Abstract
Classical anatomical and histochemical studies have established our general knowledge of the autonomic innervation of the various peripheral organs. The recent histofluorescent studies for catecholamine- containing structures (Falck, 1962; Norberg, 1967; Fuxe et al., 1971) and the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) histochemical method for cholinergic nerves (Koelle and Friedenwald, 1949; Koelle, 1963) have opened up areas of study that were not possible with the conventional silver-staining techniques. Since 1962, a great deal of new and unusual information has accumulated in this highly specialized literature which is not yet generally appreciated. The nature of the localization of sympathetic nerves in the periphery has revealed the sites of action of the sympathetic neurotransmitter (norepinephrine).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Adham, N., and Schenk, E. A., 1969, Autonomic innervation of the rat vagina, cervix, and uterus and its cyclic variation, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 104:508.
Baumgarten, H. G., Falck, B., Holstein, A.-F., Owman, Ch., and Owman, T., 1968, Adrenergic innervation of the human testis, epididymis ductus deferens and prostate: A fluorescence microscopic and fluorimetric study, Z. Zellforsch. 90:81.
Björklund, A., Cegrell, L., Falck, B., Ritzén, M., and Rosengren, E., 1970, Dopaminecontaining cells in sympathetic ganglia, Acta Physiol. Scand. 78:334.
Bolme, P., and Fuxe, K., 1970, Adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals in skeletal muscle vessels, Acta Physiol. Scand. 78:52.
Cajal, R. S., 1911, Histologie du Systeme Nerveux, Maloine, Paris.
Coupland, R. E., 1965, The Natural History of the Chromaffin Cell, Longmans, London.
Csillik, B., and Koelle, G. B., 1965, Histochemistry of the adrenergic and the cholinergic autonomic innervation apparatus as represented by the rat iris, Acta Histochem. 22:350.
Curtis, D., 1963, The pharmacology of central and peripheral inhibition, Pharmacol. Rev. 15:333.
Dahlström, A., Fuxe, K., My-Tu, M., and Zetterstrom, B. E. M., 1965, Observations on adrenergic innervation of dog heart, Am. J. Physiol. 209:689.
Dahlström, A., Fuxe, K., Hökfelt, T., and Norberg, K.-A., 1966, Adrenergic innervation of the bronchial muscle of the cat, Acta Physiol. Scand. 66:507.
DeCastro, F., 1932, Cytology and Cellular Pathology of the Nervous System (W. Penfield, ed.), p. 317, Hoeber, New York.
Dixon, J. A., and Gosling, J. A., 1971, Histochemical and electron microscopic observations on the innervation of the upper segment of the mammalian ureter, J. Anat. 110:57.
Ehinger, B., 1964, Adrenergic nerves to the eye and its adnexa in rabbit and guinea pig, Acta Univ. Lundensis 20:1.
Ehinger, B., and Falck, B., 1966, Concomitant adrenergic and parasympathetic fibers in the rat iris, Acta Physiol. Scand. 67:201.
Ehinger, B., Falck, B., and Sporrong, B., 1970, Possible axo-axonal synapses between peripheral adrenergic and cholinergic nerve terminals, Z. Zellforsch. 107:508.
El-Badawi, A., and Schenk, E. A., 1966, Dual innervation of the mammalian urinary bladder: A histochemical study of the distribution of cholinergic and adrenergic nerves, Am. J. Anat. 119:405.
El-Badawi, A., and Schenk, E. A., 1967, The distribution of cholinergic and adrenergic nerves in the mammalian epididymis: A comparative histochemical study, Am. J. Anat. 121:1.
El-Badawi, A., and Schenk, E. A., 1969, Innervation of the abdominopelvic ureter in the cat, Am. J. Anat. 126:103.
El-Bermani, A.-L., McNary, W. F., and Bradley, D. E., 1970, The distribution of acetylcholinesterase and catecholamine-containing nerves in the rat lung, Anat. Rec. 167:205.
Falck, B., 1962, Observations on the possibilities for the cellular localization of monoamines with a fluorescence method, Acta Physiol. Scand. 56: Suppl. 197.
Freitag, P., and Engel, M, B., 1970, Autonomic innervation in rabbit salivary glands, Anat. Rec. 167:87.
Friedman, W. F., Pool, P. E., Jacobowitz, D. M., Seagrens, S., and Braunwald, E., 1968, Sympathetic innervation of the developing mammalian heart: Biochemical and histochemical comparisons of fetal, neonatal and adult myocardium, Circ. Res. 29:25.
Furness, J. B., and Malmfors, T., 1971, Aspects of the arrangement of the adrenergic innervation in guinea pigs as revealed by the fluorescence histochemical method applied to stretched, air-dried preparations, Histochemie 25:297.
Fuxe, K., Goldstein, M., Hökfelt, T., and Joh, T. H., 1970, Immunohistochemical localization of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase in the peripheral and central nervous system, Res. Commun. Chem. Pathol. Pharmacol. 1:627.
Fuxe, K., Hökfelt, T., Jonsson, G., and Ungerstedt, U., 1971, Fluorescence microscopy in neuroanatomy, in: Contemporary Research Methods in Neuroanatomy, pp. 275–314, Springer-Verlag, New York.
Gabella, G., 1971, Synapses of adrenergic fibers, Experientia 27:280.
Garrett, J. R., 1967, The innervation of normal human submandibular and parotid salivary glands, Arch. Oral Biol. 12:1417.
Gerebtzoff, M. A., and Bertrand, J., 1957, Gradients d’activite cholinesterasique dans la muquese du tube digestif, Ann. Histochim. 2:149.
Gossrau, R., 1971, Histochemical fluorescence microscopical and experimental investigations on the impulse-conducting system of golden hamsters, mice and rats, Histochemie 26:44.
Grillo, M., 1966, Electron microscopy of sympathetic tissues, Pharmacol. Rev. 18:387.
Hamberger, B., and Norberg, K.-A., 1965a, Adrenergic synaptic terminals and nerve cells in bladder ganglia of the cat, Internat. J. Neuropharmacol. 4:41.
Hamberger, B., and Norberg, K.-A., 1965b, Studies on some systems of adrenergic synaptic terminals in the abdominal ganglia of the cat, Acta Physiol. Scand. 65:235.
Hamberger, B., Norberg, K.-A., and Sjöqvist, F., 1963, Evidence for adrenergic nerve terminals and synapses in sympathetic ganglia, Internat. J. Neuropharmacol. 2:279.
Hamberger, B., Norberg, K.-A., and Ungerstedt, U., 1965, Adrenergic synaptic terminals in autonomic ganglia, Acta Physiol. Scand. 64:285.
Hebb, C., and Linzell, J. L., 1970, Innervation of the mammary gland: A histochemical study in the rabbit, Histochem. J. 2:491.
Hillarp, N.-A., 1946, Structure of the synapse of the peripheral innervation apparatus of the autonomic nervous system, Acta Physiol. Scand. 2: Suppl. 4.
Hillarp, N.-A., 1959, The construction of functional organization of the autonomic innervation apparatus, Acta Physiol. Scand. 46: Suppl. 157.
Holmes, R. L., 1957, Cholinesterase activity in the atrial wall of the dog and cat heart, J. Physiol. 137:421.
Holmstedt, B., and Sjöqvist, F., 1959, Distribution of acetocholinesterase in the ganglion cells of various sympathetic ganglia, Acta Physiol. Scand. 47:284.
Hulten, L., 1969, Extrinsic nervous control of colonic motility of blood flow, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 335:1.
Il’ina-Kakueva, E. I., 1958, A histochemical study of the Cholinesterase activity of the nerve cells and conducting system of the heart, Bull. Exptl. Biol. Med. 46:1270.
Jacobowitz, D., 1965, Histochemical studies of the autonomic innervation of the gut, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 149:358.
Jacobowitz, D., 1967, Histochemical studies of the relationship of chromaffin cells and adrenergic nerve fibers to the cardiac ganglia of several species, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 158:227.
Jacobowitz, D., 1970, Catecholamine fluorescence studies of adrenergic neurons and chromaffin cells in sympathetic ganglia, Fed. Proc. 29:1929.
Jacobowitz, D., and Koelle, G. B., 1965, Histochemical correlations of acetylcholinesterase and catecholamines in postganglionic autonomic nerves of the cat, rabbit and guinea pig, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 148:225.
Jacobowitz, D., and Nemir, P., 1969, The autonomic innervation of the esophagus of the dog, J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 58:678.
Jacobowitz, D., and Wallach, E. E., 1967, Histochemical and chemical studies of the autonomic innervation of the ovary, Endocrinology 81:1132.
Jacobowitz, D., and Woodward, J. K., 1968, Adrenergic neurons in the cat superior cervical ganglion and cervical sympathetic nerve trunk: A histochemical study, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 162:213.
Jacobowitz, D., Cooper, T., and Barner, H. B., 1967, Histochemical and chemical studies of the localization of adrenergic and cholinergic nerves in normal and denervated cat hearts, Circ. Res. 20:289.
James, T. N., and Spence, C. A., 1966, Distribution of Cholinesterase within the sinus node and AV node of the human heart, Anat. Rec. 155:151.
Kebabian, J. W., and Greengard, P., 1971, Dopamine-sensitive adenyl cyclase: Possible role in synaptic transmission, Science 174:1346.
Kewenter, J., 1965, The vagal control of the jejunal and ileal motility and blood flow, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 251:1.
Koelle, G. B., 1951, The elimination of enzymatic diffusion artifacts in the histochemical localization of cholinesterases and a survey of the cellular distributions, J. Pharmacol. Exptl Therap. 103:153.
Koelle, G. B., 1954, The histochemical localization of cholinesterases in the central nervous system of the rat, J. Comp. Neurol. 100:211.
Koelle, G. B., 1955, The histochemical identification of acetylcholinesterase in cholinergic, adrenergic and sensory neurons, J. Pharmacol. Exptl: Therap. 114:167.
Koelle, G. B., 1963, Cytological distributions and physiological functions of cholinesterases, in: Cholinesterases and Anticholinesterase Agents (Heffter-Heubner Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology, Suppl. 15), pp. 187–298, Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg.
Koelle, G. B., and Friedenwald, J. S., 1949, A histochemical method for localizing Cholinesterase activity, Proc. Soc. Exptl. Biol. Med. 70:617.
Laties, A., and Jacobowitz, D., 1964, A histochemical study of the adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the anterior segment of the rabbit eye, Invest. Ophthalmol. 3:592.
Leaders, F. E., 1963, Local cholinergic-adrenergic interaction mechanism for the biphasic chronotropic response to nerve stimulation, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 142:31.
Lempinen, M., 1964, Extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue of the rat and the effect of cortical hormones on it, Acta Physiol. Scand. 62: Suppl. 231.
Libet, B., 1970, Generation of slow inhibition and excitatory postsynaptic potentials, Fed. Proc. 29:1945.
Mitchell, G. A. G., 1953, Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System, Livingstone, Edinburgh.
Möhr, E., 1954, Localisation histochimique des cholinesterases du coeur, Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 148:629.
Möhr, E., 1955, Les cholinesterases dans l’appareil respiratoire, Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. (Paris) 149:828.
Nielsen, K. C., and Owman, Ch., 1968, Difference in cardiac adrenergic innervation between hibernators and non-hibernating mammals, Acta Physiol. Scand. Suppl. 316:1.
Nielsen, K. C., Owman, Ch., and Sporrong, B., 1971, Ultrastructure of the autonomic innervation apparatus in the main pial arteries of rats and cats, Brain Res. 27:25.
Norberg, K.-A., 1964, Adrenergic innervation of the intestinal wall studied by fluorescence microscopy, Internat. J. Neuropharmacol. 3:374.
Norberg, K.-A., 1967, Transmitter histochemistry of the sympathetic adrenergic nervous system, Brain Res. 5:125.
Norberg, K.-A., and Hamberger, B., 1964, The sympathetic adrenergic neuron, Acta Physiol. Scand. 63: Suppl. 238.
Norberg, K.-A., and Sjöqvist, F., 1966, New possibilities for adrenergic modulation of ganglionic transmission, Pharmacol. Rev. 18:743.
Norberg, K.-A., Ritzén, M., and Ungerstedt, U., 1966, Histochemical studies on a special catecholamine-containing cell type in sympathetic ganglia, Acta Physiol. Scand. 67:260.
Norberg, K.-A, Risley, P. L., and Ungerstedt, U., 1967, Adrenergic innervation of the male reproductive ducts in some mammals. I The distribution of adrenergic nerves, Z. Zellforsch. 76:278.
Norberg, K.-A., Hökfelt, T., and Eneroth, C.-M., 1969, The autonomic innervation of human submandibular and parotid glands, J. Neuro-Visceral Rel. 31:280.
Olson, L., 1970, Fluorescence histochemical evidence for axonal growth and secretion from transplanted adrenal medullary tissue, Histochemie 22:1.
Owman, Ch., and Sjöberg, N.-O., 1966, Adrenergic nerves in the female genital tract of the rabbit with remarks on cholinesterase-containing structures, Z. Zellforsch. 74:182.
Owman, Ch., and Sjöstrand, N.-O., 1965, Short adrenergic neurons and catecholamine-containing cells in vas deferens and accessory male genital glands of different mammals, Z. Zellforsch. 66:300.
Owman, Ch., Rosengren, E., and Sjöberg, N.-O., 1967, Adrenergic innervation of the human female reproductive organs: A histochemical and chemical investigation, Obstet. Glynecol. 30:763.
Raezer, D., Wein, A. J., Jacobowitz, D., Corriere, J. N., 1973, Autonomic innervation of canine urinary bladder. Cholinergic and adrenergic contributions and interaction of sympathetic and parasymphathetic nervous systems in bladder function, Urology 2:211.
Van Orden, L. S., III, Burke, J. P., Geyer, M., and Lodoen, F., 1970, Localization of depletion-sensitive and depletion-resistant norepinephrine storage sites in autonomic ganglia, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap. 174:56.
Vogel, J., Jacobowitz, D., and Chidsey, C., 1969, The distribution of norepinephrine in the failing heart: Correlation of chemical analysis and fluorescent microscopy, Circ. Res. 24:71.
Voile, R. L., 1969, Modification by drugs of synaptic mechanism in autonomic ganglia, Pharmacol. Rev. 18:839.
Wein, A. J., Leoni, J. V., Schoenberg, H. W., and Jacobowitz, D., 1972, A study of the adrenergic nerves in the dog ureter, J. Urol. 108:232.
Yntema, C. L., and Hammond, W. S., 1947, The development of the autonomic nervous system, Biol. Rev. 22:344.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1974 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jacobowitz, D.M. (1974). The Peripheral Autonomic System. In: Hubbard, J.I. (eds) The Peripheral Nervous System. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8699-9_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8699-9_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8701-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8699-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive