 428–430, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Turcot-Lemay, L., A. Lemay, and P. Lacy, “Somatostatin inhibition of insulin release from freshly isolated and organ cultured rat islets of Langerhans in vitro,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 63: 1130–1138, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  24. Weir, G., S. Knowlton, and D. Martin, “Somatostatin inhibition of epinephrine-induced glucagon secretion,” Endocrinology 95: 1744–1746, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Chideckel, E., J. Palmer, D. Koerker, J. Ensinck, M. Davidson, and C. Goodner, “Somatostatin blockade of acute and chronic stimuli of the endocrine pancreas and the consequences of this blockade on glucose homeostasis,” J. Clin Invest 55: 754–762, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Gerich, J., D. Bier, R. Haas, C. Wood, R. Byrne, and J. Penhos, “In vitro and in vivo effects of somatostatin on glucose, alanine, and ketone body metabolism in the rat,” Proc 57th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, New York, June 18–20, 1975, p. 128 (Abstract No. 156).

    Google Scholar 

  27. Gerich, J., M. Lorenzi, S. Hane, G. Gustafson, R. Guillemin, and P. Forsham, “Evidence for a physiologic role of pancreatic glucagon in human glucose homeostasis: Studies with somatostatin,” Metabolism 24: 175–182, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  28. Cherrington, A., M. Caldwell, B. Dietz, J. Exton, and O. Crofford, “The effect of somatostatin on glucose uptake and production by rat tissues in vitro,” Diabetes (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  29. Hellman, B., and A. Lernmark, “Inhibition of the in vitro secretion of insulin by an extract of pancreatic a-cells,” Endocrinology 84: 1384–1487, 1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Hökfelt, T., S. Efendic, C. Hellerstrom, O. Johansson, R. Luft, and A. Arimura, “Cellular localization of somatostatin in endocrine-like cells and neurons of the rat with special references to the α-cells of the pancreatic islets and to the hypothalamus,” Acta Endocrinol (Suppl 200) 80: 1–41, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Unger, R., “Diabetes and the alpha cell,” Diabetes 25: 136–151, 1976.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Luft, R., and R. Guillemin, “Growth hormone and diabetes in man. Old concepts-new implications,” Diabetes 23: 783–787, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Exton, J., and C. Park, “Interaction of insulin and glucagon in control of liver metabolism,” Handbook of Physiology, Section 7, Endocrinology, vol. 1, R. O. Greep and E. B. Astwood (eds.), American Physiological Society, Washington, D. C., 1972, pp. 437–455.

    Google Scholar 

  34. Lefebvre, P., “Glucagon and lipid metabolism,” Glucagon: Molecular Physiology, Clinical and Therapeutic Implications, P. Lefebvre and R. Unger (eds.), Pergamon Press, New York, 1972, pp. 109–121.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Liljenquist, J., J. Bomboy, S. Lewis, B. Sinclair-Smith, P. Felts, W. Lacy, O. Crofford, and G. Liddle, “Effects of glucagon on lipolysis and ketogenesis in man,” J. Clin Invest 53: 190–197, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Sherwin, R., M. Fisher, R. Hendler, and P. Felig, “Hyperglucagonemia and blood glucose regulation in normal, obese, and diabetic subjects,” N Engl J Med 294: 455–461,1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Barnes, A., and S. Bloom, “Pancreatectomized man:A model for diabetes without glucagon,” Lancet 1: 219–221, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  38. Vranic, M., S. Pek, and R. Kawamori, “Increased glucagon immunoreactivity’ in plasma of totally depancreatized dogs,” Diabetes 23: 905–912, 1974.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Mashiter, K., P. Hardin, M. Chou, G. Mashiter, J. Stout, D. Diamond, and J. Field, “Persistent pancreatic glucagon but not insulin response to arginine in pancreatectomized dogs,” Endocrinology 96: 678–693, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Sasaki, H., B. Rubalcava, D. Baetens, E. Blasquez, C. Srikant, L. Orci, and R. Unger, “Identification of glucagon in the gastrointestinal tract,” J. Clin Invest 56: 135–145, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Palmer, J., P. Werner, J. Benson, and J. Ensinck, “Plasma-glucagon after pancreatectomy,” Lancet 1: 1290, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Ensinck, J., E. Laschansky, M. Knoeber, D. Johnson, J. Benson, and C. Goodner, “Distribution of somatostatins measured by radioimmunoassay,” Clin Res 24: 155A, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Gerich, J., M. Lorenzi, V. Schneider, J. Karam, J. Rivier, R. Guillemin, and P. Forsham, “Effects of somatostatin on plasma glucose and glucagon levels in human diabetes mellitus,” N Engl J Med 291: 544–547, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  44. Alford, F., S. Bloom, J. Nabarro, R. Hall, G. Besserm, D. Coy, A. Kastin, and A. Schally, “Glucagon control of fasting glucose in man,” Lancet 2: 974–976, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Sakurai, H., R. Dobbs, and R. Unger, “Somatostatin-induced changes in insulin and glucagon secretion in normal and diabetic dogs,” J. Clin Invest 54: 1395–1402, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  46. Koerker, D., L. Harker, and C. Goodner, “Effects of somatostatin on hemostasis in baboons,” N Engl J Med 293: 476–479, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Altszuler, N., B. Gottlier, and J. Hampshire, “Interaction of somatostatin, glucagon, and insulin on hepatic glucose output in the normal dog,” Diabetes 25: 116–121, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  48. Cherrington, A., J. Chiasson, J. Liljenquist, A. Jennings, U. Keller, and W. Lacy, “The role of insulin and glucagon in the regulation of basal glucose production in the postobsorptive dog,” J. Clin Invest 58: 1407–1418, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  49. Gerich, J., M. Lorenzi, D. Bier, V. Schneider, E. Tsalikian, J. Karam, and P. Forsham, “Prevention of human diabetic ketoacidosis by somatostatin: Evidence for an essential role of glucagon,” N Engl J Med 292: 985–989, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  50. Gerich, J., M. Lorenzi, D. Bier, E. Tsalikian, V. Schneider, J. Karam, and P. Sorsham, “Effects of physiologic levels of glucagon and growth hormone on human carbohydrate and lipid metabolism: Studies involving administration of exogenous hormone during suppression of endogenous hormone secretion with somatostatin,” J. Clin Invest 57: 875–884, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  51. Lundbaek, K., A. Hansen, H. Orskon, S. Christensen, J. Iversen, K. Seyer-Hansen, G. Alberti, and R. Whitefoot, “Failure of somatostatin to correct manifest diabetic ketoacidosis,” Lancet 1: 215–218, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  52. Gerich, J., M. Charles, and G. Grodsky, “Regulation of pancreatic insulin and glucagon secretion,” Ann Rev Physiol 38: 353–388, 1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  53. Pace, C., S. Conant, and M. Murphy, “Somatostatin inhibition of electrical activity in cultured rat islet cells,” Diabetes (Suppl) 25: 390, 1976.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Efendic, S., V. Grill, and R. Luft, “Inhibition by somatostatin of glucose induced 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) accumulation and insulin release in isolated pancreatic islets of the rat,” FEBS Lett 55: 131–133, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Bhathena, S., P. Peirino, N. Voyles, S. Smith, S. Wilkins, A. Schally, D. Coy, and L. Recant, “Reversal of somatostatin inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion,” Diabetes 25: 1031–1040, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Oliver, J, “Inhibition of calcium uptake by somatostatin in isolated rat islets of Langerhans,” Endocrinology 99: 910–913, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  57. Curry, D., and L. Bennett, “Reversal of somatostatin inhibition of insulin secretion by calcium,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 60: 1014–1019, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Fujimoto, W., “Somatostatin inhibition of glucose-, tolbutamide-, theophylline, cytochalasin B-, and calcium-stimulated insulin release in monolayer cultures of rat endocrine pancreas,” Endocrinology 97: 1494–1500, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Fujimoto, W., and J. Ensinck, “Somatostatin inhibition of insulin and glucagon secretion in rat islet culture: Reversal by ionophore A23187,” Endocrinology 98: 259–262, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Taminato, T., Y. Seino, Y. Goto, and H. Imura, “Interaction of somatostatin and calcium in regulating insulin release from isolated pancrea-tic islets of rats,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 66: 928–934, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  61. Peracchi, M., E. Reschini, L. Cantalamessa, A. Catania, and G. Guistina, “Inhibitory effects of somatostatin on dibutyrl cyclic AMP-induced insulin and growth hormone release in human subjects,” Metabolism 25: 321–328, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Shapiro, S., E. Sumiya, N. Fleischer, and S. Baum, “Regulation of in vitro insulin release from a transplantable Syrian hamster insulinoma,” Endocrinology 97: 442–447, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  63. Barden, N., G. Alvarado-Urbina, J. Cote, and A. Dupont, “Cyclic AMP-dependent stimulation of somatostatin secretion by isolated rat islets of Langerhans,” Biochem Biophys Res Commun 71: 840–844, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  64. Patton, G., L. Orci, W. Vale, and R. Unger, “Stimulation of pancreatic immunoreactive somatostatin release by glucagon,” Metabolism (Suppl 1) 25: 1499–1500, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  65. Orci, L., D. Baetens, C. Rufener, M. Amherdt, M. Ravazzola, P. Studer, F. Malaisse-Lagae, and R. Unger, “Hypertrophy and hyperplasia of somatostatin containing D cells in diabetes,” Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 73: 1338–1342, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Marble, A., “Late complications of diabetes. A continuing challenge,” Dibetologia 12: 193–199, 1976.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Knowles, H., “The problem of the relation of the control of diabetes to the development of vascular disease,” Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 79: 142–147, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Meissner, C., C. Thum, W. Beischer, G. Winkler, K. Schroder, and E. Pfeiffer, “Antidiabetic action of somatostatin-assessed by the artificial pancreas,” Diabetes 24: 988–996, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Gerich, J., “Effect of long-term infusions of somatostatin in man,” Metabolism (Suppl 1) 25: 1505–1507, 1976.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  70. Gerich, J., M. Lorenzi, J. Karam, V. Schneider, and P. Forsham, “Abnormal pancreatic glucagon secretion and postprandial hyperglycemia in diabetes mellitus,” J. Amer Med Assoc 234: 159–165, 1975.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  71. Ward, F., H. Leblanc, and S. Yen, “The inhibitory effect of somatostatin on growth hormone, insulin and glucagon secretion in diabetes mellitus,” J. Clin Endocrinol Metab 41: 527–531, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  72. Besser, G., C. Mortimer, D. Carr, A. Schally, D. Coy, D. Evered, A. Kastin, W. Tunbridge, M. Thorner, and R. Hall, “Growth hormone release inhibiting factor in acromegaly,” Br Med J 1: 352–355, 1974.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  73. Raptis, S., H. Dollinger, L. Berger, W. Schlegel, K. Schroder, and E. Pfeiffer, “Effects of somatostatin on gastric secretion and gastrin release in man,” Digestion 13: 15–26, 1975.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  74. Brown, M., J. Rivier, and W. Vale, “Somatostatin analogues with selected biological activities,” Endocrinology (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  75. Gerich, J., V. S. Schneider, M. Lorenzi, E. Tsalikian, J. H. Karam, D. M. Bier, and P. H. Forsham, “Role of glucagon in human diabetic ketoacidosis: Studies using somatostatin,” Clin Endocrinol (Suppl) 5: 299S–305S, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  76. Gerich, J., M. Lorenzi, E. Tsalikian, N. Bohannon, R. Brooks, J. Meyer, T. Schultz, M. Spencer, J. Karam and P. Forsham, “Prolonged intravenous and subcutaneous somatostatin in treatment of human diabetes,” Diabetes (Suppl 1) 25: 340, 1976 (Abstract No. 78).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Diabetes and Metabolism Research Laboratory, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55901, USA

    John E. Gerich

Authors
  1. John E. Gerich
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of Texas Health Science Center at Dallas, USA

    John C. Porter

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gerich, J.E. (1977). Use of Somatostatin in the Study of Carbohydrate Homeostasis in Man: Physiologic, Pathologic, and Therapeutic Considerations. In: Porter, J.C. (eds) Hypothalamic Peptide Hormones and Pituitary Regulation. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 87. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8849-8_15

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8849-8_15

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8851-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8849-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation