Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Residues in raw and processed foods resulting from post-harvest insecticidal treatments

  • Conference paper
Residue Reviews / Rückstands-Berichte

Part of the book series: Residue Reviews ((RECT,volume 21))

  • 56 Accesses

Abstract

The application of pesticides1 such as fumigants and contact insecticides to post-harvest raw and processed foods is a common practice. Fumigants have been used for many years whereas the application of contact insecticides (protectants, sprays, aerosol vaporizers) for the control of stored-product insects is of relatively recent origin. Fumigants are applied to eliminate infestations already present while protectants, mostly admixed with grain, are used to prevent insect infestation from occurring during the storage period. Some of the common fumigants used are methyl bromide, ethylene dibromide, hydrocyanic acid, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, and carbon disulphide. The most common protectants used are malathion and Pyrethrins plus piperonyl butoxide. Dried fruits, nuts, grains, and cereal products are subject to infestation by many species of insects and consequently in storage require some insecticidal treatment, whereas post-harvest residues of fresh fruits and vegetables are generally limited to quarantine treatments.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Acton, F. E., and C. Parouchais: Malathion levels in wheat and wheat products. Food Technol. In Australia. 18, 77 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alessandrini, M. E.: Determination of the persistence and fate of various insecticides in or on wheat during storage, milling and during the baking or cooking of the products made from the treated wheat. Final Technical Report, U. S. Dept. Agr. Project No. E15-AMS-8(a) (Grant No. FG-It-124), Mar 1, 1963 through Feb. 28, 1965. Instituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Alumot, Eugenia, and A. Bondi: Note on the determination of residual bromine in ethylene dibromide-fumigated cereals. J. Sci. Food Agr. 13, 42 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alumot, M. Calderon, and A. Bondi: Bromine residues in fresh and dried fruits fumigated with ethylene dibromide. The Israel J. Agr. Research 15, 27 (1965 a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alumot, M. Calderon (with CH. Genige): Bromine residues in oil seeds and oil meals after fumigation with ethylene dibromide. J. Sci. Food Agr. 16, 464 (1965 b).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aman, J., L. Farkas, M. H. Ben-Shamai, and M. Plaut: Experiments on the use of ethylene dibromide as a fumigant for grain and seed. Ann. Applied Biol. 33, 389 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amir, D., and R. Volcani: Effect of dietary ethylene dibromide on bull semen. Nature 206, 99 (1965).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amos, T. G., and P. M. Davey: Lindane dusted sorghum stored in N. Nigeria. Pest Infestation Research 1959, 57 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Unpublished Report No. 37. Pest Infestation Laboratory (1940) [through F.A.O. Meeting Report No. PL/1965/10/2 W.H.O./Food Add./28.65, p. 53 (1965)].

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Unpublished Report No. 87. Pest Infestation Laboratory (1943 a) [through F.A.O. Meeting Report No. PL/1965/10/2 W.H.O./Food Add./28.65, p. 44 (1965)].

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Unpublished Report No. 87. Pest Infestation Laboratory (1943 b) [through F.A.O. Meeting Report No. PL/1965/10/2 W.H.O./Food Add./28.65, p. 54 (1965)].

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Unpublished Report No. 100. Pest Infestation Laboratory (1943 c) [through F.A.O. Meeting Report No. PL/1965/10/2 W.H.O./Food Add./28.65, p. 54 (1965)].

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Methyl bromide residues in tobacco. Pest Infestation Research 1949, 24 (1951 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Fate of DDT sprayed on to grain. Pest Infestation Research 1949, 26 (1951 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Repeated fumigations of flour with methyl bromide. Pest Infestation Research 1957, 31 (1958 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Effect of baking temperature on gamma-BHC residues in flour. Pest Infestation Research 1957, 36 (1958 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Repeated fumigations of flour with methyl bromide. Pest Infestation Research 1958, 36 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: The determination of malathion residues in cereals and oilseeds. The Analyst 85, 915 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Insect prevention and control in farmers stock peanuts. U. S. Dept. Agr. AMS-453, 12 pp. (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: The use of a malathion wettable powder for surface application to bagged rice bran. Trop. Stored Products Inf. No. 4, p. 106 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Insect prevention and control in rough rice. U. S. Dept. Agr. Marketing Bull. No. 28, 8 pp. (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Evaluation of the hazards to consumers resulting from the use of fumigants in the protection of food. F.A.O. Meeting Report No. PL/1965/10/2 W.H.O./Food Add./28.65, 71 pp. (1965 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Pesticide residues on food products. F.A.O. grain storage newsletter and abstracts 7, 60 (1965 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Report of the second session of the F.A.O. working party on pesticide residues held in Rome 17–29 May, 1965 (Extract). 47 pp. PL/1965/12 (1966 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous: Suggested guide for the use of insecticides to control insects affecting crops, livestock, households, stored products, and forest products. U. S. Dept. Agr., Agr. Handbook No. 313, 265 pp. (1966 b.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Armitage, H. M. and J. B. Steinweden: The fumigation of California dates with methyl bromide. Calif. Dept. Agr. Bull. 34, 101 (1945).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ashman, F.: Insect reinfestation problems in fumigated maize on the Kenya Coast. Bull. Entomol. Research 55, 139 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Atkins, W. G., and E. N. Greer: The storage of flour in jute bags treated with insecticides. J. Sci. Food Agr. 4, 155 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Attfield, J. G., and D. A. Webster: Dichlorvos. Chem. & Ind. 272 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakerman, H., M. Romine, J. A. Schricker, S. M. Takahashi, and O. Mickelsen: Stability of certain B vitamins exposed to ethylene oxide in the presence of choline chloride. J. Agr. Food Chem. 4, 956 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bang, Y. H., and E. H. Floyd: Effectiveness of malathion in protecting stored polished rice from damage by several species of stored-grain insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 188 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bare, C. O.: Laboratory tests with fumigants for insects infesting stored tobacco. J. Econ. Entomol. 41, 13 (1948).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bare, C. O., and J. N. TenheT: Tests with acrylonitrile-carbon tetrachloride and hydrogen cyanide as fumigants for insects in cigarette tobaccos. U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Entomol. Plant Quarantine, E-794, 10 pp. (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, E. T., W. B. Sinclair, and B. E. Janes: Factors affecting the recovery of hydrocyanic acid from fumigated citrus tissues. Hilgardia 12, 473 (1939).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, E. T., and D. L. Lindgren: Factors affecting the absorption and retention of hydrocyanic acid by citrus leaves and fruits. J. Econ. Entomol. 34, 815 (1941).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bartholomew, E. T., and D. L. Lindgren: Measurements on hydrocyanic acid absorbed by citrus tissues during fumigation. Hilgardia 14, 373 (1942).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, A. N.: Analysis of endrin residues in flour by infra-red spectroscopy. J. Sci. Food Agr. 11, 750 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bates, M. J. Kane, and D. G. Rowlands: Treatment of sacks with malathion. Pest Infestation Research 1961, 23 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, M. J. Kane, and D. G. Rowlands: Chemical assay of insecticidal residues. Dieldrin. Pest Infestation Research 1961, 28 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bates, M. J. Kane, and D. G. Rowlands: Admixture of malathion with groundnuts: field trial. Pest Infestation Research 1962, 27 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beckley, V. A.: Protection of grain against weevils. Nature 162, 737 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benschoter, C. A.: Evaluation of ethylene chlorobromide as a fumigant for citrus and mangoes infested by the Mexican fruit fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 394 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Beratlief, G., M. Cojocaru, S. Alexandrescu, and G. Balif: Resultatele tratamentelor en hidrogen fosforat la produsele agricole depozitate. Analele Sectiei de Protectia Plantelor 1, 175/1963 (1965) [through Grain Storage Newsletter and Abstracts 8, 78 (1966)].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berck, B.: Distribution and persistence of fumigant mixtures applied to grain. Proc. 10th Internat. Congr. Entomol. 4, 99 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Berck, B.: Retention of acrylonitrile and carbon tetrachloride by shelled walnuts fumigated with Acrylon. J. Agr. Food Chem. 8, 128 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berck, B.: Distribution and persistence of methyl bromide, ethylene dibromide and carbon tetrachloride applied in grain fumigant mixtures. Canada Dept. Agr. Publ. 1104, 15 pp. (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernfus, E.: Control of grain beetle in brewery with Geigy 33. Versuchsanstalt Garungsgewerbe u. Inst. angew. Mikrobiol. Hochschule Bodenkult 6, 89 (1952) [through Chem. Abstr. 48, 10992 (1954)].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bielorai, R., and E. Alumot: Determination of ethylene dibromide in fumigated feeds and foods by gas-liquid chromatography. J. Sci. Food Agr. 16, 594 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bierer, B. W., and C. L. Vickers: The effect on egg size and production of fungicide-treated and fumigated grains fed to hens. J. Amer. Vet. Med. Assoc. 134, 452 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blinn, R. G., R. W. Dorner, and F. A. Gunther: Comparative residual behavior of Pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide on wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 703 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bondi, A., E. Qlomucki, and M. Calderon: Problems connected with ethylene dibromide fumigation of cereals. II. Feeding experiments with laying hens. J. Sci. Food Agr. 6, 600 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bradbury, F. R., and W. O. Whitaker: The systemic action of benzene hexachloride in plants: quantitative measurements. J. Sci. Food Agr. 7, 248 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braithwaite, B. M.: The sterilization of banana fruit against Queensland fruit fly. Australian J. Agr. Animal Husbandry 3, 98 (1963) [through Chem. Abstr. 60, 16412 (1964)].

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, R. G.: Formation of volatile sulphur compounds in wheat fumigated with methyl bromide. Pest Infestation Research 1951, 29 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, R. G.: Methyl bromide residues in fumigated wheat. Pest Infestation Research 1953, 32 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, R. G.: Ethylene dibromide residues in fumigated wheat. Pest Infestation Research 1954, 36 (1955 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, R. G.: The fate of labelled insecticide residues in food products. III. N-methylation as a result of fumigating wheat with methyl bromide. J. Sci. Food Agr. 6, 261 (1955 b).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, R. G.: Nature and significance of ethylene dibromide residues in fumigated wheat. Pest Infestation Research 1955, 43 (1956 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, R. G.: The fate of labelled insecticide residues in food products. V. The nature and significance of ethylene dibromide residues in fumigated wheat. J. Sci. Food Agr. 7, 305 (1956 b).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, R. G.: Fate of labelled insecticide residues in food products. VI. Retention of γ-benzene hexachloride by wheat and cheese. J. Sci. Food Agr. 9, 431 (1958 a).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, R. G.: Fate of labelled insecticide residues in food products. VII. The fate of v-benzene hexachloride residues in flour during baking. J. Sci. Food Agr. 9, 439 (1958 b).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, R. G., and C. N. Trotman: Loss of gamma-benzene hexachloride from whole wheat during storage and milling. Pest Infestation Research 1956, 42 (1957 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Bridges, R. G., and C. N. Trotman: Effect of heating flour treated with gamma-benzene hexachloride at baking temperatures. Pest Infestation Research 1956, 43 (1957 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, W. B.: Fumigation with methyl bromide under gas-proof sheets. Dept. Sci. Ind. Research, Pest Infestation Research Bull. No. 1 (2nd Ed.), 44 pp. (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. B. M. Coppock, G. H. Edwards, E. N. Greer, J. G. Hay, and H. K. Heseltine: The fumigation of flour with methyl bromide. Chem. & Ind. 324 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. B. M. Coppock, G. H. Edwards, E. N. Greer, J. G. Hay, and H. K. Heseltine: The effect on flour of fumigation with methyl bromide. Pest Infestation Research 1961, 37 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. J. Devlin, and E. N. Greer: The effect on flour of fumigation with methyl bromide. Milling 137, 401 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, J. J. Devlin, and S. G. Heuser: Behavior of fumigants during vacuum fumigation. III. Penetration of methyl bromide into bagged whalemeat meal. J. Sci. Food Agr. 7, 595 (1956).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brubaker, R. W., and W. D. Reed: Fumigation of tobacco at reduced pressures. J. Econ. Entomol. 36, 300 (1943).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, R. B., A. J. Robbins, and T. O. Tuft: Phosphine residues from Phostoxin-treated grain. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 18 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruch, C. W.: Gaseous sterilization. Ann. Review Microbiol. 15, 245 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruch, C. W., and M. G. Koesterer: The microbicidal activity of gaseous propylene oxide and its application to powdered or flaked foods. J. Food Sci. 26, 428 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruckner, G., R. Flatow, and M. Rohrlich: The quantitative chemical estimation of DDT in ground and baked products and the behavior of DDT in the grinding and baking process. Getreide u. Mehl 7, 73 (1957) [through Chem. Abstr. 53, 20599 (1959)].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burditt, A. K., Jr., J. W. Balock, F. G. Hinman, and S. T. Seo: Ethylene dibromide water dips for destroying fruit fly infestations of quarantine significance in papayas. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 289 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterfield, D. E., E. A. Parkin, and M. M. Gale: The transfer of DDT to foodstuffs from impregnated sacking. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 68, 310 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caylor, J. F., and C. K. Laurent: The effect of a grain fumigant on egg size of white leghorn hens. Poultry Sci. 39, 216 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Champ, B. R., and J. N. Cribb: An investigation of peanut storage pests in Queensland. 2. Insecticidal treatment of bulk nut-in-shell peanuts in silos. Queensland J. Agr. Animal Sci. 22, 241 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Claypool, L. L., and H. M. Vines: Commodity tolerance studies of deciduous fruits to moist heat and fumigants. Hilgardia 24, 297 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Clegg, K. M., and S. E. Lewis: The vitamin-B content of foodstuffs fumigated with methyl bromide. J. Sci. Food Agr. 4, 548 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coggiola, I. M., and F. E. Huelin: The absorption of 1,2-dibromoethane by oranges and by materials used in their fumigation. J. Agr. Food Chem. 12, 192 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conroy, H. W., H. H. Walkden, and E. Farrell: B. Manhattan study. Symposium: Residues in foods and feeds resulting from fumigation of grains with the commoner liquid formulations of carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, and ethylene dibromide (G. E. Lynn and F. A. Vorhes, Jr., ed.). J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 40, 166 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Conway, J.: The control of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera, Phycitidae) in bulk meal bins using Dichlorvos slow release PVC strips. J. Stored Products Research 1, 381 (1966).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, R. T.: Pests of stored grain and grain products. Minneapolis, Minn.: Burgess (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Cotton, R. T., and H. H. Walkden: Fumigation of large bulks of sorghum grain. Down to Earth 7, 6 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Coulon, J., J. Mollard, A. Barret, and G. Viel: The retention of bromine in chestnuts treated with methyl bromide. Phytiat.-Phytopharm. 3, 63 (1954) [through Chem. Abstr. 49, 4224 (1955)].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crumb, S. E., and F. S. Chamberlin: Laboratory tests on comparative effectiveness of fumigants against cigarette beetle in cigars. J. Econ. Entomol. 29, 983 (1936).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desbaumes, P., and J. Deshusses: Mitt. Lebensmitt. Hyg. 47, 113 (1956 a) [through F.A.O. Meeting Report No. PL/1965/10/2 W.H.O./Food Add./28.65, p. 54 (1965)].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desbaumes, P., and J. Deshusses: Dosage du bromure de methyle adsorbe dans les denrees traitees par cet insecticide. Mitt. Gebiet Lebensm. u. Hyg. 47, 550 (1956 b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, A. D., and B. A. Burkhart: Methyl bromide fumigation of barley. Down to Earth 11, 2 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dickson, A. D., and B. A. Burkhart: Fumigation of barley and malt with Dowfume EB-5. Down to Earth 13 10 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dudley, H. C.: Bromide content of fruits and vegetables. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. ed. 11, 259 (1939).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley, J. W. Miller, P. A. Neal, and R. R. Sayers: Studies on foodstuffs fumigated with methyl bromide. Public Health Reports 55, 2251 (1940).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudley, J. W. Miller, P. A. Neal, and P. A. Neal: Methyl bromide as a fumigant for foods. Food Research 7, 421 (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duggan, R. E., H. C. Barry, and L. Y. Johnson: Pesticide residues in total-diet samples. Science 151, 101 (1966).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dumas, Theodore: Fumigant residues—determination of 1,2-dibromo-ethane in air and as residue in fruits. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 476 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyte, C. E.: Use of insecticidal lacquers in flour mills. Milling 131, 742 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyte, C. E.: Preliminary tests of an insecticidal lacquer containing malathion. Pest Technol. 2, 98 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyte, C. E.: The contamination of foodstuffs by insecticides from thermal vaporisers. Food Trade Rev. 33, 35 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyte, A. H. Harris, and D. G. Blackman: Thermal vaporizers. Experiment with lindane. Pest Infestation Research 1961, 27 (1962 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyte, A. H. Harris, and D. G. Blackman: Thermal vaporizers. Experiment with DDT. Pest Infestation Research 1961, 27 (1962 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyte, A. H. Harris, and D. G. Blackman Thermal vaporizers: experiment with lindane. Pest Infestation Research 1962, 31 (1963 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyte, A. H. Harris, and D. G. Blackman: Thermal vaporizers: experiment with DDT. Pest Infestation Research 1962, 31 (1963 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Dyte, A. H. Harris, and P. S. Tyler: The contamination of flour by insecticidal lacquers containing endrin and dieldrin. J. Sci. Food Agr. 11, 745 (1960).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dyte, A. H. Harris, and D. R. Wilkin: Vapour toxicity of dieldrin. Pest Infestation Research 1960, 30 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • El Khishen, S. A.: Determination of ethylene oxide and methods of its recovery from fumigated substances. J. Sci. Food Agr. 1, 71 (1950).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • El Nahal, A. K. M.: Fumigation of agricultural products. VII. Penetration and sorption of ethylene oxide in wheat fumigated at reduced pressures. J. Sci. Food Agr. 5, 205 (1954).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • El-Refai, A. R. M.: Retention of hydrogen cyanide by sesame under quarantine conditions of fumigation. Ind. J. Entomol. 25, 103 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feuersenger, M.: Uber die Bestimmung von Schadlingsbekampfungsmitteln in Lebensmitteln. Bundesgesundheitsblatt No. 10, 149 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Feuersenger, M., and G. Muller: Methylbromid als Schadlingsbekampfungsmittel bei Lebensmitteln und Futtermitteln. Deut. Lebensm. Rundschau 59, 69 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, J. A.: Infestation of grain in international trade. A review of problems and control methods. J. Sci. Food Agr. 8, 623 (1957).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freiman, I. R., and N. I. Sosedov: The effect of the phosphine on the quality of wheat. Trudy Vsesoyuz. Nauch.-Issledovatel. Inst. Zerna i Produktov ego Pererabotki No. 33, 37 (1957) [from Referat. Zhur., Khim. 1958, Abstr. No. 15560] [through Chem. Abstr. 54, 15815 (1960)].

    Google Scholar 

  • Friestad, Hakon O.: Restkonsentrasjoner av lindan i mel. Nordisk hygienisk tidskrift 42, 64 (1961).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, H. L., and G. K. Morris: A study of the effects of ethylene dibromide fumigant components on egg production. Poultry Sci. 41, 645 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuller, H. L., and G. K. Morris: The comparative toxicity of ethylene dibromide when fed as fumigated grain and when administered in single daily doses. Poultry Sci. 42, 508 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gerhardt, P. D., D. L. Lindgren, and W. B. Sinclair: Methyl bromide fumigation of walnuts to control two lepidopterous pests, and the determination of bromine residue in walnut meats. J. Econ. Entomol. 44, 384 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerhardt, P. D., D. L. Lindgren, and W. B. Sinclair: Fumigation of walnuts. California Agr. 6, 5 (1952).

    Google Scholar 

  • Getzendaner, M. E.: Bromide residues in cereal products resulting from experimental fumigations with methyl bromide. Cereal Sci. Today 6, 268 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Getzendaner, M. E.: Bromide residues in chicken tissues and eggs from ingestion of methyl bromidefumigated feed. J. Agr. Food Chem. 13, 349 (1965 a).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Getzendaner, M. E.: Residues in milled wheat products resulting from spot fumigation of mill machinery with halogenated liquid fumigants. J. Agr. Food Chem. 13, 455 (1965 b).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Getzendaner, M. E.: Bromide residues from methyl bromide fumigations of cocoa beans, and the processed fractions from fumigated beans. J. Agr. Food Chem. 14, 56 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Getzendaner, M. E., and H. H. Richardson: Bromide residues from methyl bromide fumigations of fruits and vegetables subjected to quarantine schedules. J. Agr. Food Chem. 14, 59 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Getzendaner, E. T. Wagoner, and M. Lambert: Chloropicrin residues in food commodities after chamber fumigations. J. Agr. Food Chem. 13, 565 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibich, J. and J. R. Pedersen: Bromide levels in mill fractions of unfumigated and fumigated wheat. Cereal Sci. Today 8, 345 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Giles, P. H.: Lindane contamination in stored sorghum and millet in northern Nigeria. Tropical Sci. 6, 113 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Godavari, Bai S., K. Krishnamurthy, and S. K. Majumder: Studies on malathion for stored product insect control. Public Health & Sanit. 2, 12 (1960) [through Rev. Applied Entomol. Ser. A 49, 503 (1961)].

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin-Bailey, K. F., and J. M. Holborn: Laboratory and field experiments with pyrethrins/piperonyl butoxide powders for the protection of grain. Pyrethrum Post 2, 7 (1952).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gordon, H. T., W. W. Thornburg, and L. N. Werum: Hydroxyethyl derivatives in prunes fumigated with C14-ethylene oxide. J. Agr. Food Chem. 7, 196 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gore, K. S.: Laboratory experiments with some organic phosphorus insecticides as wheat protectants. PhD. Thesis. Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y. (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, A. A.: The protection of dried sea-fish in South Arabia from infestation by Dermestes frischii Kug. (Coleoptera, Dermestidae). J. Stored Products Research 2, 331 (1967).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green, C. E. Dyte, P. S. Tyler, and D. G. Blackman: Use of insecticidal lacquers. Pest Infestation Research 1959, 19 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, M. J. Kane, and R. Foggon: Malathion residues in dried fish. Pest Infestation Research 1964, 24 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, M. J. Kane, and R. Foggon: Control of insects infesting dried fish. Pest Infestation Research 1965, 21 (1966 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, M. J. Kane, and P. A. Mahon: Protective treatment of grain. Laboratory experiments. Pest Infestation Research 1965, 24 (1966 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, M. J. Kane, and P. A. Mahon: Control of flour beetles on cotton seed. Pest Infestation Research 1965, 23 (1966 c).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, M. J. Kane, and D. G. Rowlands: Admixture of malathion with groundnuts: taint tests. Pest Infestation Research 1962, 28 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, M. J. Kane, and D. G. Rowlands: Malathion residues in dried fish. Pest Infestation Research 1964, 24 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Green, M. J. Kane, and P. S. Tyler: A field comparison of malathion, dichlorvos and fenitrothion for the control of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera, Silvanidae) infesting stored barley. J. Stored Products Research 1, 273 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grierson, W., F. W. Hayward, and J. J. McBride, Jr.: Residue determination. Florida Agr. Expt. Sta. Annual Report, p. 241 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, E. L., and E. A. Back: Absorption and retention of hydrocyanic acid by fumigated food products. Part II. U.S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1307, 8 pp. (1924).

    Google Scholar 

  • Griffin, I. E. Neifert, N. Perrine, and A. B. Duckett: Absorption and retention by hydrocyanic acid by fumigated food products. U. S. Dept. Agr. Bull. 1149, 16 pp. (1923).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, F. A.: Instrumentation in pesticide residue determinations. Adv. Pest Control Research 5, 206 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunther, D. L. Lindgren, and R. C. Blinn: Biological effectiveness and persistence of malathion and lindane used for protection of stored wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 843 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halliday, D., and P. F. Prevett: Fumigation of pyramidal stacks of bagged decorticated groundnuts with methyl bromide. J. Sci. Food Agr. 14, 586 (1963).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, A. H., and C. E. Betts: Within-bag fumigation of commodities. Pest Infestation Research 1965, 49 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, D. L., W. S. H. Poole, and J. C. M. Mol: Feeding lindane-fortified mash to chickens. New Zealand Vet. J. 11, 137 (1963) [through Chem. Abstr. 64, 18340 (1966)].

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hawk, E. A., and O. Mickelsen: Nutritional changes in diets exposed to ethylene oxide. Science 121, 442 (1955).

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayward, L. A. W.: Contamination caused to sacked decorticated groundnuts by direct spraying with aqueous suspensions of BHC and DDT. J. Sci. Food Agr. 2, 524 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, L. S.: Use of insecticides to protect stored grains, fruits, and vegetables. The nature and fate of chemicals applied to soils, plants and animals. U. S. Dept. Agr. ARS 20–9, 84 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hermitte, Raul J. J., and J. A. Shellenberger: Effect of excessive methyl bromide fumigation on flour. Cereal Chem. 24, 449 (1947).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heseltine, H. K.: Fumigation with phosphine in paper sacks and polythene lined jute sacks. Pest Infestation Research 1963, 37 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heseltine, H. K., and H. E. Wainman: Repeated fumigations of flour with methyl bromide. Pest Infestation Research 1959, 35 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, S. G.: Behaviour of fumigants during vacuum fumigation. IV.—Sorption of fumigants by wheat and wheat feed under atmospheric and reduced pressure. J. Sci. Food Agr. 10, 93 (1959).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, S. G.: Residues in wheat and wheat products after fumigation with ethylene dibromide. J. Sci. Food Agr. 12, 103 (1961).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, S. G.: Behaviour of components of an ethylene dibromide-methyl bromide mixture during fumigation of flour. J. Sci. Food Agr. 15, 114 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, S. G., and L. Bell: Residues in wheat fumigated with ethylene dibromide. Pest Infestation Research 1956, 38 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, and G. E. Freeman: Residues in wheat fumigated with ethylene dibromide. Pest Infestation Research 1955, 40 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, and G. Goodship: Fumigation of tobacco with methyl bromide. Pest Infestation Research 1959, 36 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, H. K. Heseltine, H. E. Wainman, and G. Goodship: Fumigation of tobacco with methyl bromide. Pest Infestation Research 1960, 40 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, and R. K. King: Effect of fumigants on nicotine content of tobacco. Pest Infestation Research 1964, 45 (1965 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, and R. K. King: Bromide residues in groundnuts after fumigation with methyl bromide. Pest Infestation Research 1964, 46 (1965 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuser, J. D. Pearson, J. B. Waller, B. D. Hole, and C. E. Freeman: Fumigation of wheat with ethylene dibromide-chlorohydrocarbon mixtures. Pest Infestation Research 1955, 40 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Highland, H. A., E. G. Jay, M. Phillips, and D. F. Davis: The migration of piperonyl butoxide from treated multiwall kraft bags into four commodities. J. Econ. Entomol. 59, 543 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, E. G., and B. S. J. Border: The fumigation of a flour mill with methyl bromide. Milling 121, 488 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horak, E., and J. Strosova: Protection of wheat in storage with the Phostoxin reagent. Mlynsko-Pekarensky Prumysl, Tech. Skladovani Obili 9, 486 (1963) [through Chem. Abstr. 60, 16445 (1964)].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, J. W., and R. F. Hanzal: Chronic toxicity for rats of food treated with hydrogen cyanide. J. Agr. Food Chem. 3, 325 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ida, M., and S. Katsuya: Studies on the effect of lindane fumigation in the optimum period to control insect injury to stored cereals. Botyu Kagaku 21, 92 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaya, J.: The micro determination of residual methyl bromide in the fumigated pistachio. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 1, 25 (1960).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kennett, B. H., and F. E. Huelin: Determination of ethylene dibromide in fumigated fruits. J. Agr. Food Chem. 5, 201 (1957).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, A. F.: Raisins. Cyanagrams 9, 23 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Klaczynska, M.: Determination of dichloroethane in grain. Roczniki Panstwowego Zakladu Hig. 6, 469 (1955) [Food Sci. Abstr. 28, Abstr. No. 2477 (1956)] [through Chem. Abstr. 53, 12506 (1959)].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klaushofer, H.: The DDT contents in various brewery products by use of barley dusted with DDT. Mitt. Versuchsanstalt Garungsgewerbe u. Inst. angew. Mikrobiol. Hochschule Bodenkult. 6, 91 (1952) [through Chem Abstr. 47, 6599 1953)].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koyanagi, Y., O. Tsuruta, and T. Ota: A fumigant, ethylene oxide. III. Effect of ethylene oxide on baking quality of wheat flour. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 4, 209 (1963) [through Chem. Abstr. 60, 11307 (1964)].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koyanagi, Y., and T. Harada: The fumigant ethylene oxide. V. Influences of methyl bromide on baking quality of wheat flour. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 5, 144 (1964) [through Chem. Abstr. 61, 11242 (1964)].

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lahue, D. W.: Evaluation of malathion, synergized pyrethrum, and diatomaceous earth as wheat protectants in small bins. U. S. Dept. Agr. ARS Mark. Research Rept. 726, 13 pp. (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lahue, D. W.: Evaluation of malathion, synergized pyrethrum, and diatomaceous earth on shelled corn as protectants against insects in small bins. U. S. Dept. Agr. ARS Mark. Research Rept. 768, 10 pp. (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudani, H., H. B. Gillenwater, B. H. Kantack, and M. F. Phillips: Protection of citrus pulp against insect infestation with surface applications of pyrethrum-piperonyl butoxide wettable powder. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 224 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laudani, H. A. Highland, and E. G. Jay: Treated bags keep corn meal insect-free during overseas shipment. American Miller & Processor 94, 14 (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Laug, E. P.: Bromide residues in foodstuffs. Volatile and nonvolatile residues following experimental exposure to methyl bromide. Ind. Eng. Chem. 33, 803 (1941).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leggieri, G.: Ricerca del DDT nei produtti della molitura del frumente trattate com l’insetticida a scopo conservative. Quaderni nutriz. 10, 444 (1949) [through Parkin (1952)].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leggo, D., J. G. Gellatuey, J. A. Seberry, I. D. Peggie, J. K. Long, and E. G. Hall: Post-harvest sterilization of oranges against Queensland fruit fly. Agr. Gaz. New S. Wales 76, 274 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lemmon, A. B., and R. Z. Rollins: Bureau of chemistry. Inspection, sampling, and analyses. Calif. Department of Agriculture Bull. 45, 132 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, S. E., and K. Eccleston: Residues in wheat flour fumigated with methyl bromide. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 65, 149 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, B. G. Halls, and E. M. Greet: Reactions of fumigants with foodstuffs. Reaction of methyl bromide with proteins. Pest Infestation Research 1949, 22 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, D. L., F. A. Gunther, and L. E. Vincent: Bromine residues in wheat and milled wheat fractions fumigated with methyl bromide. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 773 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, H. E. Krohne, and L. E. Vincent: Malathion and chlorthion for control of insects infesting stored grain. J. Econ. Entomol. 47, 705 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, H. E. Krohne, and W. B. Sinclair: Tolerance of citrus and avocado fruits to fumigants effective against the oriental fruit fly. J. Econ. Entomol. 44, 980 (1951).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, H. E. Krohne, and W. B. Sinclair: Effect of ethylene dibromide and ethylene chlorobromide fumigation on citrus and avocado fruits. J. Econ. Entomol. 46, 7 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindgren, H. E. Krohne, and L. E. Vincent: Fumigation of food commodities for insert control. Adv. Pest Control Research 5, 85 (1962).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liska, B. J., B. E. Langlois, G. C. Mostert, and W. J. Stadelman: Residues in eggs and tissues of chickens on rations containing low levels of DDT. Poultry Sci. 43, 982 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubatti, O. F., and G. Bunday: Fumigation of agricultural products. XVI. Some aspects of the fumigation of imported potatoes in boxes with methyl bromide for the control of tuber moth Gnorimoschema operculella. J. Sci. Food Agr. 9, 360 (1958).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubatti, O. F., and A. Harrison: Determination of fumigants. XVII. Comparison of the sorption of hydrogen cyanide, ethylene oxide, trichloroacetonitrile, and methyl bromide by wheat. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 63, 353 (1944).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lubatti, O. F., and B. Smith: Determination of fumigants. XX. Sorption of methyl bromide in potatoes. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 67, 347 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, G. E., S. A. Shrader, O. H. Hammer, and C. A. Lassiter: Occurrence of bromides in the milk of cows fed sodium bromide and grain fumigated with methyl bromide. J. Agr. Food Chem. 11, 87 (1963).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lynn, G. E., S. A. Shrader, O. H. Hammer, and F. A. Vorhes, Jr., Ed.: Symposium. Residues in foods and feeds resulting from fumigation of grains with the commoner liquid formulations of carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, and ethylene dibromide. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 40, 163 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • McBride, J. J., Jr.: Residue determination. Florida Agr. Expt. Sta. Annual Rept. 1957, 241 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • McBride, and F. W. Hayward: Residue determination. Florida Agr. Expt. Sta. Annual Rept. 1957, 241 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, M. W., J. F. Dillon, and D. Stewart: Non toxicity to poultry of malathion as a grain protectant. Austral. Vet. J. 40, 358 (1964) [Pest Docu. 1, 03506] [through Chem. Abstr. 62, 9713 (1965)].

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, J. A.: Malathion water-dispersible powder for the protection of bagged foodstuffs from insect infestation. Trop. Sci. 3, 114 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, J. A., and L. Donegan: Contamination of bagged whole ginger after surface treatment with two synthetic contact insecticides. J. Sci. Food Agr. 13, 634 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McFarlane, J. A., and A. H. Harris: Relative susceptibility to malathion contamination of six animal-feed ingredients. J. Sci. Food Agr. 15, 612 (1964).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackie, D. B.: Methyl bromide—its expectancy as a fumigant. J. Econ. Entomol. 31, 70 (1938).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLaine, L. S., and H. A. U. Monro: Developments in vacuum fumigation at the port of Montreal. Sixty-seventh Ann. Rept. Entomol. Soc. Ontario, p. 15 (1936).

    Google Scholar 

  • McPhail, M., F. Lopez D., and J. F. M. Velasco: Within-package ethylene dibromide fumigation of mangoes and grapefruit in fiberboard cartons to destroy Mexican fruit fly infestation. J. Econ. Entomol. 56, 496 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Majumder, S. K.: Using ethylene dibromide with methyl bromide for grain disinfestation. Pest. Technol. 4, 134 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Majumder, M. Muthu, and K. S. Narasimhan: Behavior of ethylene dibromide, methyl bromide, and their mixtures. Food Technol. 17, 108 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markarian, H., J. J. Pratt Jr., F. Kane, and B. H. Kantack: Insecticide residue in foods subjected to aerosols under simulated warehouse conditions. J. Econ. Entomol. 59, 844 (1966).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marth, E. H.: Residues and effects of chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides in biological material. Residue Reviews 9, 1 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meikle, R. W.: The fate of sulfuryl fluoride in wheat flour. J. Agr. Food Chem. 12, 464 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meikle, R. W., and D. Stewart: The residue potential of sulfuryl fluoride, methyl bromide, and methanesulfonyl fluoride in structural fumigations. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 393 (1962).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mickelsen, O.: Is toxicity enough for a food protection program? J. Amer. Dietet. Assoc. 33, 341 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Milne, F. N. J.: The effect of benzene hexachloride in poultry feed on meat and egg quality. Queensland J. Agr. Sci. 10, 214 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Minyard, J. P., and E. R. Jackson: Pesticide residues in commercial animal feeds. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 46, 843 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moffitt, R. A., and J. H. Nelson: Chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in cereals. Cereal Science Today 8, 72 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monier-Williams, G. W.: The effect on foods of fumigation with hydrogen cyanide. Min. Health Rept. on Public Health and Med. Subjects. No. 60., London, H.M. Stationery Office (1930).

    Google Scholar 

  • Monro, H. A. U.: Manual of fumigation for insect control. Food and Agr. Organization of the United Nations, Rome, 289 pp. (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Monro, H. A. U., and R. Delisle: Further applications of methyl bromide as a fumigant. Scient. Agr. 23, 546 (1943).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Monro, H. A. U., and R. Delisle: Methyl bromide fumigation of plant products in railroad freight cars with special reference to work supervised by the Dominion department of agriculture during 1944. Scient. Agr. 25, 794 (1945).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mookherjee, P. B., Y. P. Beri, G. C. Sharma, and R. S. Dewan: Preliminary studies on the efficacy of malathion against Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum and its persistence in stored wheat. Ind. J. Entomol. 27, 476 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, G. K. and H. L. Fuller: Effect of ethylene dibromide in the diet on the growth of chicks. Poultry Sci. 42, 15 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Munsey, V. E.: Buhler mill study. Symposium: Residues in foods and feeds resulting from fumigation of grains with the commoner liquid formulations of carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, and ethylene dibromide (G. E. Lynn and F. A. Vorhes, Jr., ed.). J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 40, 165 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Munsey, P. A. Mills, and A. K. Klein: Effect of cooking on fumigant residues. Symposium: Residues in foods and feeds resulting from fumigation of grains with the commoner liquid formulations of carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, and ethylene dibromide (G. E. Lynn and F. A. Vorhes, Jr., ed.). J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 40, 201 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Muthu, M., and S. V. Pingale: Control of insect pests in grains stored in insecticide-impregnated jute bags. J. Sci. Food Agr. 6, 637 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, H. D.: Malathion-treated drying trays to protect raisins, from insects—commercial tests in 1965. U. S. Department of Agriculture ARS 51–9, 7 pp. (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, G. H. Spitler, and A. P. Yerington: Protecting raisins against insects during drying and storage with malathion-treated trays. U. S. Department of Agriculture Mark. Research Rept. 594, 18 pp. (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Oden, T., and E. Sahin: Determination of malathion residues on stored grain by bioassay. Bitki Koruma Bulteni 4, 88 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olomucki, E., and A. Bondi: Problems connected with ethylene dibromide fumigation of cereals. I. Sorption of ethylene dibromide by grain. J. Sci. Food Agr. 6, 592 (1955).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oser, B. L., and L. A. Hall: The effect of ethylene oxide treatment on the nutritive value of certain foods. Food Technol. 10, 175 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Page, A. B. P., and O. F. Lubatti: Some effects of fumigants on food. Chem. & Ind. 723 (1948).

    Google Scholar 

  • Page, A. B. P., and J. Russell: Application of fumigants to ships and warehouses. VI. Fumigation of dried fruit with methyl bromide in chambers. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 68, 102 (1949).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papworth, D. S.: The protection of stored cereals by malathion admixture techniques. J. Agr. Vet. Chem. 2, 160 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, E. A.: DDT-impregnation of sacks for the protection of stored cereals against insect infestation. Ann. Applied Biol. 35, 233 (1948).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, E. A.: Control of stored product insects with contact insecticides. Proc. 8 th Internat. Congr. Entomol. 1948, 834 (1950).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, E. A.: The contamination of stored wheat with DDT. Extrait du deuxieme volume de comptes rendus du III Congress International de Phytopharmacie, Paris, 1952. pp. 484 and 490 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, E. A.: A provisional assessment of malathion for stored-product insect control. J. Sci. Food Agr. 6, 370 (1958).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, E. A., and A. A. Green: Some practical problems in the use of contact insecticides against stored-product insects. Rept. of Seventh Commonwealth Entomol. Conference, 6th-15th July 1960: London. p. 68 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, A. N. Bates, G. T. Bills, and D. G. Rowlands: The possible tainting of malt by malathion. Pest Infestation Research 1960, 35 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, A. N. Bates, G. T. Bills, and M. B. Koszuta: The possible tainting of beans by lindane. Pest Infestation Research 1963, 33 (1964).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, A. N. Bates, G. T. Bills, and M. B. Koszuta: Protection of peas and beans. Pest Infestation Research 1964, 37 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Parkin, E. I. C. Scott, A. N. Bates, and D. G. Rowlands: The malathion treatment of malting barley. Pest Infestation Research 1961, 32 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pasarela, N. R., R. G. Brown, and C. B. Shaffer: Feeding of malathion to cattle: residue analyses of milk and tissue. J. Agr. Food Chem. 10, 7 (1962).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pedraja, R.: Naturally occurring bromides in nonfat dry milk; determination and levels. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 46, 1049 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. L., and R. Latta: Current use of methyl bromide for the fumigation of cottonseed. Down to Earth 5, 11 (1949).

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, W. R., H. A. U. Monro, and C. E. Allen: Some observations on the fumigation of apples with methyl bromide. Scient. Agr. 19, 7 (1938).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pigatti, A.: Persistence of residues of methoxychlor in cacao beans. Arquiv. Inst. Biol. (Sao Paulo) 27, 55 (1960) [through Chem. Abstr. 56, 15872 (1962)].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pingale, S. V.: Impregnation of jute bag containers with insecticides for protecting stored foodstuffs. II. Efficiency of lindane. Ind. J. Entomol. 17, 295 (1955).

    Google Scholar 

  • Pingale, S. V.: Contamination of stored food grains with insecticides I. Ind. J. Agr. Science 27, 125 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Queen, W. A.: Distribution and adsorption characteristics of vaporized lindane. Quarterly Bull. Assoc. Food and Drug Officials 17, 127 (1953).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan, J. K., and W. L. Berndt: Evaluation in Illinois of four inert dusts on stored shelled corn for protection against insects—a progress report U. S. Department of Agriculture ARS 51–6, 20 pp. (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan, J. K., and R. F. Miller: Evaluation of synergized pyrethrum for the control of Indianmeal moth in stored shelled corn. U. S. Department of Agriculture MRS AMS Mark. Research Rept. 222, 13 pp. (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ragelis, E. P., B. S. Fisher, and B. A. Klimeck: Note on determination of chlorohydrin in foods fumigated with ethylene oxide and with propylene oxide. J. Assoc. Official Anal. Chem. 49, 963 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratanova, M. I. R., and G. A. Polchaninova: Disinfection of sesame seeds with methyl bromide. Soobshch. i Ref. Vses. Nauchn.-Issled. Inst. Zerna i Produktov ego Pererabotki (4), 13 (1962); [through Chem. Abstr. 60, 13813 (1964)].

    Google Scholar 

  • Redlinger, L. M., and H. Womack: Evaluation of four inert dusts for the protection of shelled corn in Georgia from insect attack. U. S. Department of Agriculture ARS 51–7, 25 pp. (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, W. A., E. L. D’aquin, and G. L. Phillips: Bromine retention by cottonseed and cottonseed products after fumigation of the seed with methyl bromide. J. Amer. Oil Chem. Soc. 24, 217 (1947).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roan, C. C.: What’s new among the fumigants. Pest Control 30, 9 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Roan, C. C., and B. P. Srivastava: Dissipation of diazinon residues in wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 58, 996 (1965).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roehm, L. S., S. A. Shrader, and V. A. Stenger: Bromide residues in cereals fumigated with methyl bromide. Cereal Chem. 19, 235, (1942).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roehm, V. A. Stenger, and S. A. Shrader: The fumigation of dairy products with methyl bromide. J. Dairy Sci. 26, 205 (1943).

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowe, V. K., R. L. Hollingsworth, and D. D. McCollister: Toxicity study of a grain fumigant (Dowfume EB-5). J. Agr. Food Chem. 2, 1318 (1954).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands, D. G.: The degradation of malathion on stored maize and wheat grains. J. Sci. Food Agr. 15, 824 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands, D. G.: The metabolism of bromophos in stored wheat grains. J. Stored Products Research 2, 1 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands, D. G.: The metabolism of contact insecticides in stored grains. Residue Reviews 17, 105 (1967).

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands, D. G., and J. E. Clements: Metabolism of insecticides in stored cereals. Malathion in maize and wheat. Pest Infestation Research 1964, 32 (1965 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands, D. G., and J. E. Clements: Metabolism of insecticides in stored cereals. Malathion in rice brans. Pest Infestation Research 1964, 32 (1965 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rowlands, D. G., and J. E. Clements: The degradation of malathion in rice brans. J. Stored Products Research 1, 101 (1965 c).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanford, K. H.: Bulk fumigation of apples with ethylene dibromide under plastic tarpaulins for apple maggot J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 659 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schesser, J. H., W. E. Priddle, and E. P. Farrell: Insecticidal residues in milling fractions from wheat treated with methoxychlor, malathion, and lindane. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 516 (1958).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schoenherr, W. H., J. H. Rutledge, and P. R. Witt Jr.: Phostoxin. Brewers Digest 41, 63 (1966).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Searls, E. M., F. W. Fletcher, and E. E. Kenaga: Methyl bromide as a fumigant for dairy factories. J. Econ. Entomol. 37, 822 (1944).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shepard, H. H., and A. W. Buzicky: Further studies of methyl bromide as an insect fumigant. J. Econ. Entomol. 32, 854 (1939).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shrader, S. A., A. W. Beshgetoor, and V. A. Stenger: Determination of total and inorganic bromide in foods fumigated with methyl bromide. Ind. Eng. Chem., Anal. ed., 14, 1 (1942).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siakotos, A. N.: Package exposure to continuously vaporized lindane. J. Econ. Entomol. 49, 481 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, W. B., and D. L. Lindgren: Commodity treatment of citrus and avocado fruits. Third Special Report on the Control of the Oriental Fruit Fly (Dacus dorsalis) in the Hawaiian Islands. Senate, State of California, pp. 118–131 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, W. B., and D. L. Lindgren: Factors affecting the fumigation of food commodities for insect control. J. Econ. Entomol. 51, 891 (1958).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, W. B., and R. Forbes: The sorption and retention of ethylene dibromide by fumigated citrus and avocado fruits. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 236 (1962 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, W. B., and R. Forbes: Recovery of ethylene dibromide residues from fumigated whole kernel and milled wheat fractions. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 836 (1962 b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, W. B., and R. Forbes: Recovery of ethylene chlorobromide from agricultural products. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 346 (1964 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinclair, W. B., and R. Forbes: Effects of temperature, reduced pressure, and moisture content on sorption and retention of ethylene dibromide by wheat and corn. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 470 (1964 b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Somade, B.: Contamination and taint of cocoa beans by residual insecticides. J. Sci. Food Agr. 2, 527 (1951).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Somme, L., and E. T. Gjessing: Insecticides for protection against blow-flies in the stockfish industry. Pyrethrum Post 7, 3 (1963).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spencer, H. C., V. K. Rowe, E. M. Adams, and D. D. Irish: Response of rats maintained on diets fumigated with methyl bromide. Food Research 9, 11 (1944).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spoon, W., and W. M. Sesseler: Fumigation of cocoa beans with methyl bromide. Ber. Afd. trop. Prod. K. Inst. Trop. 252, 1 (1955) [through Chem. Abstr. 50, 11597 (1956)].

    Google Scholar 

  • Stankovic, A., R. Sovljanski, and T. Stojanovic: Teksikoloska svojstva brasna dobivenog od psenice tretirane malationom. Savremena Poljoprivreda, No. 9 (1965) [through FAO Grain Storage Newsletter and Abstracts 8, 171 (1966)].

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenger, V. A., and D. A. Mapes: Effect of baking on ethylene dibromide and total bromide residues. Symposium: Residues in foods and feeds resulting from fumigation of grains with the commoner liquid formulations of carbon disulfide, carbon tetrachloride, ethylene dichloride, and ethylene dibromide (G. E. Lynn and F. A. Vorhes, Jr. ed.). J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 40, 196 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenger, S. A. Shrader, and A. W. Beshgetoor: Analytical methods for methyl bromide. Ind. & Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 11, 121 (1939).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strong, R. G., and D. E. Sbur: Influence of grain moisture and storage temperature on the effectiveness of malathion as a grain protectant. J. Econ. Entomol. 53, 341 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Strong, R. G., and R. G. Arndt: Influence of formulation on the effectiveness of malathion, methoxychlor, and synergized pyrethrum protective sprays for stored wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 54, 489 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, J. B.: Phosphine residues from phostoxin treated feed and food samples. Letter from Hazleton Laboratories, Inc. dated June 22, 1966—taken from “Petition for amended regulations Phostoxin tablets and Phostoxin coated pellets, for use as a fumigant for processed foods.”

    Google Scholar 

  • Swank, G. R.: Methyl bromide fumigation of commodities for the destruction of white-fringed beetle eggs. J. Econ. Entomol. 42, 733 (1949).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sykes, J. F., and A. K. Klein: Chloro-organic residues in milk of cows orally administered ethylene dichloride. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 40, 203 (1957).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, A. F., H. Matsumoto, and P. J. Scheuer: Bromide residues-determination in fresh fruits after fumigation with ethylene dibromide. J. Agr. Food Chem. 1, 453 (1953).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Telford, H. S., R. W. Zwick, P. Sikorowski, and M. Weller: Laboratory evaluation of diazinon as a wheat protectant. J. Econ. Entomol. 57, 272 (1964).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tenhet, J. N., and C. O. Bare: Control of insects in stored and manufactured tobacco. U. S. Department of Agriculture Circ. 869, 32 pp. (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Tenhet, D. P. Childs, and W. F. Durham: Studies of DDVP for control of cigarette beetles in tobacco warehouses. U. S. Department of Agriculture AMS 214, 16 pp. (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, C. E., and S. G. Heuser: Fumigation of sugar with methyl bromide. Pest Infestation Research 1953, 28 (1954).

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, E. M., G. J. Mountney, and G. W. Ware: Methoxychlor residues in chicken eggs. J. Econ. Entomol. 60, 235 (1967).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thompson, R. H.: A review of the properties and usage of methyl bromide as a fumigant. J. Stored Products Research 1, 353 (1966).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tilton, E. W.: Fumigation of sacked rice under plastic film with hydrogen cyanide for long-term protection. The Rice J. 64, 4 (1961).

    Google Scholar 

  • Todorovski, B.: Phostoxin fumigation for stored tobacco. Duvan 10, 198 (1960) [through Chem. Abstr. 55, 12750 (1961)]

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuruta, O., T. Ota, Y. Koyanagi, and T. Harada: Evalution of propylene oxide as a fumigant. Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi 5, 147 (1964) [through Chem. Abstr. 61, 11243 (1964)]

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, A.: Determination of residual bromide in cacao shell and nib. J. Sci. Food Agr. 15, 265 (1964).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Turtle, E. E.: Pesticides, filth and the miller. Milling 145, 94 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Tiel, N.: The retention of methallyl chloride and methyl bromide by fumigated grain. J. Hyg. 46, 431 (1948) [through Rev. Applied Entomol. Ser. A 39, 131 (1951)].

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viel, G., and J. F. Gusse: Fixation du dibromethane par les peches et les abricots traites par fumigation avec ce produit. Phytiat.-Phytopharm. 6, 19 (1957) [through Rev. Applied Entomol. Ser. A 47, 7 (1959)].

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vojnovich, C., and V. F. Pfeifer: Reducing the microbial population of flour during milling. Cereal Science Today 12, 54 (1967).

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, G. B.: A report on surveys of residual bromide levels in wheat germ and “Terminal Elevator” wheat from selected mills, 1963. Personal communication, Nov. 7, 1966.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagner, G. B., and J. Gibich: Pesticide residues in “Country Elevator” wheat. Personal communication, Sept. 29, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walkden, H. H., and H. D. Nelson: Evaluation of methoxychlor for the protection of stored wheat and shelled corn from insect attack. U. S. Department of Agriculture Mark. Research Rept. 213, 25 pp. (1958 a).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walkden, H. H., and H. D. Nelson: Evaluation of lindane for the protection of stored wheat and shelled corn from insect attack. U. S. Department of Agriculture Mark. Research Rept. 234, 27 pp. (1958 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walkden, H. H., and H. D. Nelson: Evaluation of synergized pyrethrum for the protection of stored wheat and shelled corn from insect attack. U. S. Department of Agriculture Mark. Research Rept. 322, 48 pp. (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Walker, D. W., and R. Locke: Evaluation of off-odor in malathion-treated wheat. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 1013 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Watt, M. J.: Grain protection with malathion. Agr. Gaz. New S. Wales 73, 529 (1962).

    Google Scholar 

  • Waiters, F. L.: Pyrethrins-piperonyl butoxide as a residual treatment against insects in elevator boots. Cereal Chem. 33, 145 (1956).

    Google Scholar 

  • Waiters, F. L.: Effects of grain moisture content on residual toxicity and repellency of malathion. J. Econ. Entomol. 52, 131 (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Waiters, F. L., and B. N. Smalxman: Initial and residual effectiveness of spot fumigants in elevator boots. Cereal Chem. 30, 343 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts, C. N., and F. D. Berlin: Piperonyl butoxide and Pyrethrins to control rice weevils. J. Econ. Entomol. 43, 371 (1950).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wesley, F., B. Rourke, and O. Darbishire: The formation of persistent toxic chlorohydrins in foodstuffs by fumigation with ethylene oxide and with propylene oxide. J. Food Sci. 30, 1037 (1965).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, G. D., W. L. Berndt, J. H. Schesser, and C. C. Flfield: Evaluation of four inert dusts for the protection of stored wheat in Kansas from insect attack. U. S. Department of Agriculture ARS 51–8, 21 pp. (1966).

    Google Scholar 

  • White, H. H. Walkden, and H. D. Nelson: Evaluation of three spot fumigant formulations. Milling Production 22, 15 (1957).

    Google Scholar 

  • Whitney, W. K.: Minimizing residues from methyl bromide fumigation of wheat. Down to Earth 19, 4 (1963).

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, G. C., and J. M. G. Gradidge: Recent experience in the use of malathion to protect stored grain against insect attack. Proc. 12th Internat. Congress Entomol. 1964, 634 (1965).

    Google Scholar 

  • Windmueller, H. G., C. J. Ackerman, and R. W. Engel: Alterations in the nutritive value of casein by exposure to ethylene oxide. J. Nutrition 60, 527 (1956).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winkler, W. O.: Report on cyanide residues in foods. J. Assoc. Official Agr. Chemists 42, 552 (1959).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winteringham, F. P. W.: The sorption of ethylene dichloride by wheat products. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 63, 144 (1944 a).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winteringham, F. P. W.: The determination of residual ethylene dichloride in fumigated wheat products. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 63, 359 (1944 b).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winteringham, F. P. W.: The fate of labelled insecticide residues in food products. IV. The possible toxicological and nutritional significance of fumigating wheat with methyl bromide. J. Sci. Food Agr. 6, 269 (1955).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winteringham, and A. Harrison: The sorption of methyl bromide by wheat. J. Soc. Chem. Ind. 65,140 (1946).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winteringham, C. R. Jones, J. L. McGirr, and W. H. Templeton: The fate of labelled insecticide residues in food products. I. Studies with a radioactive bromine analogue of DDT. J. Sci. Food Agr. 1, 214 (1950).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winteringham, R. G. Bridges, and P. M. Bridges: The fate of labelled insecticide residues in food products. II. The nature of methyl bromide residues in fumigated wheat. J. Sci. Food Agr. 6, 251 (1955 a).

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winteringham, S. E. Lewis, R. G. Bridges, A. Harrison, and P. M. Bridges: Methyl bromide residues in wheat. Pest Infestation Research 1954, 35 (1955 b).

    Google Scholar 

  • Winteringham, S. E. Lewis, R. G. Bridges, A. Harrison, and A. Harrison: Nutritional and toxicological significance of methyl bromide fumigation. Pest Infestation Research 1952, 35 (1953).

    Google Scholar 

  • Winteringham, S. E. Lewis, R. G. Bridges, A. Harrison, and R. G. Bridges: Methyl bromide residues in wheat. Pest Infestation Research 1950, 30 (1951).

    Google Scholar 

  • Witt, P. R., Jr., L. Case, and E. Adamic: Malathion treatment of barley as related to malt quality. Proc. 1960 Ann. Meeting Amer. Soc. Brew. Chem., p. 51 (1960).

    Google Scholar 

  • Womack, H., and D. W. Lahue: Tests with malathion and methoxychlor protective treatments for shelled corn stored in metal bins in the southeast. U. S. Department of Agriculture Mark. Research Rept. 357, 11 pp. (1959).

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, H. D., R. H. Carter, and S. B. Soloway: Bromine residues from methyl bromide fumigation of cereal products. Cereal Chem. 20, 572 (1943).

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinkernagel, R., R. Gasser, and R. Domenjez: Uber Getreidekonservierung. II. Mitteilung: Insektenbekampfung mit insektiziden Staubemitteln. Mitt. Schweiz. ent. Gesellsch. 19, 653 (1946) [through Rev. Applied Entomol. Ser. A 36, 38 (1948)].

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, USA

    D. L. Lindgren & L. E. Vincent

  2. Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, USA

    W. B. Sinclair

Authors
  1. D. L. Lindgren
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. W. B. Sinclair
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. L. E. Vincent
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Riverside, California, USA

    Francis A. Gunther

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1968 Springer-Verlag New York Inc.

About this paper

Cite this paper

Lindgren, D.L., Sinclair, W.B., Vincent, L.E. (1968). Residues in raw and processed foods resulting from post-harvest insecticidal treatments. In: Gunther, F.A. (eds) Residue Reviews / Rückstands-Berichte. Residue Reviews, vol 21. Springer, New York, NY. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8431-5_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8431-5_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, New York, NY

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8433-9

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8431-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation