Abstract
Various pharmacological strategies have been employed in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD): cholinergic enhancers, psychostimulants, vasodilators, neuropeptides, opiate antagonists, nootropics and others (Court and Perry, 1992; Miller et al., 1992). Nootropics (NT) constitute a relatively new group of drugs, which are able to facilitate cognitive functions and prevent impairment of memory, induced by natural and pathological aging, brain insult, trauma, disease and intoxication. These actions are demonstrated in experimental animal models and in human (Vernon and Sorkin, 1991; Voronina, 1992). Piracetam was the first drug presented of this group. At present there has appeared a whole range of new NT in the series of pyrrolidone derivatives (oxiracetam, aniracetam, etiracetam, pramiracetam, nebracetam and etc.) and new substances of nonpyrrolidone structure. The pyrrolidone NT are often recognized as cognitive enhancing agents or “true” NT, because they proved to have none of sedative, stimulant, analeptic, anticonvulsive, myorelaxant properties. Nootropics are used for the treatment of age-related mental decline [normal aging, senile dementia, AD, mental retardation in children, psychoorganic syndromes, cerebrovascular disorders, brain trauma, post stroke, multiple sclerosis, drug abuse (alcohol, cocaine etc.), cerebral ischemia, hypoxic coma, Parkinson’s disease and etc.].
Keywords
- Prolyl Endopeptidase
- Nootropic Drug
- Antihypoxic Effect
- Antiamnestic Effect
- Pyrrolidone Derivative
These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Court JA and Perry EK (1991): Dementia — The neurochemical basis of putative transmitter orientated therapy. Pharmac Ther 52: 423–443.
Harman D, Eddy DE and Noffsinger J (1976): Free radical theory of aging: inhibition of amyloidosis in mice by antioxidants; possible mechanisms. J Am Geriatr Soc 24 (5): 203–210.
Lukianova LD, Atabaeva RE and Shepeleva SG (1993): Study of bioenergetic mechanisms of antihypoxic effect of succinate containing derivative of 3hydroxypyridine (Mexidol). Bull Exper Biol Med (Moscow) 3: 259–260.
Miller SW, Mahoney JM and Jann MW (1992): Therapeutic frontiers in Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacotherapy 12 (3): 217–231.
Nitsch R, Puttas A, Bluszain JK, Slak BE, Growdon JH, and Wurtman RJ (1991): Alterations of phospholipid metabolites in postmortem brain from patients with Alzheimer’s disease. In: Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease - Annals of New York Academy of Sciences. Growdon JH, Corkin S, Ritter-Walker J and Wurtman RI, eds. New York: Elsevier 640: 110–113.
Obukhova LK (1985): Molecular mechanisms inhibition of the aging by synthetical antioxidants. In: Physical chemistry and biology base of function living system. Nauka Gen Biol (Moscow) 2: 150–154.
Smirnov LD and Dyumayev KM (1982): (3-hydroxy derivatives of six-ring nitrogen heterocycles. Synthesis, inhibitory activity and biological properties. Chem Farm J (Moscow) 4:28–44.
Vernon MW and Sorkin EM (1991): Piracetam overview of its pharmacological properties and review of its therapeutic use in senile cognitive disorders. Drug and Aging 1 (1): 17–35.
Voronina TA and Kutepova OA (1988): Experimentally established gerontopsychotropic properties of 3-hydroxypyridine antioxidant. Drug Dev Res 14: 353–358.
Voronina TA and Seredenin SB (1988): Analysis of the mechanism of psychotropic action of 3-hydroxypyridine derivative. Ann 1st Super Sanita 24 (3): 461–466.
Voronina TA, Nerobkova LN, Garibova TL, Dikova M and Nikolov R (1988a): Effect of Nicergoline on learning and memory. Meth and Find Exptl Clin Pharmacol 10 (7): 431–435.
Voronina TA, Smirnov LD, Stolijrova LG and Garibova TL (1986): N-nicotinoyl amino acids with antihypoxic and antiamnestic activity. Patent of USSR Nr. 1368314.
Voronina TA, Kutepova OA and Zolotov NN (1990a): Age-dependent impairments of learning and memory and their pharmacological correction. Europ J Pharmacol 183 (6): 2369.
Voronina TA, Nerobkova LN, Kutepova OA and Gugutcidse DA (1990b): Pharmacological correction of CNS functional disorders and parkinsonian syndrome in old animals. Ann lnst Super Sanita 26 (1): 55–60.
Voronina TA (1992): Present-day problems in experimental psychopharmacology of nootropic drugs. In: Soy Med Rev J Neuropharmacology, Valdman AB, ed. Harwood Academic Publisher GmbH. 2: 51–106.
Zolotov NN, Voronina TA and Smirnov LD (1989): Psychotropic activity of synthetic antioxidants on the basis of 3-hydroxypyridine. A possible relationship with regulatory protease system. Regulation of the free radical reactions. Varna, Abstr. 193.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Birkhäuser Boston
About this paper
Cite this paper
Voronina, T.A. (1994). Nootropic Drugs in Alzheimer Disease Treatment. New Pharmacological Strategies. In: Giacobini, E., Becker, R.E. (eds) Alzheimer Disease. Advances in Alzheimer Disease Therapy. Birkhäuser Boston. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8149-9_45
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-8149-9_45
Publisher Name: Birkhäuser Boston
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-8151-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-8149-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive