Skip to main content

Biogenesis of Ribosomes in Eukaryotes

  • Chapter

Abstract

The biogenesis of ribosomes in eukaryotes involves the generation in the cell of the constituent core rRNA molecules and their interaction with about 80 distinct proteins to form the two mature ribosomal particles. Therefore, the ribosome is not only the principal organelle in gene expression, but it is also one of the best-understood models of the structure, function, and coordination of a large number of genes operating in the eukaryotic cell. Furthermore, ribosomes are made in the nucleolus, but they operate in the cytoplasm. In this respect, studies on the biogenesis of ribosomes contribute to our understanding of the molecular architecture of the cell.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Aarstad, A. A., and Øyen, T. B., 1975, On the distribution of 5 S RNA cistrons on the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, FEBS Lett. 51:227–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Abelson, H. T., Johnson, L. F., Penman, S., and Green, H., 1974, Changes in RNA in relation to growth of the fibroblast. II. The lifetime of mRNA, rRNA and tRNA in resting and growing cells, Cell 1:161–165.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aiello, L. O., Goldenberg, C. J., and Eliceiri, G. L., 1977, In vivo incorporation of ribosomal proteins into HeLa cell ribosomal particles, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 475:652–658.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alam, S. N., and Shires, T. K., 1977, The labeling of polysomes and rough microsomal membranes by 5-fluoroorotic acid, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 74:1441–1449.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Alonso, C., and Berendes, H. D., 1975, The location of 5 S rRNA genes in Drosophila hydei, Chromosoma 51:347–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andrew, C., Hopper, A. K., and Hall, B. D., 1976, A yeast mutant defective in the processing of 27 S rRNA precursor, Mol. Gen. Genet. 144:29–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angelier, N., and Lacroix, J. C., 1975, Complexes de transcription d’origines nucleolaire et chromosomique d’ovocytes de Pleurodeles waltlii et Pleurodeles poireti, Chromosoma 51:323–335.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Angelier, N., Hemon, D., and Bouteille, M., 1979, Mechanisms of transcription in nucleoli of amphibian oocytes as visualized by high-resolution autoradiography, J. Cell Biol. 80:227–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Arnheim, N., and Southern, E. M., 1977, Heterogeneity of the ribosomal genes in mice and men, Cell 11:363–370.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Artavanis-Tsakonas, S., Schedl, P., Tschudi, P., Pirrotta, V., Steward, R., and Gehring, W. J., 1977, The 5 S genes of Drosophila melanogaster, Cell 12:1057–1067.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Attardi, G., and Amaldi, F., 1970, Structure and synthesis of ribosomal RNA, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 39:183–226.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auger-Buendia, M.-A., and Longuet, M., 1978, Characterization of proteins from nucleolar preribosomes of mouse leukaemia cells by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Eur. J. Biochem. 85:105–114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auger-Buendia, M.-A., Hamelin, R., and Tavitian, A., 1978, Influence of toyocamycin on the assembly and processing of preribosomal ribonucleoproteins in the nucleolus of mammalian cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 521:241–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auger-Buendia, M.-A., Longuet, M., and Tavitian, A., 1979, Kinetic studies on ribosomal proteins assembly in preribosomal particles and ribosomal subunits of mammalian cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 563:113–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachellerie, J. P., Martin-Prevel, C., and Zalta, J. P., 1971, Cinétique de l’incorporation d’uridine [3H] dans des fractions subnucléolaires de cellules d’hépatome ascitique du rat, Biochimie 53:383–389.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachellerie, J. P., Nicoloso, M., and Zalta, J. P., 1975, Early nucleolar preribosomal RNA. Protein in mammalian cells, Eur. J. Biochem. 55:119–129.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachellerie, J. P., Nicoloso, M., and Zalta, J. P., 1977a, Nucleolar chromatin in CHO cells. Topographical distribution of rDNA sequences and isolation of ribosomal transcription complexes, Eur. J. Biochem. 79:23–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachellerie, J. P., Amalric, F., Nicoloso, M., Zalta, J. P., and Simard, R., 1977b, Nucleolar chromatin in mammalian cells. I. An in vivo dissociation system of isolated nucleoli: A biochemical and ultrastructural study, Biol. Cell. 28:1–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballal, N. R., Choi, Y. C., Mouche, R., and Busch, H., 1977, Fidelity of synthesis of preribosomal RNA in isolated nucleoli and chromatin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:2446–2450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batistoni, R., Andronico, F., Nardi, I., and Barsacchi-Pilone, G., 1978, Chromosome location of the ribosomal genes in Triturus vulgaris meridionalis, Chromosoma 65:231–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Batts-Young, B., and Lodish, H., 1978, Triphosphate residues at the 5′-ends of rRNA precursor and 5 S RNA from Dictyostelium discoideum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75:740–744.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beebee, T. Y. C., Korner, A., and Bond, R. P. M., 1972, Differential inhibition of mammalian ribonucleic acid polymerases by an exotoxin from Bacillus thuringiensis, Biochem. J. 127:619–624.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, G. I., Valenzuela, P., and Rutter, W. J., 1976, Phosphorylation of yeast RNA polymerases, Nature (London) 261:429–431.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bell, G. I., DeGennaro, L. J., Gelfand, D. H., Bishop, R. J., Valenzuela, P., and Rutter, W. J., 1977, Ribosomal RNA genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. I. Physical map of the repeating unit and location of the regions coding for 5 S, 5.8 S, 18 S and 25 S rRNA, J. Biol. Chem. 252:8118–8125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Benecke, B. J., Ferencz, A., and Seifart, K. H., 1973, Resistance of hepatic RNA polymerases to compounds affecting RNA and protein synthesis in vivo, FEBS Lett. 31:53–58.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, E., 1977, The ribosomes of Drosophila. V. Normal and defective ribosome biosynthesis in Drosophila cell cultures, Mol. Gen. Genet. 155:35–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, S., and Schweiger, H. G., 1975a, An apparent lack of nontranscribed spacers in rDNA of a green alga, Mol. Gen. Genet. 139:269–275.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, S., and Schweiger, H. G., 1975b, Ribosomal DNA in different members of a family of green algae: An electron microscopical study, Planta 127:49–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Berger, S., Zellmer, D. M., Kloppstech, K., Richter, G., Dillard, W. L., and Schweiger, H. G., 1978, Alternating polarity in rRNA genes, Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 2:41–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bird, A., Rochaix, J. D., and Bakken, A., 1973, The mechanism of gene amplification in Xenopus levis oocytes, in: Molecular Cytogenetics (B. H. Hamkalo and J. Papaconstantinou, eds.), pp. 49–58, Plenum Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Birnstiel, M. L., Chipchase, M., and Speirs, J., 1971, The ribosomal RNA cistrons, Prog. Nucl. Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 11:351–389.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Biswas, B. B., Ganguly, A., and Das, A., 1975, Eukaryotic RNA polymerases and the factors that control them, Prog. Nucl. Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 15:145–184.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackburn, E. H., and Gall, J. G., 1978, A tandemly repeated sequence at the termini of the extrachromosomal rRNA genes in Tetrahymena, J. Mol. Biol. 120:33–53.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bolla, R., Roth, H. E., Weissbach, H., and Brot, N., 1977, Effect of ribosomal proteins on synthesis and assembly of preribosomal particles in isolated rat liver nuclei, J. Biol. Chem. 252:721–725.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bombik, B. M., Huang, C.-H., and Baserga, R., 1977, Isolation of transcriptionally active chromatin from mammalian nucleoli, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:69–73.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boseley, P. G., Tuyns, A., and Birnsteil, M., 1978, Mapping of the Xenopus laevis 5.8 S rDNA by restriction and DNA sequencing, Nucl. Acid Res. 5:1121–1136.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boseley, P., Moss, T., Machler, M., Portmann, R., and Birnstiel, M. L., 1979, Sequence organization of the spacer DNA in a ribosomal gene unit of Xenopus laevis, Cell 17:19–31

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Botchan, P., Reeder, R. H., and Dawid, I. B., 1977, Restriction analysis of the non-transcribed spacers of Xenopus laevis rDNA, Cell 10:587–596.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bowman, L. H., and Emerson, C. P., Jr., 1977, Post-transcriptional regulation of ribosome accumulation during myoblast differentiation, Cell 10:587–596.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyadjiev, S. I., and Hadjiolov, A. A., 1968, Fractionation and biosynthesis of RNA of the rat adrenals, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 161:341–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brandhorst, B. P., and McConkey, E. H., 1974, Stability of RNA in mammalian cells, J. Mol. Biol. 85:451–463.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. D., and Dawid, I. B., 1968, Specific gene amplification in oocytes. Oocyte nuclei contain extrachromosomal replicas of the genes for rRNA, Science 160:272–274.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. D., and Gurdon, J. B., 1977, High-fidelity transcription of 5 S DNA injected into Xenopus oocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:2064–2068.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. D., and Gurdon, J. B., 1978, Cloned single repeating units of 5 S DNA direct accurate transcription of 5 S RNA when injected into Xenopus oocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75:2849–2853.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. D., and Sugimoto, K., 1973, 5 S DNAs of Xenopus laevis and Xenopus mulleri: Evolution of a gene family, J. Mol. Biol. 78:397–415.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D. D., Carroll, D., and Brown, R. D., 1977, The isolation and characterization of a second oocyte 5 S DNA from Xenopus laevis, Cell 12:1045–1056.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buhler, J. M., Iborra, F., Sentenac, A., and Fromageot, P., 1976, The presence of phosphorylated subunits in yeast RNA polymerases A and B, FEBS Lett. 71:37–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buongiorno-Nardelli, M., Amaldi, F., and Lava-Sanchez, P. A., 1976, Electron microscope analysis of amplifying rRNA from Xenopus laevis, Exp. Cell Res. 98:95–103.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Busch, H., and Smetana, K., 1970, The Nucleolus, 626 pp., Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Busch, H., Ballal, N. R., Busch, R. K., Choi, Y. C., Davis, F., Goldknopf, I. L., Matsui, S. I., Rao, M. S., and Rothblum, L. I., 1978, The nucleolus, a model for analysis of chromatin controls, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 42:665–683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butler, M. J., Davies, K. E., and Walker, I. O., 1978, The structure of nucleolar chromatin in Physarum polycephalum, Nucl. Acids Res. 5:667–678.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caboche, M., and Bachellerie, J.-P., 1977, RNA methylation and control of eukariotic RNA biosynthesis, Eur. J. Biochem. 74:19–29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caston, J. D., and Jones, P. H., 1972, Synthesis and processing of high molecular weight RNA by nuclei isolated from embryos of Rana pipiens, J. Mol. Biol. 69:19–38.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambon, P., 1975, Animal RNA polymerases, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 44:613–638.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambon, P., Gissinger, F., Kedinger, C., Mandel, J. L., Meilhac, M., and Nuret, P., 1972, Structural and functional properties of three mammalian nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, Acta Endocrinol. 168:222–246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chambon, P., Gissinger, F., Kedinger, C., Mandel, J. L., and Meilhac, M., 1974, Animal nuclear DNA-dependent RNA polymerases, in: The Cell Nucleus (H. Busch, ed.), Vol. III, pp. 269–308, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesterton, C. J., Coupar, B. E. H., Butterworth, P. H. W., Buss, J., and Green, M. H., 1975, Studies on the control of rRNA synthesis in HeLa cells, Eur. J. Biochem. 57:79–83.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chooi, W. Y., 1976, RNA transcription and ribosomal protein assembly in Drosophila melanogaster, in: Handbook of Genetics (R. C. King, ed.), Vol. 5, pp. 219–265, Plenum Press, New York.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Cihak, A., and Pitot, H. C., 1970, Incorporation of label from 5-fluoroorotate into non-ribosomal cytoplasmic RNA in rat liver, FEBS Lett. 6:206–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clissold, P., and Cole, R. J., 1973, Regulation of rRNA synthesis during mammalian myogenesis in culture, Exp. Cell Res. 80:159–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cochet-Meilhac, M., Nuret, P., Courvalin, J. C., and Chambon, P., 1974, Animal DNA-dependent RNA polymerases. Determination of the cellular number of RNA polymerase B molecules, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 353:185–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, M., Jr., 1976, Evolution of 5 S rRNA genes in the chromosomes of the Virilis group of Drosophila, Chromosoma 55:359–371.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H. L., 1969, Ribosomal RNA wastage in resting and growing lymphocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 244:5590–5596.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H. L., 1970, Control of synthesis and wastage of ribosmal RNA in lymphocytes, Nature (London) 227:1105–1107.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H. L., 1973, Degradation of 28 S RNA late in rRNA maturation in non-growing lymphocytes and its reversal after growth stimulation, J. Cell Biol. 59:250–254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, H. L., and Gibson, E. M., 1971, Control of synthesis and wastage of rRNA in lymphocytes, J. Biol. Chem. 246:5059–5066.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cory, S., and Adams, J. M., 1977, A very large repeating unit of mouse DNA containing the 18 S, 28 S and 5.8 S rRNA genes, Cell 11:795–805.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coupar, B. E. H., Davies, J. A., and Chesterton, C. J., 1978, Quantification of hepatic transcribing RNA polymerase molecules, polyribonucleotide elongation rates and messenger RNA complexity, Eur. J. Biochem. 84:611–623.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, B. J., and Turnock, C., 1973, Synthesis and processing of ribosomal RNA in cultured plant cells, Eur. J. Biochem. 37:367–376.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R. A., 1977, Structure and function of prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 32:193–231.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, R. F., 1976, Quantitation of elongating form A and B RNA polymerases in chick oviduct nuclei and effects of estradiol, Cell 7:455–465.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, N. C., 1974, Ribosomal RNA synthesis in eukaryotes and its regulation, in MTP International Review of Science, Series 1, Biochemistry, Vol. 6: Biochemistry of Nucleic Acids (K. Burton, ed.), pp. 255–288, Butterworths, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, N. C., and Perry, R. P., 1971, Persistent cytoplasmic synthesis of ribosomal proteins during the selective inhibition of rRNA synthesis, Nature (London), New Biol. 229:75–80.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Craig, N. C., Kelley, D. E., and Perry, R. P., 1971, Lifetime of the messenger RNA which codes for ribosomal protein in L-cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 246:493–498.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, J. H., Farrelly, F. W., and Rownd, R. H., 1976, Restriction endonculease analysis of rDNA from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mol. Gen. Genet. 148:233–241.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cramer, J. H., Farrelly, F. W., Barnitz, J. T., and Rownd, R. H., 1977, Construction and restriction endonuclease mapping of hybrid plasmids containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae rDNA, Mol. Gen. Genet. 151:229–244.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dabeva, M. D., Dudov, K. P., Hadjiolov, A. A., Emanuilov, I., and Todorov, B. N., 1976, Intranuclear maturation pathways of rat liver rRNA, Biochem. J. 160:495–503.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dabeva, M. D., Dudov, K. P., Hadjiolov, A. A., and Stoykova, A. S., 1978, Quantitative analysis of rat liver nucleolar and nucleoplasmic ribosomal ribonucleic acids, Biochem. J. 171:367–374.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawid, I. B., and Botchan, P., 1977, Sequences homologous to ribosomal insertions occur in the Drosophila genome outside the nucleolus organizer, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:4233–4237.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawid, I. B., and Wellauer, P. K., 1976, A reinvestigation of 5′-3′ polarity in 40 S precursor to rRNA of Xenopus laevis, Cell 8:443–448.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dawid, I. B., Wellauer, P. K., and Long, E. O., 1978, Ribosomal DNA in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Isolation and characterization of cloned fragments, J. Mol. Biol. 126:749–768.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeJonge, P., Kastelein, R. A., and Planta, R. J., 1978, Non-ribosomal nucleotide sequences in 7 S RNA, the immediate precursor of 5.8 S rRNA in yeast, Eur. J. Biochem. 83:537–546.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeKloet, S. R., 1966, Ribonucleic acid synthesis in yeast, Biochem. J. 99:566–581.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudov, K. P., Dabeva, M. D., and Hadjiolov, A. A., 1976, Simple agar-urea gel electrophoretic fractionation of high molecular weight RNA, Anal. Biochem. 76:250–258.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dudov, K. P., Dabeva, M. D., Hadjiolov, A. A., and Todorov, B. N., 1978, Processing and migration of ribosomal RNA in the nucleolus and nucleoplasm of rat liver nuclei, Biochem. J. 171:375–383.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edström, J.-E., and Lönn, U., 1976, Cytoplasmic zone analysis. RNA flow studied by micromanipulation, J. Cell Biol. 56:562–572.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Egawa, K., Choi, Y. C., and Busch, H., 1971, Studies on the role of 23 S nucleolar RNA as an intermediate in the synthesis of 18 S ribosomal RNA, J. Mol. Biol. 56:565–577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eliceiri, G. L., 1976, Turnover of ribosomal RNA in liver, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 447:391–394.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Eliceiri, G. L., and Green, H., 1969, Ribosomal RNA synthesis in human-mouse hybrid cells, J. Mol. Biol. 41:253–260.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Emerson, C. P., 1971, Regulation of the synthesis and stability of ribosomal RNA during contact inhibition of growth, Nature (London), New Biol. 232:101–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engberg, J., and Pearlman, R., 1972, The amount of rRNA genes in Tetrahymena pyriformis in different physiological states, Eur. J. Biochem. 26:393–400.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engberg, J., Christiansen, G., and Leick, V., 1974, Autonomous rDNA molecules containing single copies of rRNA genes in the macronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59:1356–1365.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engberg, J., Andersson, P., Leick, V., and Collins, J., 1976, Free rDNA molecules from Tetrahymena pyriformis GL are giant palindromes, J. Mol. Biol. 104:455–470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ennis, H. L., 1966, Synthesis of ribonucleic acid in L cells during inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide, Mol. Pharmacol. 2:543–557.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erdmann, V. A., 1980, Collection of published 5 S and 5.8 S RNA sequences and their precursors, Nucl. Acid Res. 8:r31–r47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farber, J. L., and Farmar, R., 1973, Differential effects of cycloheximide on protein and RNA synthesis as a function of dose, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 51:626–631.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fedoroff, N. V., and Brown, D. D., 1978, The nucleotide sequence of oocyte 5 S DNA in Xenopus laevis: 1. The AT-rich spacer, Cell 13:701–716.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finkelstein, D. B., Blamire, J., and Marmur, J., 1972, Location of rRNA cistrons in yeast, Nature (London), New Biol. 240:279–281.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fiume, L., and Wieland, T., 1970, Amanitins. Chemistry and action, FEBS Lett. 8:1–5.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foe, V. E., 1978, Modulation of rRNA synthesis in Oncopeltus fasciatus: An electron microscopic study of the relationship between changes in chromatin structure and transcriptional activity, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 42:723–740.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Foe, V. E., Wilkinson, L. E., and Laird, C. D., 1976, Comparative organization of active transcription units in Oncopeltus fasciatus, Cell 9:131–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, P. J., and Mathieson, T., 1978, The nucleotide sequences of 5.8 S ribosomal RNA from Xenopus laevis and Xenopus borealis, Eur. J. Biochem. 87:199–214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ford, P. J., and Southern, E. M., 1973, Different sequences for 5 S RNA in kidney cells and ovaries of Xenopus laevis, Nature (London), New Biol. 241:7–12.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franke, W. W., Scheer, U., Spring, H., Trendelenburg, M. F., and Krohne, G., 1976, Morphology of transcriptional units of rDNA, Exp. Cell Res. 100:233–244.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Franke, W. W., Scheer, U., Trendelenburg, M. F., Zentgraf, H., and Spring, H., 1978, Morphology of transcriptionally active chromatin, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 42:755–772.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujisawa, T., Abe, S., Kawada, T., Satake, M., and Ogata, K., 1973, Studies on the processing of 45 S RNA in rat liver nucleolus with specific reference to 29.5 S RNA, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 324:226–240.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaetani, S., Mengheri, E., Scapin, S., and Spadoni, M., 1977, Long-term protein deficiency and rat liver ribosome cycle, J. Nutr. 107:1035–1043.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gajdardjieva, K. C., Dabeva, M. D., Chelibonova-Lorer, H., and Hadjiolov, A. A., 1977, The use of D-galactosamine for a pulse-chase study of rRNA maturation in rat liver, FEBS Lett. 84:48–52.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galibert, F., Tiollais, P., and Eladari, M. E., 1975, Fingerprint studies of the rRNA in mammalian cells, Eur. J. Biochem. 55:239–245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, J. G., 1968, Differential synthesis of the genes for rRNA during amphibian oogenesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 60:553–559.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, J. G., 1969, The genes for rRNA during oogenesis, Genetics 61(Suppl.):121–132.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, J. G., 1974, Free ribosomal RNA genes in the macronucleus of Tetrahymena, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:3078–3081.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, J. G., and Pardue, M. L., 1969, Formation and detection of RNA-DNA hybrid molecules in cytological preparations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 63:378–383.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gall, J. G., and Rochaix, J. D., 1974, The amplified rDNA of Dytiscid beetles, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:1819–1823.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerbi, S. A., 1976, Fine structure of rRNA. 1. Conservation of homologous regions within rRNA of eukaryotes, J. Mol. Biol. 106:791–816.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glätzer, K. H., 1975, Visualization of gene transcription in spermatocytes of Drosophila hydei, Chromosoma 53:371–379.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, D. M., and Hogness, D. S., 1977, A novel arrangement of the 18 S and 28 S sequences in a repeating unit of Drosophila melanogaster, Cell 10:167–176.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glover, D. M., White, R. L., Finnegan, D. J., and Hogness, D. C., 1975, Characterization of six cloned DNAs from Drosophila melanogaster including one that contains the genes for rRNA, Cell 5:149–157.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldblatt, P. J., Archer, J. and Eastwood, C., 1975, The effect of high and low doses of cycloheximide on nucleolar RNA synthesis, Lab Invest., 33:117–123.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goodpasture, C., and Bloom, S. E., 1975, Visualization of nuclear organizer region in mammalian chromosomes using silver staining, Chromosoma 53:37–50.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gorenstein, C., and Warner, J. R., 1977, Synthesis and turnover of ribosomal proteins in the absence of 60 S subunit assemly in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Mol. Gen. Genet. 157:327–332.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gotoh, S., Nikolaev, N., Battaner, E., Birge, C. H., and Schlessinger, D., 1974, E. coli RNase III cleaves HeLa cell nuclear RNA, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 59:972–978.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grahame-Smith, D. G., Isaac, P., Heal, D. J., and Bond, R. P. M., 1975, Inhibition of adenyl cyclase by an exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, Nature (London) 253:58–60.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grainger, R. M., and Ogle, R. C., 1978, Chromatin structure of rRNA genes in Physarum polycephalum, Chromosoma 65:115–126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Graziani, F., Caizzi, R., and Gargano, S., 1977, Circular ribosomal DNA during ribosomal magnification in Drosophila melanogaster, J. Mol. Biol. 112:49–63.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, K. J., and Pogo, A. O., 1976a, Control of ribonucleic acid synthesis in eukaryotes. 2. The effect of protein synthesis on the activities of nuclear and total DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in yeast, Biochemistry 15:2070–2081.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, K. J., and Pogo, A. O., 1976b, Control of ribonucleic acid synthesis in eukaryotes. 3. The effect of cycloheximide and edeine on RNA synthesis in yeast, Biochemistry 15:2082–2086.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grummt, I., and Lindigkeit, R., 1973, Preribosomal RNA synthesis in isolated rat liver nucleoli, Eur. J. Biochem. 36:244–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grummt, I., Loening, U. E., and Slack, J. M. W., 1975, Methylation of pre-rRNA, synthesized in vitro by rat liver nucleoli, Eur. J. Biochem. 59:313–318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grummt, I., Smith, V. A., and Grummt, F., 1976, Amino acid starvation affects the initiation frequency of nucleolar RNA polymerase, Cell 7:439–445.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grummt, I., Hall, S. H., and Crouch, R. J., 1979, Localisation of an endonuclease specific for double-stranded RNA within the nucleolus and its implication in processing ribosomal transcripts, Eur. J. Biochem. 94:437–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hackett, P. B., Egberts, E., and Traub, P., 1978, Characterization of Ehrlich ascites tumor cell messenger RNA specifying ribosomal proteins by translation in vitro, J. Mol. Biol. 119:253–267.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadjiolov, A. A., 1966, Turnover and messenger activity of rat liver ribonucleic acids, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 119:547–556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadjiolov, A. A., 1967, Ribonucleic acids and information transfer in animal cells, Prog. Nucl. Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 7:195–242.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadjiolov, A. A., and Cox, R. A., 1973, A spectrophotometric study of secondary structure ofprerRNA from ascites tumor cells, Biochem J. 135:349–351.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadjiolov, A. A., and Hadjiolova, K. V., 1979, The effect of 5-fluoropyrimidines on the processing of ribonucleic acids in liver, in: Antimetabolites in Biochemistry, Biology and Medicine (J. Skoda and P. Langen, eds.), pp. 77–85, Pergamon Press, Oxford and New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadjiolov, A. A., and Milchev, G. I., 1974, Synthesis and maturation of rRNA in isolated HeLa cell nuclei, Biochem. J. 142:263–272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadjiolov, A. A., and Nikolaev, N., 1976, Maturation of ribosomal ribonucleic acids and the biogenesis of ribosomes, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 31:95–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadjiolov, A. A., Dabeva, M. D., and Mackendonski, V. V., 1974a, The action of α-amanitin in vivo on the synthesis and maturation of mouse liver ribonucleic acids, Biochem J. 138:321–334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadjiolov, A. A., Hadjiolova, K. V., Nikolova, R., and Emanuilov, I., 1974b, Evidence that the synthesis and nucleo-cytoplasmic transfer of liver messenger-like RNA is independent of rRNA maturation, Int. J. Biochem. 5:353–358.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hadjiolov, A. A., Dabeva, M. D., Dudov, K. P., Gajdardjieva, K. C., Georgiev, O. I., Nikolaev, N., and Stoyanova, B. B., 1978, Control of ribosmal RNA processing in eukaryotes, FEBS Symp. 51:319–328.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hadjiolova, K. V., Golovinsky, E. V., and Hadjiolov, A. A., 1973, The site of action of 5-fluoroorotic acid on the maturation of mouse liver ribonucleic acids, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 319:373–382.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, L., and Braun, R., 1977, The organization of genes for tRNA and rRNA in amoebae and plasmodia of Physarum polycephalum, Eur. J. Biochem. 76:165–174.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, T. J., and Cummings, M. R., 1975, In vitro synthesis and processing of rRNA in the housefly ovary, Dev. Biol. 46:233–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, T. J., and Cummings, M. R., 1977, Confirmation of a 32 S rRNA intermediate in insects, Insect Biochem. 7:347–349.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hallberg, R. L., and Brown, D. D., 1969, Coordinated synthesis of some ribosomal proteins and rRNA in embryos of Xenopus laevis, J. Mol. Biol. 46:393–411.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harford, A. G., and Zuchowski, C. I., 1977, The effect of X chromosome heterozygosity on the structure of ribosomal genes in Drosophila melanogaster, Cell 11:389–394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hayashi, Y., Kominami, R., and Muramatsu, M., 1977, Effect of cycloheximide on the synthesis and processing of 5 S rRNA in HeLa, J. Biochem. 81:451–459.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Heady, J. E., and McConkey, E. H., 1971, Completion of nascent HeLa ribosomal proteins in a cell free system, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 40:30–36.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A. S., Warburton, D., and Atwood, K. C., 1972, Location of rDNA in the human chromosome complement, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69:3394–3398.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A. S., Warburton, D., and Atwood, K. C., 1973, rDNA connectives between human acrocentric chromosomes, Nature (London) 245:95–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, A. S., Atwood, K. C., Yu, M. T., and Warburton, D., 1976, The site of 5 S RNA genes in Primates, Chromosoma 56:29–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henshaw, E. C., Guiney, D. C., and Hirsch, C. A., 1973, The ribosome cycle in mammalian protein synthesis. I. The place of monomeric ribosomes and ribosomal subunits in the cycle, J. Biol. Chem. 248:4367–4376.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hershey, N. D., Conrad, S. E., Sodja, A., Yen, P. H., Cohen, M., and Davidson, N., 1977, The sequence arrangement of Drosophila melanogaster 5 S DNA cloned in recombinant plasmids, Cell 11:585–598.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hidvegi, E. J., Prestayko, A. W., and Busch, H., 1971, 65 S and 85 S nucleolar RNA, Physiol. Chem.Phys. 3:17–35.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higashinakagawa, T., Wahn, H., and Reeder, R. H., 1977, Isolation of ribosomal gene chromatin, Dev. Biol. 55:375–386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hildebrandt, A., and Sauer, H. W., 1976, Levels of RNA polymerases during the mitotic cycle of Physarum polycephalum, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 425:316–321.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, C. A., and Hiatt, H. H., 1966, Turnover of liver ribosomes in fed and in fasted rats, J. Biol. Chem. 241:5936–5948.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, J., and Martelo, O. J., 1976, Phosphorylation of rat liver ribonucleic acid polymerase I by nuclear protein kinases, J. Biol. Chem. 251:5408–5413.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hogan, B. L. M., and Korner, A., 1968, The role of ribosomal subunits and 80 S monomers in polysome formation in an ascites tumor cell, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 169:139–149.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holland, M. J., Hager, G. L., and Rutter, W. J., 1977, Transcription of yeast DNA by homologous RNA polymerase I and II. 2. Selective transcription of ribosomal genes by RNA polymerase I, Biochemistry 16:16–24.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hollinger, T. G., and Smith, L. D., 1976, Conservation of RNA polymerase during maturation of the Rana pipiens oocyte, Dev. Biol. 51:86–97.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hourcade, D., Dressler, D., and Wolfson, J., 1973, The amplification of rRNA genes involves a rolling circle intermediate, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70:2926–2930.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hsu, T. C., Spirito, S. E., and Pardue, M. L., 1975, Distribution of 18 + 28 S ribosomal genes in mammalian genomes, Chromosoma 53:25–36.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, J. A., 1976, Ribonucleic acid synthesis in rabbit erythroid cells. Analysis of rates of synthesis of nuclear and cytoplasmic RNA, Biochem. J. 160:727–744.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacob, S. T., 1973, Mammalian RNA polymerases, Progr. Nucl. Acid Res. Mol. Biol. 13:93–126.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacq, B., Jourdan, R., and Jordan, B. R., 1977, Structure and processing of precursor 5 S RNA in Drosophila melanogaster, J. Mol. Biol. 117:785–795.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacq, C., Miller, J. R., and Brownlee, G. G., 1977, A pseudogene structure in 5 S DNA of Xenopus laevis, Cell 12:109–120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E. M., Allfrey, V. G., Bradbury, E. M., and Matthews, H. Rx., 1978a, Altered nucleosome structure containing DNA sequences complementary to 19 S and 26 S rRNA in Physarum polycephalum, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75:1116–1120.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, E. M., Matthews, H. R., Littau, V. C., Lothstein, L., Bradbury, E. M., and Allfrey, V. G., 1978b, The structure of chromatin containing DNA complementary to 19 S and 26 S rRNA in active and inactive stages of Physarum polycephalum, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 191:537–550.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, L. D., Henderson, A. S., and Atwood, K. C., 1974, Location of the genes for 5 S RNA in the human chromosome complement, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 13:103–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. W., 1978a, Preparation of chromatin containing rDNA from the macronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, Biochem. J. 173:145–153.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, R. W., 1978b, Histone composition of a chromatin fraction containing rDNA isolated from the macronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis, Biochem. J. 173:155–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jungmann, R. A., Hiestand, P. C., and Schweppe, J. S., 1974, Adenosine 3′:5′-monophosphatedependent protein kinase and the stimulation of ovarian nuclear ribonucleic acid polymerase activities, J. Biol. Chem. 249:5444–5451.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaback, D. B., Bhargava, M. M., and Halvorson, H. O., 1973, Location and arrangement of genes coding for rRNA in Sacharomyces cerevisiae, J. Mol. Biol. 79:735–739.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaback, D. B., Halvorson, H. O., and Rubin, G. M., 1976, Location and magnification of 5 S RNA genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Mol. Biol. 107:385–390.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karagyozov, L. K., Valkanov, M. A., and Hadjiolov, A. A., 1978, Transcription of DNA-histone complexes by yeast RNA polymerase B, Nucl. Acid Res. 5:1907–1917.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karrer, K., and Gall, J. G., 1976, The macronuclear rDNA of Tetrahymena pyriformis is a palindrome, J. Mol. Biol. 104:421–453.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, M. S. N., Salim, M., and Maden, B. E. H., 1978, Extensive homologies between the methylated nucleotide sequences in several vertebrate rRNA, Biochem. J. 169:531–542.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kierszenbaum, A. L., and Tres, L. L., 1975, Structural and transcriptional features of the mouse spermatid genome, J. Cell Biol. 65:258–270.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kolodny, G. M., 1975, Turnover of rRNA in mouse fibroblasts (3T3) in culture, Exp. Cell Res. 91:101–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kominami, R., and Muramatsu, M., 1977, Heterogeneity of 5′-termini of nucleolar 45 S, 32 S and 28 S RNAs in mouse hepatoma, Nucl. Acid Res. 4:229–240.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kominami, R., Hamada, H., Fujii-Kuriyama, Y., and Muramatsu, M., 1978, 5′-Terminal processing of ribosomal 28 S rRNA, Biochemistry 17:3965–3970.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kornberg, R. D., 1977, Structure of chromatin, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 46:931–954.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kramer, R. A., Philippsen, P., and Davis, R. W., 1978, Divergent transcription in the yeast rRNA coding region as shown by hybridization to separated strands and sequence analysis of cloned DNA, J. Mol. Biol. 123:405–416.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kruiswijk, T., Planta, R. J., and Krop, J. M., 1978, The course of the assembly of ribosomal subunits in yeast, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 517:378–389.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, A., and Subramanian, A. R., 1975, Ribosome assembly in HeLa cells: Labeling pattern of ribosomal proteins by two-dimensional resolution, J. Mol. Biol. 94:409–423.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, A., and Warner, J. R., 1972, Characterization of ribosomal precursor particles from HeLa cell nucleoli, J. Mol. Biol. 63:233–246.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, A., and Wu, R. S., 1973, Role of ribosomal RNA transcription in ribosome processing in HeLa cells, J. Mol. Biol. 80:265–276.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kuter, D. J., and Rodgers, A., 1976, The protein composition of HeLa ribosomal subunits and nucleolar precursor particles, Exp. Cell Res. 102:205–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kwan, C. N., Gotoh, S., and Schlessinger, D., 1974, Nucleases in HeLa cell nucleoplasm and nucleoli, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 349:428–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, C. D., and Chooi, W. Y., 1976, Morphology of transcription units in Drosophila melanogaster, Chromosoma 58:193–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laird, C. D., Wilkinson, L. E., Foe, V. E., and Chooi, W. Y., 1976, Analysis of chromatinassociated fiber arrays, Chromosoma 58: 169–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lampert, A., and Feigelson, P., 1974, A short lived polypeptide component of one of two discrete functional pools of hepatic nuclear α-amanitin resistent RNA polymerases, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 58:1030–1038.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Langen, P., 1975, Antimetabolites of Nucleic Acid Metabolism, Gordon and Breach, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lastick, S. M., and McConkey, E. H., 1976, Exchange and stability of HeLa ribosomal proteins in vivo, J. Biol. Chem. 251:2867–2875.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leer, J. C., Nielsen, O. F., Piper, P. W., and Westergaard, O., 1976, Isolation of the ribosomal RNA gene from Tetrahymena in the state of transcriptionally active chromatin, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 72:720–731.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leick, V., 1969, Formation of subribosomal particles in the macronuclei of Tetrahymena pyriformis, Eur. J. Biochem. 8:221–228.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leon, P. E., 1976, Molecular hybridization of iodinated 4 S, 5 S and 18 S + 28 S RNA to salamander chromosomes, J. Cell Biol. 69:287–300.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levis, R., and Penman, S., 1978, Processing steps and methylation in the formation of the rRNA in cultured Drosophila cells, J. Mol Biol. 121:219–238.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liau, M. C., and Hurlbert, R. B., 1975, Interrelationship between synthesis and methylation of rRNA in isolated Novikoff tumor nucleoli, Biochemistry 14:127–134.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liau, M. C., and Perry, R. P., 1969, Ribosome precursor particles in nucleoli, J. Cell Biol 42:272–283.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liau, M. C., Craig, N. C., and Perry, R. P., 1968, The production of rRNA from high molecular weight precursors. I. Factors which influence the ability of isolated nucleoli to process 45 S RNA, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 169:196–205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liau, M. C., Hunt, M. E., and Hurlbert, R. B., 1976, Role of rRNA methylases in the regulation of ribosome production in mammalian cells, Biochemistry, 15:3158–3164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lima-da-Faria, A., 1976, The chromosome field. I. Prediction of the location of ribosomal cistrons, Hereditas 83:1–22.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipps, H. J., and Steinbrück, G., 1978, Free genes for rRNAs in the macronuclear genome of the ciliate Stylonychia mytilus, Chromosoma 69:21–26.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loeb, J. N., Howell, R. R., and Tomkins, G. M., 1965, Turnover of ribosomal RNA in rat liver, Science 149:1093–1095.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loening, U. E., 1970, The mechanism of synthesis of rRNA, Symp. Soc. Gen. Microbiol. 20:77–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loening, U. E., 1975, The mechanism of synthesis of ribosomal RNA, FEBS Symp. 33:151–157.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loening, U. E., Jones, K., and Birnsteil, M. L., 1969, Properties of the rRNA precursor in Xenopus laevis: Comparison to the precursor in mammals and in plants, J. Mol. Biol. 45:353–366.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lönn, U., and Edström, J.-E., 1976, Mobility restriction in vivo of the heavy ribosomal subunit in a secretory cell, J. Cell Biol. 70:573–580.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lönn, U., and Edström, J.-E., 1977a, Movements and associations of ribosomal subunits in a secretory cell during growth inhibition by starvation, J. Cell Biol. 73:696–704.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lönn, U., and Edström, J.-E., 1977b, Protein synthesis inhibitors and export of ribosomal subunits, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 475:677–679.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Luse, D. S., and Beer, M., 1978, In vitro transcription of Drosophila ribosomal genes using Drosophila RNA polymerases, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 82:364–370.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McClintock, B., 1934, The relationship of a particular chromosomal element to the development of the nucleoli in Zea mays, Z. Zellforschg. Mikr. Anat. 21:294–328.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacGregor, H. C., 1972, The nucleolus and its genes in amphibian oogenesis, Biol. Rev. 41:177–210.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mackedonski, V. V., Nikolaev, N., Sebesta, K., and Hadjiolov, A. A., 1972, Inhibition of ribonucleic acid biosynthesis in mice liver by the exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 272:56–66.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKnight, S. L., and Miller, O. L., Jr., 1976, Ultrastructural patterns of RNA synthesis during early embryogenesis of Drosophila melanogaster, Cell 8:305–319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McKnight, S. L., Bustin, M., and Miller, O. L., Jr., 1978, Electron microscopic analysis of chromosome metabolism in the Drosophila melanogaster embryo, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 42:741–754.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maden, B. E. H., 1971, The structure and formation of ribosomes in animal cells, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 22:127–177.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maden, B. E. H., and Robertson, J. S., 1974, Demonstration of the “5.8 S” ribosomal sequence in HeLa cell ribosomal precursor RNA, J. Mol. Biol. 87:227–235.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maden, B. E. H., and Salim, M., 1974, The methylated nucleotide sequences in HeLa cell ribosomal RNA and its precursors, J. Mol. Biol. 88:133–164.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maden, B. E. H., Vaughan, M. H., Warner, J. R., and Darnell, J. E., 1969, Effects of valine deprivation on ribosome formation in HeLa cells, J. Mol. Biol. 45:265–275.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maden, B. E. H., Salim, M., and Summers, D. F., 1972, Maturation pathway for rRNA in the HeLa cell nucleolus, Nature (London), New Biol. 237:5–9.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maden, B. E. H., Salim, M., and Robertson, J. S., 1974, Progress in the structural analysis of mammalian 45 S and ribosomal RNA, in: Ribosomes (M. Nomura, A. Tissières, and P. Lengyel, eds.), pp. 829–839, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring, Harbor, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maden, B. E. H., Khan, M. S. N., Hughes, D. G., and Goddard, J. P., 1977, Inside 45 S ribonucleic acid, Biochem. Soc. Symp. 42:165–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mager, W. H., and Planta, R. J., 1976, Yeast ribosomal proteins are synthesized on small polysomes, Eur. J. Biochem. 62:193–197.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mager, W. H., Retel, J., Planta, R. J., Bollen, G., DeRegt, V., and Hoving, H., 1977, Transcriptional units for ribosomal proteins in yeast, Eur. J. Biochem. 78:575–583.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maisel, J. C., and McConkey, E. H., 1971, Nucleolar protein metabolism in actinomycin D treated HeLa cells, J. Mol. Biol. 61:251.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maizels, N., 1976, Dictyostelium 17 S, 25 S and 5 S rDNAs lie within a 38,000 base pair repeated unit, Cell 9:431–438.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mandai, R. K., 1969, RNA synthesis in ascites tumor cells during inhibition of protein synthesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 182:375–381.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manen, C.-A., and Russell, D. H., 1977a, Ornithine decarboxylase may function as an initiation factor for RNA polymerase I, Science 195:505–506.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manen, C.-A., and Russell, D. H., 1977b, Regulation of RNA polymerase I activity by ornithine decarboxylase, Biochem. Pharmacol. 26:2379–2384.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Manning, R. F., Samols, D. R., and Gage, L. P., 1978, The genes for 18 S, 5.8 S and 28 S rRNA of Bombyx mon are organized into tandem repeats of uniform length, Gene 4:153–166.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marzluff, W. F., Murphy, E. C., and Huang, R. C. C., 1974, Transcription of the genes for 5 S RNA and transfer RNA in isolated mouse myeloma cell nuclei, Biochemistry 13:3689–3696.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marzluff, W. F., White, E., Benjamin, R., and Huang, R. C. C., 1975, Low molecular weight RNA species from chromatin, Biochemistry 14:3715–3724.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mathys, D. J., and Gorovsky, M. L., 1976, Subunit structure of rDNA containing chromatin, Biochemistry 15:750–755.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mathys, D. J., and Gorovsky, M. L., 1978, Structure of rDNA-containing chromatin of Tetrahymena pyriformis analyzed by nuclease digestion, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 42:773–778.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Matsui, T., Onishi, T., and Muramatsu, M., 1976, Nucleolar DNA-dependent RNA polymerase from rat liver. 2. Two forms and their physiological significance, Eur. J. Biochem. 71:361–368.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matsui, S., Fuke, M., and Busch, H., 1977, Fidelity of rRNA synthesis by nucleoli and nucleolar chromatin, Biochemistry 16:39–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maxam, A. M., Tizard, R., Skryabin, K. G., and Gilbert, W., 1977, Promotor region for yeast 5 S rRNA, Nature (London) 267:643–645.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Melvin, W. T., and Keir, H. M., 1978, Onset of ribosome degradation during cessation of growth in BHK-21/c 13 cells, Biochem. J. 176:933–941.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, G. F., and Hennig, W., 1974, The nucleolus in primary spermatocytes of Drosophila hydei, Chromosoma 46:121–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyerink, J. H., and Retel, J., 1977, Topographical analysis of yeast rDNA by cleavage with restriction endonucleases, Nucl. Acid Res. 3:2697–2707.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miassod, R., Cecchini, J.-P., Lares, L., and Richard, J., 1973, Maturation of ribosomal ribonucleic acids in suspensions of higher plant cells, A DNA-RNA hybridization study, FEBS Lett., 35:71–75.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, D. A., Dev, V. G., Tatravahi, R., and Miller, O. J., 1976, Suppression of human nucleolus organizer activity in mouse-human somatic hybrid cells, Exp. Cell Res. 101:235–243.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. R., and Brownlee, G. G., 1978, Is there a correction mechanism in the 5 S multigene system? Nature (London) 275:556–558.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, J. R., Cartwright, E. M., Brownlee, G. G., Fedoroff, N. V., and Brown, D. D., 1978, The nucleotide sequence of oocyte 5 S DNA in Xenopus laevis: II. The GC-rich region, Cell 13:717–725.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L., 1973, Control of 5 S RNA synthesis during early development of anucleolate and partial nucleolate mutants of Xenopus laevis, J. Cell Biol. 59:624–632.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, O. L., Jr., and Bakken, A. H., 1972, Morphological studies of transcription, Acta Endocrinol 168(Suppl.):155–177.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, O. L., Jr., and Beatty, B. R., 1969a, Visualization of nucleolar genes, Science 164:955–957.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, O. L., Jr., and Beatty, B. R., 1969b, Extrachromosomal nucleolar genes in amphibian ooctyes, Genetics 61(Suppl.): 134–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, O. L., Jr., and Hamkalo, B. A., 1972a, Electron microscopy of active genes, FEBS Symp. 23:367–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, O. L., Jr., and Hamkalo, B. A., 1972b, Visualization of RNA synthesis on chromosomes, Int. Rev. Cytol. 33:1–25.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mirault, M.-E., and Scherrer, K., 1971, Isolation of preribosomes from HeLa cells and their characterization by electrophoresis on uniform and exponential-gradient-polyacrylamide gells, Eur. J. Biochem. 23:372–386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mirault, M.-E., and Scherrer, K., 1972, In vitro processing of HeLa cell preribosomes by a nucleolar endoribonuclease, FEBS Lett. 20:233–239.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mohan, J., and Ritossa, F. M., 1970, Regulation of rRNA synthesis and its bearing on the bobbed phenotype of Drosophila melanogaster, Dev. Biol. 22:495–512.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molgaard, H. V., Matthews, H. R., and Bradbury, E. M., 1976, Organization of genes for rRNA in Physarum polycephalum, Eur. J. Biochem. 68:541–549.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, T., and Birnstiel, M. L., 1979, The putative promoter of a Xenopus laevis ribosomal gene is reduplicated, Nucl. Acid. Res. 6:3733–3743.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nabeshima, Y.-T., Tsurugi, K., and Ogata, K., 1975, Preferential biosynthesis of ribosomal structural proteins by free and loosely bound polysomes from regenerating rat liver, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 414:30–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nabeshima, Y.-T., Imai, K., and Ogata, K., 1979, Biosynthesis of ribosomal proteins by poly(A)-containing mRNAs from rat liver in a wheat germ cell-free system and sizes of mRNAs coding ribosomal proteins, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 564:105–121.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Narayan, K. S., and Birnsteil, M. L., 1969, Biochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of ribonucleoprotein particles isolated from rat liver cell nucleoli, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 190:470–485.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nath, K., and Bollon, A. P., 1977, Organization of the yeast rRNA gene cluster via cloning and restriction analysis, J. Biol. Chem. 252:6562–6571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nath, K., and Bollon, A. P., 1978, Restriction analysis of tandemly repeated yeast rRNA genes, Mol. Gen. Genet., 160:235–245.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nazar, R. N., 1977, Studies on the 5′-termini of Novikoff ascites hepatoma ribosomal precursor RNA, Biochemistry 16:3215–3219.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nazar, R. N., Owens, T. W., Sitz, T. O., and Busch, H., 1975, Maturation pathway for Novikoff ascites hepatoma 5.8 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid, J. Biol. Chem. 250:2475–2481.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nikolaev, N., Birge, C. H., Gotoh, S., Glazier, K., and Schlessinger, D., 1975, Primary processing of high molecular weight preribosomal RNA in Escherichia coli and HeLa cells, Brook-haven Symp. Biol. 26:175–193.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nikolaev, N., Georgiev, O. I., Venkov, P. V., and Hadjiolov, A. A., 1979, The 37 S precursor to rRNA is the primary transcript of rRNA genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Mol. Biol. 127:297–308.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niles, R. N., 1978, Isolation of a high specific activity 35 S rRNA precursor from Tetrahymena pyriformis and identification of its 5′-terminus pppAp, Biochemistry 16:3215–3219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nissen-Meyer, J., and Eikhom, T. S., 1976a, Effect of the growth conditions on the ratio between native 40 S and 60 S ribosomal subunits in various cell types, Exp. Cell Res. 98:41–46.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nissen-Meyer, J., and Eikhom, T. S., 1976b, An excess of small ribosomal subunits and a higher rate of turnover of the 60 S than of the 40 S ribosomal subunits in L cells grown in suspension culture, J. Mol. Biol. 101:211–221.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nomura, M., Morgan, E. A., and Jaskunas, S. R., 1977, Genetics of bacterial ribosomes, Annu. Rev. Genet. 11:297–347.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nordgren, H., and Stenram, U., 1972, Decreased half-life of the RNA of free and membranebound ribosomes in the liver of protein-deprived rats, Z. Physiol. Chem. 353:1832–1836.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Onishi, T., and Muramatsu, M., 1978, Techniques of in vitro RNA synthesis in isolated nucleoli, in: Methods in Cell Biology (D. Prescott, ed.), Vol. 19, pp. 301–315, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onishi, T., Matsui, T., and Muramatsu, M., 1977, Effect of cycloheximide on the nucleolar RNA synthesis in rat liver. Changes in RNA polymerase I and nucleolar template activity, J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 82:1109–1119.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oudet, P., Germond, J. E., Bellard, M., Spadaford, C., and Chambon, P., 1978, Nucleosome structure, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B283:241–258.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oyen, T. B., 1973, Chromosome I as a possible site for some rRNA cistrons in Saccharomyces eerevisiae, FEBS Lett. 30:53–56.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pardue, M. L., and Gall, J. G., 1969, Molecular hybridization of radioactive RNA to the DNA of cytological preparations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 64:600–608.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pardue, M. L., Gerbi, S. A., Eckhardt, R. A., and Gall, J. G., 1970, Cytological localisation of DNA complementary to rRNA in polytene chromosomes of Diptera, Chromosoma 29:269–290.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pardue, M. L., Brown, D. D., and Birnsteil, M. L., 1973, Localisation of genes for 5 S rRNA in Xenopus laevis, Chromosoma 42:191–203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pederson, T., and Bhorjee, J. S., 1979, Evidence for a role of RNA in eukaryotic chromosome structure. Metabolically stable, small nuclear RNA species are covalently linked to chromosomal DNA in HeLa cells, J. Mol. Biol. 128:451–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pellegrini, M., Manning, J., and Davidson, N., 1977, Sequence arrangement of the rDNA of Drosophila melanogaster, Cell 10:213–224.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R. P., 1973, The regulation of ribosome content in eukaryotes, Biochem. Soc. Symp. 37:114–135.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R. P., 1976, Processing of RNA, Annu. Rev. Biochem. 45:605–629.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perry, R. P., and Kelley, D. E., 1970, Inhibition of RNA synthesis by actinomycin D: Characteristic dose-response of different RNA species, J. Cell Physiol. 76:127–139.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petes, T. D., 1979a, Yeast ribosomal DNA genes are located on chromosome XII, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76:410–414.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petes, T. D., 1979b, Meiotic mapping of yeast ribosomal deoxyribonucleic acid on chromosome XII, J. Bacteriol. 138:185–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Petes, T. D., and Botstein, D., 1977, Simple Mendelian inheritance of the reiterated rDNA of yeast, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:5091–5095.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Philippsen, P., Thomas. M., Kramer, R. A., and Davis, R. W., 1978, Unique arrangement of coding sequences for 5 S, 5.8 S, 18 S and 28 S rRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae as determined by R-loop and hybridization analysis, J. Mol. Biol. 123:387–404.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, W. F., and McConkey, E. H., 1976, Relative stoichiometry of ribosomal proteins in HeLa cell nucleoli, J. Biol. Chem. 251:2876–2881.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pilone, G. B., Nardi, I., Batistoni, R., Andronico, F., and Baccari, E., 1974, Chromosome location of the genes for 28 S, 18 S and 5 S rRNA in Triturus marmoratus, Chromosoma 49:135–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pousada, C. R., Marcaud, L., Portier, M. M., and Hayes, D. D., 1975, Rapidly labelled RNA in Tetrahymena pyriformis, Eur. J. Biochem. 56:117–122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prescott, D. M., Murti, K. G., and Bostock, C. J., 1973, Genetic apparatus of Stylonychia sp., Nature (London) 242:597–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prestayko, A. W., Lewis, B. C., and Busch, H., 1972, Endoribonuclease activity associated with nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles from Novikoff hepatoma, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 269:90–103.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prestayko, A. W., Lewis, B. C., and Busch, H., 1973, Purification and properties of a nucleolar endoribonuclease from Novikoff hepatoma, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 319:323–335.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prestayko, A. W., Klomp, G. R., Schmoll, D. J., and Busch, H., 1974, Comparison of proteins of ribosomal subunits and nucleolar preribosomal particles from Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Biochemistry 13:1945–1951.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Price, R., and Penman, S., 1972, A distinct RNA polymerase activity synthesizing 5.5 S, 5 S and 4 S RNA in nuclei from adenovirus 2-infected HeLa cells, J. Mol. Biol. 70:435–450.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Procunier, J. D., and Tartof, K. D., 1976, Restriction maps of 5 S rRNA genes of Drosophila melanogaster, Nature (London) 263:255–257.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Purtell, M. J., and Anthony, D. D., 1975, Changes in rRNA processing paths in resting and phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated guinea pig lymphocytes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 72:3315–3319.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puvion-Dutilleul, F., Bachellerie, J.-P., Zalta, J.-P., and Bernhard, W., 1977a, Morphology of ribosomal transcription units in isolated subnuclear fractions of mammalian cells, Biol. Cell. 30:183–194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Puvion-Dutilleul, F., Bernadac, A., Puvion, E., and Bernhard, W., 1977 b, Visualization of two different types of nuclear transcriptional complexes in rat liver cells, J. Ultrastr. Res. 58:108–117.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Quincey, R. V., 1971, The number and location of genes for 5 S RNA within the genome of Drosophila melanogaster, Biochem. J. 123:227–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, R. H., 1974, Ribosomes from eukaryotes: genetics, in: Ribosomes (M. Nomura, A. Tissières, and P. Lengyel, eds.), pp. 489-518, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, R. H., Higashinakagawa, T., Miller, O. L. Jr., 1976, The 5′-3′ polarity of the Xenopus rRNA precursor molecule, Cell 8:449–454.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeder, R. H., Sollner-Webb, G., and Wahn, H. L., 1977, Sites of transcription initiation in vivo on Xenopus laevis rDNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 74:5402–5406.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, R., 1978a, Structure of Xenopus ribosomal gene chromatin during changes in genomic transcription rates, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 42:709–722.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, R., 1978b, Nucleosome structure of Xenopus oocyte amplified ribosomal genes, Biochemistry 17:4908–4916.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Retel, J., and Planta, R. J., 1968, The investigation of the ribosomal RNA sites in yeast DNA by the hybridization technique, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 169:416–429.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Retel, J., and Planta, R. J., 1972, Nuclear satellite DNAs of yeast, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 281:299–309.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richards, B. M., Pardon, J. F., Lilley, D. M. J., Cotter, R. I., Wooley, J. C., and Worcester, D. L., 1978, Nucleosome sub-structure during transcription and replication, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London B283:287–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo, A. J., and Webb, T. E., 1968, Concurrent changes in the concentration of monomeric ribosomes and the rate of ribosome synthesis in rat liver, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 169:163–174.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzo, A. J., and Webb, T. E., 1972, Regulation of ribosome formation in regenerating rat liver, Eur. J. Biochem. 27:136–144.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rochaix, J. D., Bird, A., and Bakken, A., 1974, Ribosomal RNA gene amplification by rolling circles, J. Mol. Biol. 87:473–487.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roeder, R. G., 1974, Multiple forms of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase in Xenopus laevis. Levels of activity during oocyte and embryonic development, J. Biol. Chem. 249:249–256.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roeder, R. G., Reeder, R. H., and Brown, D. D., 1970, Multiple forms of RNA polymerase in Xenopus laevis: Their relationship to RNA synthesis in vivo and their fidelity of transcription in vitro, Cold Spring Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 35:727–738

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, M., 1968, Ribonucleoprotein particles in amphibian oocyte nucleus. Possible intermediates in ribosome synthesis, J. Cell Biol. 36:421–432.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, H., Bolla, R., Cox, G. S., Redfield, B., Weissbach, H., and Brot, N., 1976, Uptake of ribosomal proteins by isolated HeLa nuclei, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 69:608–612.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, G. M., and Sulston, J. E., 1973, Physical linkage of the 5 S cistrons to the 18 S and 28 S rRNA cistrons in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Mol. Biol. 79:521–530.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rudland, P. S., Weil, S., and Hunter, A. R., 1975, Changes in RNA metabolism and accumulation of presumptive mRNA during transition from the growing to the quiescent state of cultured mouse fibroblasts, J. Mol. Biol. 96:745–760.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rungger, D., and Crippa, M., 1977, The primary ribosomal DNA transcript in eukaryotes, Prog. Biophys. Mol Biol. 31:247–269.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rungger, D., Crippa, M., Trendelenburg, M., Scheer, U., and Franke, W. W., 1978, Visualization of rDNA spacer transcription in Xenopus oocytes treated with fluorouridine, Exp. Cell Res. 116: 481–486.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saha, B. K., and Schlessinger, D., 1978, Separation and characterization of two activities from HeLa cell nuclei that degrade double-stranded RNA, J. Biol. Chem. 253:4537–4543.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Samal, B., Ballal, N. R., Choi, Y. C., and Busch, H., 1978, Effect of sarkosyl on the fidelity of preribosomal RNA synthesis in isolated nucleoli, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 84:328–334.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schäfer, U., and Kunz, W., 1975, Two separated nucleolus organizers on the Drosophila hydei Y chromosome, Mol. Gen. Genet. 137:365–368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scheer, U., 1978, Changes in nucleosome frequency in nucleolar and non-nucleolar chromatin as a function of transcription: An electron microscopic study, Cell 10:525–549.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheer, U., and Zentgraf, H., 1978, Nucleosomal and supranucleosomal organization of transcriptionally inactive rDNA circles in Dytiscus oocytes, Chromosoma 69:243–254.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheer, U., Trendelenburg, M. F., and Franke, W. W., 1973, Transcription of rRNA cistrons. Correlation of morphological and biochemical data. Exp. Cell Res. 80:175–190.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheer, U., Trendelenburg, M. F., and Franke, W. W., 1975, Effects of actinomycin D on the association of newly formed ribonucleoproteins with the cistrons of rRNA in Triturus oocytes, J. Cell Biol. 65:163–179.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheer, U., Trendelenburg, M. F., and Franke, W. W., 1976, Regulation of transcription of genes of ribosomal RNA during amphibian oogenesis, J. Cell Biol. 69:465–489.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scheer, U., Trendelenburg, M., Krohne, G., and Franke, W. W., 1977, Lengths and patterns of transcriptional units in the amplified nucleoli of oocytes of Xenopus laevis, Chromosoma 60:147–167.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schibler, U., Wyler, T., and Hagenbuchle, O., 1975, Changes in size and secondary structure of the ribosomal transcription unit during vertebrate evolution, J. Mol. Biol. 94:505–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmid, W., and Sekeris, C., 1973, Possible involvement of nuclear DNA-like RNA in the control of ribosomal RNA synthesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 312:549–554.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schweizer, E., MacKechnie, C., and Halvorson, H. O., 1969, The redundancy of ribosomal and transfer RNA genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Mol. Biol. 40:261–277.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. F., 1977, Turnover of ribosomal RNA in cells in culture, Exp. Cell. Res. 108:207–219.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shields, D., and Tata, J. R., 1976, Variable stabilities and recoveries of rat liver RNA polymerases A and B according to growth status of the tissue, Eur. J. Biochem. 64:471–480.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shulman, R. W., Sripati, C. E., and Warner, J. R., 1977, Noncoordinated transcription in the absence of protein synthesis in yeast, J. Biol. Chem. 252:1344–1349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skryabin, K. G., Krayev, A. S., Roubzoff, P. M., and Bayev, A. A., 1979, Complete nucleotide sequence of the spacer region between 18 S and 5.8 S rRNA of yeast, Doklady Akad Nauk SSR 247:761–765.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Slack, J. M. W., and Loening, U. E., 1974, 5′-ends of ribosomal and ribosomal precursor RNAs from Xenopus laevis, Eur. J. Biochem. 43:59–67.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smuckler, E. A., and Hadjiolov, A. A., 1972, Inhibition of hepatic DNA-dependent RNA polymerases by the exotoxin of Bacillus thuringiensis in comparison with the effects of α-amanitin and codycepin, Biochem. J. 129:153–166.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, A. L., Kahn, H. E., and Kohn, K. W., 1971, Effects of proflavin and other intercalating molecules on maturation, J. Mol. Biol. 58:555–565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Soeiro, R., Vaughan, M. H., and Darnell, J. E., 1968, The effect of puromycin on intranuclear steps in ribosome biogenesis, J. Cell Biol. 36:91–101.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sollner-Webb, B., and Reeder, R. H., 1979, The nucleotide sequence of the initiation and termination sites for ribosomal RNA transcription in X. laevis, Cell 18:485–499.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spear, B. B., 1974, Differential replication of rRNA genes in eukaryotes, in: Ribosomes (M. Nomura, A. Tissières, and P. Lengyel, eds.), pp. 841–853, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Speirs, J., and Birnstiel, M. L., 1974, Arrangement of the 5.8 S cistrons in the genome of Xenopus laevis, J. Mol. Biol. 87:237–256.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spring, H., Trendelenburg, M. F., Scheer, U., Franke, W. W., and Herth, W., 1974, Structural and biochemical studies of the primary nucleus of two green algal species, Acetabularia mediterranea and Acetabularia major, Cytobiologie 10:1–65.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spring, H., Krohne, G., Franke, W. W., Scheer, U., and Trendelenburg, M. F., 1976, Homogeneity and heterogeneity of sizes of transcriptional units and spacer regions in nucleolar genes of Acetabularia, J. Micro. Biol. Cell. 25:107–116.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spring, H., Grierson, D., Hemleben, V., Stöhr, M., Krohne, G., Stadler, J., and Franke, W. W., 1978, DNA contents and numbers of nucleoli and pre-rRNA genes in nuclei of gametes and vegetative cells of Acetabularia mediterranea, Exp. Cell Res. 114:203–215.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steer, W. M., Molgaard, H. V., Bradbury, E. M., and Matthews, H. R., 1978, Ribosomal genes in Physarum polycephalum: transcribed and non-transcribed sequences have similar base compositions, Eur. J. Biochem. 88:599–605

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steffensen, D. M., 1973, Mapping genes for the ribosomal protein of Drosophila, Nature (London), New Biol. 244:231–234.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Steffensen, D. M., Duffey, P., and Prensky, W., 1974, Localisation of 5 S rRNA genes on human chromosome 1, Nature (London) 252:741–743.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stoyanova, B. B., and Hadjiolov, A. A., 1979, Alterations in the processing of rat liver rRNA caused by cycloheximide inhibition of protein synthesis, Eur. J. Biochem. 96:349–356.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Strelkov, L. A., and Kaffiani, K. A., 1978, Molecular biology of animal ribosomal RNA genes, Uspechi Biol. Khimii [Russ.], 19:32–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamoki, T., and Lane, B. G., 1968, Methylation of sugars and bases in ribosomal and rapidly labeled ribonucleates from normal and puromycin-treated L cells, Biochemistry 7:3431–3440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tartof, K. D., 1975, Redundant genes, Annu. Rev. Genet. 9:355–385.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tartof, K. D., and Perry, R. P., 1970, The 5 S RNA genes of Drosophila melanogaster, J. Mol. Biol. 51:171–183.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tata, J. R., Hamilton, M. J., and Shields, D., 1972, Effects of amanitin in vivo on RNA polymerase and nuclear RNA synthesis, Nature (London), New Biol. 238:161–164.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tatravahi, R., Miller, D. A., Dev, V. G., and Miller, O. J., 1976, Detection of nucleolus organizer regions in chromosomes of human, chimpanzee, gorilla, orang-utan and gibbon, Chromosoma 56:15–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tavitian, A., Uretsky, S. C., and Acs, G., 1968, Selective inhibition of rRNA synthesis in mammalian cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 157:33–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tavitian, A., Uretsky, S. C., and Acs, G., 1969, The effect of toyocamycin on cellular RNA synthesis, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 179:50–57.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tiollais, P., Galibert, F., and Boiron, M., 1971, Evidence for the existence of several molecular species in the “45 S fraction” of mammalian ribosomal precursor RNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. U.S.A. 68:1117–1120.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tobler, H., 1975, Occurrence and developmental significance of gene amplification, in: Biochemistry of Animal Development (R. Weber, ed.), Vol. 3, pp. 91–143, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Todorov, I., and Hadjiolov, A. A., 1979, A comparison of nuclear and nucleolar matrix proteins, Cell BioL Int. Rep. 3:753–757.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Toniolo, D., and Basilico, C., 1976, Processing of rRNA in a temperature sensitive mutant of BHK cells, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 425:409–418.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tønnesen, T., Engberg, J., and Leick, V., 1976, Studies on the amount and location of the tRNA and 5 S RNA Genes in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL, Eur. J. Biochem. 63:399–407.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Torelli, U., Ferrari, S., Torelli, G., Cadossi, R., Ferrari, S., Montagnani, G., and Narni, F., 1977, In vitro cleavage of 45 S pre-rRNA and of giant heterogeneous RNA extracted from human leukaemic cells, Mol. Biol. Rep. 3:403–411.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trapman, J., and Planta, R. J., 1975, Detailed analysis of the ribosomal RNA synthesis in yeast, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 414:115–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trapman, J., DeJonge, P., and Planta, R. J., 1975a., On the biosynthesis of 5.8 S ribosomal RNA in yeast, FEBS Lett. 57:26–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trapman, J., Retel, J., and Planta, R. J., 1975b, Ribosomal precursor particles from yeast, Exp. Cell Res. 90:95–104.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trendelenburg, M. F., 1974, Morphology of rRNA cistrons in oocytes of the water beetle, Dytiscus marginalis L., Chromosoma 48:119–135

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trendelenburg, M. F., and Gurdon, J. B., 1978, Transcription of cloned Xenopus ribosomal genes visualized after injection into oocyte nuclei, Nature (London) 276:292–294.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trendelenburg, M. F., Scheer, U., and Franke, W. W., 1973, Structural organization of the transcription of rDNA in oocytes of the house cricket, Nature (London), New Biol. 245:167–170.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trendelenburg, M. F., Spring, H., Scheer, U., and Franke, W. W., 1974, Morphology of nucleolar cistrons in a plant cell, Acetabularia mediterranea, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:3626–3630

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trendelenburg, M. F., Scheer, U., Zentgraf, H., and Franke, W. W., 1976, Heterogeneity of spacer lengths in circles of amplified rDNA of two insect species, Dytiscus marginalis and Acheta domesticus, J. Mol. Biol. 108:453–470.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trendelenburg, M. F., Zentgraf, H., Franke, W. W., and Gurdon, J. B., 1978, Transcription patterns of amplified Dytiscus genes coding for rRNA after injection into Xenopus oocyte nuclei, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75:3791–3795.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Truett, M. A., and Gall, J. G., 1977, The replication of rDNA in the macronucleus of Tetrahymena, Chromosoma 64:295–303.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsanev, R., 1978, The substructure of nucleosomes, in: The Cell Nucleus (H. Busch, ed.), Vol. 4, Chromatis Part A, pp. 107–133, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsanev, R., and Petrov, P., 1976, The substructure of chromatin and its variations as revealed by electron microscopy, J. Microbiol. Cell. 27:11–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsurugi, K., Morita, T., and Ogata, K., 1973, Identification and metabolic relationships between proteins of nucleolar 60 S particles and of ribosomal large subunits of rat liver by means of two-dimensional disc electrophoresis, Eur. J. Biochem. 32:555–562.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tsurugi, K., Morita, T., and Ogata, K., 1974, Mode of degradation of ribosomes in regenerating rat liver in vivo, Eur. J. Biochem. 45:119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Udem, S. A., and Warner, J. R., 1972, Ribosomal RNA synthesis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, J. Mol. Biol. 65:227–242.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Udem, S. A., and Warner, J. R., 1973, The cytoplasmic maturation of a ribosomal precursor RNA in yeast, J. Biol. Chem. 248:1412–1416.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Udvardy, A., and Seifart, K. H., 1976, Transcription of specific genes in isolated nuclei from HeLa cells in vitro, Eur. J. Biochem. 62:353–363

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, P., Bell, G. I., Venegas, A., Sewell, E. T., Masiarz, F. B., DeGennaro, L. J., Weinberg, F., and Rutter, W. J., 1977, Ribosomal RNA genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. II. Physical map and nucleotide sequence of the 5 S rRNA gene and adjacent intergenic regions, J. Biol. Chem. 252:8126–8135.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Keulen, H., and Retel, J., 1977, Transcription specificity of yeast RNA polymerase A, Eur. J. Biochem. 79:579–588.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, M. H., Jr., 1972, Comparison of regulation of synthesis and utilization of 45 S prerRNA in diploid and heteroploid human cells in response to valine deprivation, Exp. Cell Res. 75:23–30.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaughan, M. H., Soeiro, R., Warner, J. R., and Darnell, J. E., 1967, The effects of methionine deprivation on ribosome synthesis in HeLa cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 58:1527–1534.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venkov, P. V., and Vasileva, A. P., 1979, Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants defective in the maturation of ribosomal ribonucleic acid, Mol. Gen. Genet. 173:203–210.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Venkov, P. V., Stateva, L. I., and Hadjiolov, A. A., 1977, Toyocamycin inhibition of rRNA processing in an osmotic-sensitive adenosine-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 474:245–253.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vogt, V. M., and Braun, R., 1976, Structure of rDNA in Physarum polycephalum, J. Mol. Biol. 106:567–587.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, T. A., and Pace, N. R., 1977, Transcriptional organization of the 5.8 S rRNA cistron in Xenopus laevis, Nucl. Acid Res. 4:595–601.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Waltschewa, L. V., Venkov, P. V., Stoyanova, B. B., and Hadjiolov, A. A., 1976, Degradation of ribosomal precursor and poly(A)-containing RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae caused by actinomycin D, Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 176:630–637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang, T. Y., and Kostraba, N. C., 1978, Proteins involved in positive and negative control of chromatin function, in: The Cell Nucleus (H. Busch, ed.), Vol. 4: Chromatin, Part A, pp. 289–317, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warburton, P., Atwood, K. C., and Henderson, A. S., 1976, Variation in the number of genes for rRNA among human accrocentric chromosomes: Correlation with frequency of satellite association, Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 17:221–230.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, J. R., 1974, The assembly of ribosomes in eukaryotes, in: Ribosomes (M. Nomura, A. Tissières, and P. Lengyel, eds.), pp. 451–488, Cold Spring Harbor Laboroatory, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner, J. R., 1977, In the absence of ribosomal RNA synthesis the ribosomal proteins of HeLa cells are synthesized normally and degraded rapidly, J. Mol. Biol. 115:315–333.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, J. R., 1979, Distribution of newly formed ribosomal proteins in HeLa cell fractions, J. Cell Biol. 80:767–772.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, J. R., and Soeiro, R., 1967, Nascent ribosomes from HeLa cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 58:1981–1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, J. R., and Udem, S. A., 1972, Temperature sensitive mutations affecting ribosome synthesis in S cerevisiae, J. Mol. Biol. 65:243–257.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, J. R., Girard, M., Latham, H., and Darnell, J. E., 1966, Ribosome formation in HeLa cells in the absence of protein synthesis, J. Mol. Biol. 19:373–386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warner, J. R., Kumar, A., Udem, S. A., and Wu, R. S., 1973, Ribosomal proteins and the assembly of ribosomes in eukaryotes, Biochem. Soc. Symp. 37:3–18.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weber, M. J., 1972, Ribosomal RNA turnover in contact inhibited cells, Nature (London) 235:58–61.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wegnez, M., Monier, R., and Denis, H., 1972, Sequence heterogeneity in the 5 S RNA in Xenopus laevis, FEBS Lett. 25:13–20.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weil, P. A., and Blatti, S., 1976, HeLa cell DNA-dependent RNA polymerases: Function and properties of the class III enzymes, Biochemistry 15:1500–1509.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, R. A., and Penman, S., 1968, Small molecular weight monodisperse nuclear RNA, J. Mol. Biol. 38:289–304.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinberg, R. A., and Penman, S., 1970, Processing of 45 S nucleolar RNA, J. Mol. Biol. 47:169–178.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinmann, R., 1972, Regulation of rRNA and 5 S RNA synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster. I. Bobbed mutants, Genetics 72:267–276.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weinmann, R., and Roeder, R. G., 1974, Role of DNA-dependent RNA polymerase III in the transcription of the tRNA and 5 S RNA genes, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:1790–1794.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weintraub, H., Worcel, A., and Alberts, B., 1976, A model for chromatin based upon two symmetrically paired half-nucleosomes, Cell 9:409–417.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Weiss, J. W., and Pitot, H. C., 1974, Inhibition of ribosomal RNA maturation in Novikoff hepatoma cells by toyocamycin, tubercidin and 6-thioguanosine, Cancer Res. 34:581–587.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer, P. K., and Dawid, I. B., 1973, Secondary structure maps of RNA. Processing of HeLa rRNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 70:2827–2831.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer, P. K., and Dawid, I. B., 1974, Secondary structure maps of rRNA and rDNA. 1. Processing of Xenopus laevis rRNA and structure of single-stranded rDNA, J. Mol. Biol. 89:379–395

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer, P. K., and Dawid, I. B., 1975, Structure and processing of rRNA: A comparative electron microscopic study in three animals, Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 26:214–223.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer, P. K., and Dawid, I. B., 1977, The structural organization of rDNA in Drosophila melanogaster, Cell 10:193–212.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer, P. K., and Dawid, I. B., 1978, Ribosomal DNA in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Heteroduplex mapping of cloned and uncloned rDNA, J. Mol. Biol. 126:769–782.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer, P. K., Dawid, I. B., Kelley, D. E., and Perry, R. P., 1974a, Secondary structure maps of rRNA. II. Processing of mouse L-cell rRNA and variations in the processing pathway, J. Mol. Biol. 89:397–407.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer, P. K., Reeder, R. H., Carroll, D., Brown, D. D., Deutch, A., Higashinakagawa, T., and Dawid, I. B., 1974b, Amplified rDNA from Xenopus laevis has heterogeneous spacer lengths, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71:2823–2827.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer, P. K., Dawid, I. B., Brown, D. D., and Reeder, R. H., 1976a, The molecular basis for length heterogeneity in rDNA from Xenopus laevis, J. Mol. Biol. 105:461–486

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer, P. K., Reeder, R. H., Dawid, I. B., and Brown, D. D., 1976b, The arrangement of length heterogeneity in repeating units of amplified and chromosomal rDNA from Xenopus laevis, J. Mol. Biol. 105:487–505.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wellauer, P. K., Dawid, I. B., and Tartof, K. D., 1978, X and Y chromosomal rDNA of Drosophila: Comparison of spacers and insertions, Cell 14:269–278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wensink, P. C., and Brown, D. D., 1971, Denaturation map of the ribosomal DNA of Xenopus laevis, J. Mol Biol. 60:235–247.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, R. L., and Hogness, D. S., 1977, R-loop mapping of the 18 S and 28 S sequences in the long and short repeating units in Drosophila melanogaster DNA, Cell 10:177–192.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wild, M. A., and Gall, J. G., 1979, An intervening sequence in the gene coding for 25 S ribosomal RNA of Tetrahymena pigmentosa, Cell 16:565–573.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D., Cihak, A., and Pitot, H. C., 1971, Inhibition of rRNA maturation in rat liver by 5-fluoroorotic acid resulting in the selective labeling of cytoplasmic messenger RNA, J. Biol. Chem. 246:6418–6427.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson, D., Tlsty, T. D., and Hanas, R. J., 1975, The inhibition of rRNA synthesis and maturation in Novikoff hepatoma cells by 5-fluorouridine, Cancer Res. 35:3014–3020.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Willems, M., Penman, P., and Penman, S., 1969, The regulation of RNA synthesis and processing in the nucleolus during inhibition of protein synthesis, J. Cell Biol. 41:177–187.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, J. H., and Procunier, J. D., 1975, Disproportionately replicated, nonfunctional rDNA in compound chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster, Mol. Gen. Genet. 139:33–37.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williamson, P., and Felsenfeld, G., 1978, Transcription of histone-covered T7 DNA by E. coli RNA polymerase, Biochemistry 17:5695–5705.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wimber, D. E., and Steffensen, D. M., 1970, Localisation of 5 S RNA genes on Drosophila chromosomes by RNA-DNA hybridization, Science 170:639–641.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wimber, D. E., and Wimber, D. R., 1977, Sites of the 5 S ribosomal genes in Drosophila. I. The multiple clusters of the Viril is group, Genetics 86:133–148.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winicov, I., 1976, Alternate temporal order in ribosomal RNA maturation, J. Mol. Biol. 100:141–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winicov, I., and Perry, R. P., 1974, Characterization of a nucleolar endonuclease possibly involved in ribosomal RNA maturation, Biochemistry 13:2908–2914.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winicov, I., and Perry, R. P., 1975, Enzymological aspects of processing of mammalian rRNA, Brookhaven Symp. Biol. 26:201–213.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, S. F., and Schlessinger, D., 1977, Nuclear metabolism of rRNA in growing, methioninelimited and ethionine-treated HeLa cells, Biochemistry 16:2783–2791.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Woodcock, C. L. F., Stanchfield, J. E., and Gould, R. R., 1975, Morphology and size of ribosomal cistrons in two plant species: Acetabularia mediterranea and Chlamydomonas rein-hardii, Plant Sci. Lett. 4:17–23.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wool, I. G., and Stoffler, G., 1976, Determination of the size of the pool of free ribosomal proteins in rat liver cytoplasm, J. Mol. Biol. 108:201–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, B. C., Rao, M. S., Gupta, K. K., Rothblum, L. I., Mamrack, P. C., and Busch, H., 1977, Evidence for coupled synthesis of mRNA for ribosomal proteins and rRNA, Cell Biol. Int. Rep. 1:31–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, R. S., and Warner, J. R., 1971, Cytoplasmic synthesis of nuclear proteins, J. Cell Biol. 41:177

    Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, M., and Seifart, K., 1977a, Synthesis of ribosomal 5 S RNA by isolated nuclei from HeLa cells in vitro, Biochemistry 16:3201–3209.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, M., and Seifart, K., 1977b, Heterogeneity in the 3′-terminal sequence of ribosomal 5 S RNA synthesized by isolated HeLa cell nuclei in vitro, Biochemistry 17:457–461.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto, M., Jonas, D., and Seifart, K., 1977, Transcription of ribosomal 5 S RNA by RNA polymerase C in isolated chromatin from HeLa cells, Eur. J. Biochem. 80:243–253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yao, M.-C, and Gall, J. G., 1977, A single integrated gene for rRNA in a eukaryote, Tetrahymena pyriformis, Cell 12:121–132

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Young, B. D., Hell, A., and Birnie, G. D., 1976, A new estimate of human ribosomal gene number, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 454:539–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, F.-L., 1974, Two functional states of the RNA polymerases in the rat hepatic nuclear and nucleolar fractions, Nature (London) 251:344–346.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, F.-L., 1975, An improved method for the quantitative isolation of rat liver nuclear RNA polymerases, Biochim. Biophys. Acta 395:329–336.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yu, F.-L., 1976, Nuclear RNA polymerase—a positive gene control factor, in: Ribosomes and RNA Metabolism (J. Zelinka and J. Balan, eds.), pp. 75–87, Slovak Academy of Science, Bratislava, Czechoslovakia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yu, F.-L., and Feigelson, P., 1972, The rapid turnover of RNA polymerase of rat liver nucleolus and its messenger RNA, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 69:2833–2837.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuchowski, C. I., and Harford, A. G., 1977, Chromosomal rearrangement which affect the chromosomal integration of the ribosomal genes in Drosophila melanogaster, Cell 11:383–388

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Hadjiolov, A.A. (1980). Biogenesis of Ribosomes in Eukaryotes. In: Roodyn, D.B. (eds) Subcellular Biochemistry. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7948-9_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7948-9_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7950-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7948-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics