Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Immunopharmacology Reviews pp 377–408Cite as

Toxicity to the Immune System: A Review

  • Chapter

Abstract

Immunotoxicology is defined as the study of events that lead to undesired effects as a result of interaction of foreign substances (e.g., xenobiotics) with the immune system. Toxic responses might arise when the immune system either (1) acts as a passive target of chemical insult, leading to a relatively broad-spectrum loss or potentiation of function; or (2) responds to the antigenic specificity of the chemical as part of a specific immune response. In the latter instance, a more limited population of antigen-specific immune cells is the initial target of the chemical interaction, with the potential for toxic responses to occur (e.g., in the skin or lungs), subsequent to the specific interaction between the chemical antigen (hapten) and host antibody or sensitized cells.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Abbreviations

AB:

antibody

CMI:

cell-mediated immunity

Con A:

con- canavalin A

CSA:

cyclosporin A

CTL:

cytotoxic T lymphocyte

CY:

cyclophosphamide

DBCT:

di-n-butyltin dichloride

DES:

diethylstilbestrol

DOTC:

di-n-octyltin dichloride

DTH:

delayed-type hypersensitivity

ELISA:

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

GVH:

graft versus host

HMI:

humoral mediated immunity

Ig:

immunoglobulin

IL-1:

interleukin 1

IL-2:

interleukin 2

Mϕ :

macrophage

MLR:

mixed leukocyte response

MTD:

maximum tolerated dose NK, natural killer (cell)

PBB:

polybrominated biphenyls

PC:

plasma cell

PCB:

polychorinated biphenyls

PFC:

plaque-forming cell

PG:

prostaglandin

PGE2 :

prostaglandin E2

SRBC:

sheep red blood cell

TCDD:

2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin.

References

  • Alfred, L. J., and Wojdani, A., 1983, Effects of methylcholanthrene and benzanthracene on blastogenesis and aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase induction in splenic lymphocytes from three inbred strains of mice, Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 5:123–129.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Amoruso, M. A., Witz, G., and Goldstein, B. D., 1981, Decreased superoxide anion radical production by rat alveolar macrophages following inhalation of ozone or nitrogen dioxide. Life Sci. 28:2215–2221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aranyi, C., Vana, S. C., Thomas, P. T., Bradof, J. N., Fenters, J. D., Graham, J. A., and Miller, F. J., 1983, Effects of subchronic exposure to a mixture of O3, SO2, (NH4)2SO4, on host defenses in mice. Environ. Res. 12:55–71.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bamett, J. B., Spyker-Cranmer, J. M., Avery, P. C., and Hoberman, A. M., 1980, Immunocompetence over the lifespan of mice exposed to in vitro to Carbofuran or Diazinon, J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 4:53–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beggs, M., Menna, J. H., and Bamett, J. B., 1985, Effects of Chlordane on influenza type A virus and herpes simplex type 1 virus replication in vitro, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 16:173–188.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bekesi, J. G., Holland, J. F., Anderson, H. A., Fischbein, A. S., Rom, W., Wolff, M. S., and Selikoff, I. J., 1978, Lymphocyte function of Michigan dairy farmers exposed to polybrominated biphenyls.Science 199:1207–1209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bekesi, J. G., Roboz, J. P., Fischbein, A., and Selikoff, I. J., 1987, Clinical immunology studies in individuals exposed to environmental chemicals, in: Immunotoxicology: Proceedings of an International Seminar on the Immunological System as a Target for Toxic Damage (A. Berlin, J. Dean, M. H. Draper, E. M. B. Smith, and F. Spreafico, eds.), pp. 347–361, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berlin, A., Deain, J., Draper, M., Smith, E. M. B., and Spreafico, F., 1987, Synopsis, conclusions, and recommendations, in: Immunotoxicology (A. Berlin, J. Dean, M. Draper, E. M. B. Smith, and F. Spreafico, eds.), pp. xi-xxvii, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bice, D.E., 1985, Methods and approaches for assessing immunotoxicology of the lower respiratory tract, in:Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology (J. H. Dean, M. I. Luster, A. E. Munson, and H. Amos, eds.), pp. 1–10, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blakely, B. R., and Archer, D. L., 1981, The effects of lead acetate on the immune response of mice, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 61:18–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bozelka, B. E., Gaumer, H. R., Nordberg, J., and Salvaggio, J. E., 1983, Asbestos-induced alterations of human lymphoid cell mitogenic responses. Environ. Res. 30:281–290.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bozelka, B. E., Sestini, P., Hammad, Y., and Salvaggio, J. E., 1986, Effects of asbestos fibers on alveolar macrophage-mediated lymphocyte cytostasis. Environ. Res. 40:172–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brain, J. D., 1986, Toxicological aspects of alterations of pulmonary macrophage function, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 26:547–565.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. C., and Poole, A., 1980, Arachidonic acid release and prostaglandin synthesis in a macrophage-like cell line exposed to asbestos. Agents Actions 15:336–340.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. C., Chamberlain, M., Griffiths, M., and Timbrell, V., 1978, The effect of fiber size on the in vitro biological activity of three types of amphibole asbestos, Int. J. Cancer 22:721–727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brummer, M. E. G., Schwartz, L. W., and McQuillen, N. K., 1977, A quantitative study of lung damage by scanning electron microscopy. Inflammatory cell responses to high ambient levels of ozone, Scanning Electron Microsc. 2:513–518.

    Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Disease Control, 1981, Follow-up on toxic pneumonia—Spain, M. M. W. R. 30:436–438.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chang, K. J., Hsieh, K. H., Lee, T. P., and Tung, T. C., 1982a, Immunologic evaluation of patients with polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning: Determination of phagocytic Fc and complement receptors.Environ. Res. 28:329–334.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chang, K. J., Hsieh, K. H., Tang, S. Y., Tung, T. C., and Lee, T. P., 1982b, Immunologic evaluation of patients with polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning: Evaluation of delayed-type skin hypersensitive response and its relation to clinical studies, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 9:217–223.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, D. A., Gauldie, J., Szewcyk, M. R., and Sweeney, G., 1981, Enhanced suppressor cell activity as a mechanism of inmiunosuppression by TCDD, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 168: 290–299.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coffin, D. L., and Gardner, D. E., 1972, Interactions of biological agents and chemical air pollutants, Ann. Occup. Hyg. 15:219–235.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. A., and Kams, L., 1978, Effects of RES stimulation and suppression on lead sensitization to endotoxin shock, J. Reticuloendothelial Soc. 24:1 A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cook, J. A., Hoffman, E. D., and DiLuzio, N. R., 1975, Influence of lead and cadmium on the susceptibility of rats to bacterial challenge, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 150:741–747.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, G. H., 1959, The diagnosis of beryllium disease with special reference to the patch test. Arch. Indust. Health 19:150–153.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, J. H., and Lauer, L. D., 1983, Immunological effects following exposure to 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: A review, in:Public Health Risks of the Dioxins (W. W. Lowrance, ed.), pp. 275–294, Rockefeller University, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, J. H., Padarathsingh, M. L., and Jerrells, T. R., 1979, Assessment of immunobiological effects induced by chemicals, drugs or food additives. I. Tier testing and screening approach. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 2:5–17.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, J. H., and Thurmond, L. M., 1987, Immunotoxicology: An overview, Toxicol. Pathol. 15: 265–271.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, J. H., Luster, M. I., and Boorman, G. A., 1982, Immunotoxicology, in:Immunopharmacology (P. Sirios and M. RolaPleszczynski, eds.), pp. 349–397, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, J. H., Luster, M. I., Boorman, G. A., Lauer, L. D., Luebke, R. W., and Lawson, L., 1983, Selective immunosuppression resulting from exposure to the carcinogenic congener of ben-zopyrene in B6C3F1 mice, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 52:199–206.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, J. H., Ward, E. C., Murray, M. J., Lauer, L. D., and House, R. V., 1985, Mechanisms of dimethylbenzanthracene-induced immunotoxicity, Clin. Physiol. Biochem. 3:98–110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, J. H., Murray, M. J., and Ward, E. D., 1986a, Toxic responses of the immune system, in: Casarett and Doull’s Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons, 3rded. (C. D. Klaassen, M. O. Amdur, and J. Doull, eds.), pp. 245–285, Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dean, J. H., Ward, E. C., Murray, M. J., Lauer, L. D., House, R. V., Stillman, W. S., Hamilton, T. A., and Adams, D. O., 1986b, Immunosuppression following 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene exposure in B6C3F1 mice. II. Altered cell-mediated immunity and tumor resistance. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 8:189–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dean, J. H., Thurmond, L. D., Lauer, L. D., and House, R. V., 1987, Comparative toxicology and correlative immunotoxicology in rodents, in: Environmental Chemical Exposure and Immune System Integrity, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology (E. J. Burger, R. G. Tardiff, and J. A. Bellanti, eds.), Vol. 13, pp. 85–100, Princeton Scientific Publishing Company, Princeton, New Jersey.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denkhaus, W., Steldem, D. V. Botzenhardt, U., and Konietzko, H., 1986, Lymphocyte subpopula- tions in solvent-exposed workers. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 57:109–115.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deodhar, S. D., Bama, B., and VanOrdstrand, H. S., 1973, A study of the immunologic aspects of chronic berylliosis, Chest 63:309–313.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Devans, B. H., Grayson, M. H., Imamura, T., and Rodgers, K. E., 1985, O,O,S-Trimethyl phosphorothioate effects on immunocompetence. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol. 24:251–259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, K., 1986, Doctoral dissertation, New York University Medical Center, Department of Environmental Health, University microfilms.

    Google Scholar 

  • Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office, 1982, Air quality for nitrogen oxides, EPA-600/8–82-026, pp. 22–39, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Epstein, P. E.xDauber, J. H., Rossman, M. D., and Daniele, R. P., 1982, Bronchoalveolar lavage in a patient with chronic berylliosis: Evidence for hypersensitivity pneumonitis, Ann. Intern. Med. 97:213–216.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ewers, U., Stiller-Winkler, R., and Idel, H., 1982, Serum immunoglobulin complement C3 and salivary IgA levels in lead workers. Environ. Res. 29:351–357.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faith, R. E., and Luster, M. I., 1979, Investigations on the effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on parameters of various immune functions, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 320:564–571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faith, R. E., Luster, M. I., and Kimmel, C. A., 1979, Effect of chronic developmental lead exposure on cell mediated immune functions, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 35:413–420.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Faith, R. E., Luster, M. L, and Vos, J. G., 1980, Effects on immunocompetence by chemicals of environmental concern, in: Reviews in Biochemical Toxicology, Vol. 2 (E. Hodgson, J. R. Bend, and R. M. Philpot, eds.), pp. 173–211, Elsevier/North-Holland, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fan, A., Street, J. C., and Nelson, R. M., 1978, Immune suppression in mice administered methyl parathion and carbofiiran by diet, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 45:235–242.

    Google Scholar 

  • French, J. G., Lowrimore, G., Nelson, W. C., Finklea, J. F., English, T., and Hertz, M., 1973, The effect of sulfur dioxide and suspended sulfates on acute respiratory disease. Arch. Environ. Health 27:129–133.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fujimaki, H., Shimizu, F., and Kubota, K., 1981, Suppression of antibody response in mice by acute exposure to nitrogen dioxide. In Vitro study. Environ. Res. 26:490–496.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, D. E., and Graham, J. A., 1976, Increased pulmonary disease mediated through altered bacterial defenses, in: Pulmonary Macrophage and Epithelial Cells (C. L. Sanders, R. P. Schneider, G. E. Doyle, and H. A. Ragan, eds.), pp. 1–21, Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Hanford Biology Symposium. ERDA Symposium Series, Richland, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, D. E., Graham, J. A., Illing, J. W., Blommer, E. J., and Miller, F. J., 1979, Impact of exposure patterns on the toxicological response to NO2 and modifications by added stressors, in: Proceedings of the U.S.-USSR Third Joint Symposium on Problems in Environmental Health, pp. 17–40, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, L. U., and Heslington, H. F., 1946, Osteo-sarcoma from intravenous beryllium compounds in rabbits. Fed. Proc. 5:221.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gaumer, H. R., Doll, N. Y., Kaimmal, Y., Schuyer, M., and Salvaggio, Y. E., 1981, Diminished suppressor cell function in patients with asbestosis, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 44:108–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ginns, L. C., Ryo, J. H., Rogol, P. R., Sprince, N. L., Oliver, L. C., and Larsson, C. L., 1985, Natural killer cell activity in cigarette smokers and asbestos workers, Annu. Rev. Respir. Dis. 131:831–834.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glick, B., 1974, Antibody-mediated immunity in the presence of Mirex and DDT, Poultry Sci. 53: 1476–1485.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldstein, B. D., 1977, Hematotoxicity in humans, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 2(suppl.):69–106.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gomez-Reino, J., 1987, Immune system disorders associated with adulterated cooking oil, in: Immunotoxicology. Proceedings of an International Seminar on the Immunological System as a Target for Toxic Damage (A. Berlin, J. Dean, M. H. Draper, E. M. B. Smith, and F. Spreafico, eds.), pp. 376–388, Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gorodilova, V. V., and Mandrik, E. V., 1978, The use of some immunological reaction for studying the immune response in persons presenting a high oncological risk, Soviet Med. 8:50–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, J. A., and Gardner, D. E., 1985, Immunotoxicity of air pollutants, in: Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology (J. H. Dean, M. I. Luster, and A. E. Munson, eds.), pp. 367–380, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenlee, W. F., Dold, K. M., Irons, R. D., and Osborne, R., 1985, Evidence for direct action of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin on thymic epithelium, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 19:112–120.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haley, T. J., 1975, Benzidine revisited: A review of the literature and problems associated with the use of benzidine and its congeners, Clin. Toxicol. 8:13–42.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hanifin, J. M., Epstein, W. L., and Cline, M. J., 1970, In vitro studies of granulomatous hypersensitivity to beryllium, J. Invest. Dermatol. 55:284–288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haslam, P. L., Lukoszek, A., Merchant, J. A., and Turner-Warwick, M., 1978, Lymphocyte responses to phytohemagglutinin in patients with asbestosis and pleural mesothelioma, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 31:178–188.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haynes, R. C., and Murad, F., 1985, Adrenocortical steroids and their synthetic analogs; inhibitors of adrenocortical steroid biosynthesis, in: Goodman and Gilman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (A. G. Gilman, L. S. Goodman, T. W. Rail, and F. Murad, eds.), pp. 1459–1489, Macmillan, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, W. R., Fukuyama, K., Epstein, W. L., and Spider, L. P., 1972, In vitro demonstration of delayed hypersensitivity in patients with berylliosis, J.Invest. Dermatol. 58:5–8.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirsch, F., Couderc, J., Sapin, C., Foumie, G., and Druet, P., 1982, Polyclonal effect of HgCl2 in the rat, its possible role in an experimental autoimmune disease, Eur. J. Immunol. 12:620–625.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, R. E., Stehr-Green, P. A., Webb, K. B., Evans, G., Knutsen, A. P., Schramm, W. F., Staake, J. L., Gibson, B. A., and Steinberg, K. K., 1986, Health effects of long-term exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, J.A.M.A. 255:2031–2038.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, P. A., 1986, Down regulation of immune responses in the lower respiratory tract: The role of alveolar macrophages, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 63:261–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • House, R. V., Lauer, L. D., Murray, M. J., and Dean, J. H., 1987, Suppression of T-helper cell function in mice following exposure to the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene and its restoration by interleukin 2, Int.J. Immunopharmacol. 9:85–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huuskonen, M. S., Rasanen, Y. A., Hankonen, H., and Asp, S., 1978, Asbestos exposure as a cause of immunologic stimulation, Scand. J. Respir. Dis. 59:326–332.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imaniski, J., Nomura, H., Matsubara, M., Kita, M., Won, S. J., Muzutani, T., and Kishida, T., 1980, Effect of polychlorinated biphenyl on viral infections in mice, Infect. Immun. 29:275–277.

    Google Scholar 

  • International Agency for Research on Cancer, 1982, Evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemical to humans: Some industrial chemicals and dye stuffs, lARC Monogr. 29:93–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, Y., Kurita, H., Yoshida, T., Shima, S., Niiya, Y., Tariumi, H., Nakayasu, T., Kamori, Y., and Sarai, S., 1982, Studies on serum specific protein levels in lead exposed workers, Jpn. J. Indust. Health 24:390–391.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J. M., and Amos, H. E., 1975, Contract sensitivity in vitro: The effect of beryllium preparations on the proliferative response of specifically allergized lymphocytes and normal lymphocytes stimulated with PHA, Int. Arch. Allergy 48:22–29.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, E., Solomon, A., Cochrane, J. C., Beissmer, E. K., Gluckman, J., Rocks, P. H., and Webster, I., 1977a, Immunological studies of patients with asbestosis. I. Studies of cell mediated immunity, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 28:261–267.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, E., Solomon, A., Cochrane, J. C., Kuba, P., Rocks, P. H., and Webster, I., 1977b, Immunological studies of patients with asbestosis. II. Studies of circulating lymphoid numbers and humoral immunity, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 28:268–275.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kagan, E., Jacobson, R. J., Yeung, K. Y., Haildale, D. J., and Machnani, G. H., 1979, Asbestos- associated neoplasms of B-cell lineage, Am. J. Med. 67:325–331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kalland, T., and Haukass, S. A., 1981, Effect of treatment with diethylstilbestrol-polyestradiol phosphate or estramustine phosphate (Estracyt) on natural killer cell activity in patients with prostatic cancer. Invest. Urol. 18:437–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaminsky, N. E., Wells, D. S., Dauterman, W. C., Roberts, J. F., and Guthrie, F., 1986, Macrophage uptake of lipoprotein sequestered toxicant: A potential route of immunotoxicity, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 82:474–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kammüller, M. E., Penninks, A. H., and Seinen, W., 1984, Spanish toxic oil syndrome is a chemically induced GVHD-like epidemic, Lancet 1:1174–1175.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kammüller, M. E., Penninks, A. H., and Seinen, W., 1986, Cyclization products of phenylthiourea compounds in adulterated rapeseed oil as possible aetiologic factor in Spanish toxic oil syndrome, Adv. Immunopharmacol. 3:439–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keck, G., 1982, Effets de la contamination par les polychlorobiphenyles sur le developpement de la tumeur d’Ehriich chez la souris suisse, Toxicol. Eur. Res. 3:229–236.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenoyer, J. L., Phalen, R. F., and Davis, J. R., 1981, Particle clearance from the respiratory tract as a test of toxicity. Effect of ozone exposure on short and long term clecirance, Exp. Lung Res. 2: 111–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerkvliet, N. I., and Baecher-Steppan, L., 1982, Immunotoxicology studies on lead: Effect of exposure on tumor growth and cell-mediated inmiunity after syngeneic or allogeneic stimulator, Immunopharmacology 4:213–224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerkvliet, N. I., and Kimeldorf, D. J., 1977, Antitumor activity of a polychlorinated biphenyl mixture, Aroclor 1254, in rats inoculated with Walker 256 carcinoma cells, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 59:951–955.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kimbrough, R. D., 1980, Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Naphthalenes, Dibenzodioxins, and Related Products, Elsevier/North-Holland, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koller, L. D., 1977, Enhanced polychlorinated biphenyl lesions in Moloney leukemia virus infected mice, Clin. Toxicol. 11:107–116.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koller, L. D., 1979, Effects of environmental contaminants on the immune system, Adv. Vet. Sci. Comp. Med. 23:267–295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koller, L. D., 1980, Immunotoxicology of heavy metals, Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 2:269–279.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koller, L. D., and Exon, J. H., 1985, The rat as a model for immunotoxicity assessment, in: Immunotoxicity and Immunopharmacology (J. H. Dean, M. I. Luster, A. E. Munson, and H. Amos, eds.), pp. 99–112, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koller, L. D., and Thigpen, J. E., 1973, Reduction of antibody to Pseudorabies virus in polychlorinated biphenyl-exposed rabbits, Am. J. Vet. Res. 34:1605–1606.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krajnc, E. I., Wester, P. W., Loeber, J. G., van Leeuwen, F. X. R., Vos, J. G., Vaessen, H. A. M. G., and van der Heijden, G. A., 1984, Toxicity of bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide in the rat. I. Short- term effects on general parameters and on the endocrine and lymphoid systems, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 75:363–386.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krivanek, N. D., and Reeves, A. L., 1972, The effect of chemical forms of beryllium on the production of the immunologic response.Am. Indust. Hyg. Assoc. J. 33:45–52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kubota, M., Kagamimori, S., Yokoyama, K., and Okada, A., 1985, Reduced natural killer activity of lymphocytes from patients with asbestosis, Br. J. Indust. Med. 42:276–280.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W., and Szymanska, J., 1973, Serum immunoglobulin levels in workers exposed to benzene, toluene and xylene, Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 31:37–44.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, A., Smolik, R., Zatonski, W., and Szymanska, Y., 1974, Autoantibodies and serum immunoglobulin levels in asbestos workers, Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 32:313–325.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Last, J. A., Jennings, M., Schwartz, L. E., and Cross, C. E., 1977, Glycoprotein secretion by tracheal explants cultured from rats exposed to ozone. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 116:695–703.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lauer, L. D., Tucker, A. N., House, R. V., Barbera, P. W., Penters, J. D., Ehrlich, J. P., Burleson, G. R., and Dean, J. H., 1987, Altered B cell function is a predominant feature of TCDD exposure in adult mice, submitted.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, D. A., 1985, Immunotoxicity of heavy metals, in: Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology (J. H. Dean, M. L Luster, A. E. Munson, and H. Amos, eds.), pp. 341–353, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, T. P., and Chang, K. J., 1985, Health effects of polychlorinated biphenyls, in: Immunotoxicology aruiImmunopharmacology (J. H. Dean, M. L Luster, A. E. Munson, and H. Amos, eds.), pp. 415–422, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lew, P., Tsang, P., Holland, J. P., Warner, N., Selikoff, L J., and Bekesi, J. G., 1986, High frequency of immune dysfunctions in asbestos workers and in patients with malignant mesothelioma, J. Clin. Immunol. 6:225–233.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lill, P. H., and Gangemi, J. D., 1986, Suppressive effects of 3-methylcholanthrene on the in vitro antitumor activity of naturally cytotoxic cells, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 17:347–356.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loose, L. D., Silkworth, J. B., Pittman, K. A., Benitz, K. P., and Mueller, W., 1978, Impaired host resistance to endotoxin and malaria in polychlorinated biphenyl- and hexachlorobenzene-treated mice. Infect. Immun. 20:30–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loose, L. D., Silkworth, J. B., Charbonneau, T., and Blumenstock, P., 1981, Environmental chemical-induced macrophage dysfunction. Environ. Health Perspect. 39:79–91.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lunn, J. E., Knowelden, J., and Handy side, A. J., 1967, Patterns of respiratory illness in Sheffield school children, Br. J. Prev. Soc. Med. 21:7–16.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luster, M. I., Boorman, G. A., Dean, J. H., Harris, M. W., and Luebke, R. W., 1980, Examination of bone marrow immunologic parameters and host susceptibility following pre-and postnatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo(p)dioxin, Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 2:301–310.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luster, M. L, Hong, L. H., Tucker, A. N., Clark, G., Greenlee, W. F., and Boorman, G. A., 1985a, Acute myelotoxic responses in mice induced in vivo and in vitro by 2,3,7,8-tetrachloro-dibenzo-/7-dioxin, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 81:156–165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luster, M. L, Tucker, A. N., Hayes, H. T., Pung, O. J., Burka, T., McMillan, R., and Eling, T., 1985b, Inununosuppressive effects of benzidine in mice: Evidence of alterations in arachidonic acid metabolism, J. Immunol. 135:2754–2761.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luster, M. I., Blank, J. A., and Dean, J. H., 1987, Molecular and cellular basis of chemically induced inmiunotoxicity, Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 27:23–49.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luster, M. I., Munson, A. E., Thomas, P. T., Holsapple, M. P., Penters, J. D., White, K. L., Lauer, L. D. D., Germolec, D. R., Rosenthal, G. J., and Dean, J. H., 1988a, Development of a testing battery to assess chemical-induced immunotoxicity: National Toxicology Program’s guidelines for inmiunotoxicity evaluation in mice, Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 10:2–19.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luster, M. L, Germolec, D. R., Clark, G., Wiegand, G., and Rosenthal, G. J., 1988b, Selective effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and corticosteroid on in vitro activation, proliferation and differentiation of murine B-lymphocytes, J. Immunol. 140:928–935.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lyte, M., and Bick, P. H., 1986, Modulation of interleukin 1 production by macrophages following benzo(a)pyrene exposure. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 8:377–381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maigetter, R. Z., Penters, J. D., Findlay, J. C., Ehrlich, R., and Gardner, D. E., 1978, Effects of exposure to nitrogen dioxide on T and B cells in mouse spleen, Toxicol. Lett. 2:157–161.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mantovani, A., Vecchi, A., Luini, W., Sironi, M., Candiani, G., Spreafico, P., and Garattini, S., 1980, Effect of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin on macrophage and NK cell mediated cytotoxicity in mice, Biomedicine 32:200–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K., and Brown, R. C., 1985, The immune system and asbestos associated disease, in: Immunotoxicology andImmunopharmacology (J. H. Dean, M. I. Luster, A. E. Munson, and H. Amos, eds.), pp. 429–440, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K., and Scott, M. P., 1985, Immunologic consequences of dioctyltin dichloride (DOTC)- induced thymic injury, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 78:395–403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, K., Weintraub, Z., and Kagan, E., 1979, Manifestations of cellular immunity in the rat after prolonged asbestos inhalation. I. Physical interactions between alveolar macrophages and splenic lymphocytes, J. Immunol. 123:1029–1038.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, R. P., Härtung, R., and Cornish, H. H., 1980, Effects of diethyltindichlorides on amino acids and nucleoside transport in suspended rat thymocytes, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 55:564–571.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moore, J. A., Huff, J. E., and Dean, J. H., 1982, The National Toxicology Program and immunological toxicology, Pharmacol. Rev. 43:13–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council, 1978, Sulfur Oxides, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council, 1979, Airborne Particles, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penn, I., 1985, Neoplastic consequences of immunosuppression, in: Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology (J. H. Dean, M. I. Luster, A. E. Munson, and H. Amos, eds.), pp. 79–89, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Penninks, A. H., and Seinen, W., 1980, Toxicity of organotin compounds. IV. Impairment of energy metabolism of rat thymocytes by various dialkyltin compounds, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 56:221–231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penninks, A. H., Verschuren, P. M., and Seinen, W., 1983, Di-n-butyltindichloride uncouples oxidative phosphorylation in rat liver mitochondria, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 70:115–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Penninks, A. H., Kuper, P., Spit, B. J., and Seinen, W., 1985, On the mechanism of dialkyltin induced thymus involution, Immunopharmacology 10:1–10.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeifer, R., and Irons, R. D., 1981, Inhibition of lectin-stimulated lymphocyte agglutination and mitogenesis by hydroquinone: Reactivity with intracellular sulfhydryl groups, Exp. Mol. Pathol. 35:189–198

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves, A. L., and Preuss, O. P., 1985, The immunotoxicity of beryllium, in: Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology (J. H. Dean, M. I. Luster, A. E. Munson, and H. Amos, eds.), pp. 441–455, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Resnick, H., Roche, M., and Morgan, W. K. C., 1970, Immunoglobulin concentrations in berylliosis, Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 101:504–510.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, K. E., Imamura, T., and Devans, B. H., 1985a, Effects of subchronic treatment with O,O,5-trimethyl phosphorothioate on cellular and humoral immune response systems, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 81:310–318.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rodgers, K. E., Imamura, T., and Devans, B. H., 1985b, Investigations into the mechanism of inmiunosuppression caused by acute treatment with O,O,S-trimethyl phosphorothioate. I. Characterization of the inmiune cell population affected, Immunopharmacology 10:171–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, G. J., and Luster, M. I., 1987, Asbestos-induced reversal of the normal down regulatory function of alveolar macrophages. Fed. Proc. 46:539.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, G. J., and Snyder, C. A., 1985, Modulation of the immune response to Listeria monocytogenes by benzene inhalation, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 80:502–510.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenthal, G. J., and Snyder, C. A., 1987, Inhaled benzene reduces aspects of cell-mediated tumor surveillance in mice, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 88:35–43.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rozen, M. G., Snyder, C. A., and Albert, R. E., 1984, Depressions in B- and T-lymphocyte mitogen-induced blastogenesis in mice exposed to low concentrations of benzene, Toxicol. Lett. 20:343–349.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ryffel, B., Donatsch, P., Madorin, M., Matter, B. E., Ruttimann, G., Schon, H., Stoo, R., and Wilson, J., 1983, Toxicological evaluation of cyclosporin A, Arch. Toxicol. 53:107–141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sakaguchi, O., Abe, H., Sakaguchi, S., and Hsu, C. C., 1982, Effect of lead acetate on superoxide anion generation and its scavengers in mice given endotoxin, Microbiol. Immunol. 26:767–778.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schleshinger, R. B., and Driscoll K. E., 1987, Respiratory tract defense mechanisms and their interaction with air pollutants, in: Current Topics in Pharmacology and Toxicology (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Science, 1977, Occupational cancer: Government challenged in beryllium proceeding, 198:898–901.

    Google Scholar 

  • Science, 1981, Beryllium report disputed by listed author, 211:556–557.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seinen, W., 1981, Immunotoxicity of alkyltin compounds, in: Immunologic Considerations in Toxicology (R. P. Sharma, ed.). Vol. 1, pp. 103–119, CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Seinen, W., and Penninks, A., 1979, Inunune suppression as a consequence of a selective cytotoxic activity of certain organometallic compounds on thymus dependent lymphocytes, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 320:499–517.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seinen, W., Vos, J. G., Van Krieken, R., Penninks, A. H., Brands, R., and Hooykaas, H., 1977, Toxicity of organotin compounds. III. Suppression of thymus-dependent immunity in rats by di-n-butyltin dichloride, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 42:213–224.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shingu, H., Sugiyama, M., Watanabe, M., and Nakajima, T., 1980, Effects of ozone and photochemical oxidants on interferon production by rabbit alveolar macrophages. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24:433–438.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silkworth, J. B., and Grabstein, E. M., 1982, Polychlorinated biphenyl immunotoxicity: Dependence on isomer planarity and the Ah gene complex, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 65:109–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silkworth, J. B., and Loose, L. D., 1981, Assessment of environmental contaminant-induced lymphocyte dysfunction. Environ. Health Perspect. 39:105–128.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Silkworth, J. B., and Vecchi, A., 1985, The role of the Ah receptor in halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon immunotoxicity, in: Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology (J. H. Dean, M. I. Luster, A. E. Munson, and H. A. Amos, eds.), pp. 263–275, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Silkworth, J. B., Antrim, L., and Grabstein, E. M., 1984, Correlations between polychlorinated biphenyl inmiunotoxicity. The aromatic hydrocarbon locus, and liver microsomal enzyme induction in C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 75:156–165.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sirois, P., Rola-Pleszczynski, M., and Begin, R., 1980, Phospholipase A activity and prostaglandin synthesis from alveolar macrophages exposed to asbestos. Prostaglandins Med. 5:31–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S. H., Sanders, V. M., Barrett, B. A., Borzelleca, J. F., and Munson, A. E., 1978, Immunotoxicological evaluation on mice exposed to polychlorinated biphenyls, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 45:336 (abst.).

    Google Scholar 

  • Smolik, R., Grzybek-Hryncewicz, K., Lange, A., and Zatonski, W., 1973, Serum complement level in workers exposed to benzene, toluene and xylene. Int. Arch. Arbeitsmed. 31:243–247.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snoeij, N. J., Van lersel, A. A. J., Penninks, A. H., and Seinen, W., 1986, Triorganotin-induced cytotoxicity to rat thymus, bone marrow, and red blood cells as determined by several in vitro assays. Toxicology 39:71–83.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snoeij, N. J., Penninks, A. H., and Seinen, W., 1987, Toxicity of triorganotin compounds. Species- dependency, dose-effect relationships and kinetics of the thymus atrophy induced by tri- and diorganotin compounds, in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, C. A., Goldstein, B. D., Sellakumar, A. R., Bromberg, I., Laskin, S., and Albert, R. E., 1980, The inhalation toxicology of benzene. Incidence of hematopoietic neoplasms and hema- totoxicity in AKR/J and C57BL/6 mice, Toxicol. Appl Pharmacol. 54:323–331.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, R., and Kocsis, J. J., 1975, Current concepts of chronic benzene toxicity, CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 3:265–288.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sone, S., Brennan, L. M., and Creasia, W. A., 1983, In vivo and in vitro NO2 exposure enhances phagocytic and tumoricidal activities of rat alveolar macrophages, J. Toxicol. Environ. Health 11:151–163.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spyker-Cranmer, J. M., Bamett, J., Avery, D. L., and Cranmer, M. F., 1982, Immunoteratology of Chlordane: Cell mediated and humoral immune responses in adult mice exposed in utero, Toxicol Appl. Pharmacol. 62:402–408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stjernsward, J., 1966, Effect of noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic hydrocarbons on antibody forming cells measured at the cellular level, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 36:1189–1195.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Street, J. C., and Sharma, R. P., 1975, Alteration of induced cellular and humoral immune responses by pesticides and chemicals of environmental concern. Qualitative studies of immunosuppression by DDT, Arochlor 1254, Carbaryl, Carbofuran, and methylparathion, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 32:587–602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talmadge, J. E., Oldham, R. K., and Fidler, I. J., 1984, Practical considerations for the establishment of a screening procedure for the assessment of biological response modifiers, J. Biol. Response Mod. 3:88–109.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, A. W., Whitting, P. H., and Simpson, J. G., 1984, Cyclosporin: Inmiunology, toxicity and pharmacology in experimental animals. Agents Actions 15:306–327.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, P., and Faith, R., 1985, Adult and perinatal immunotoxicity by halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, in: Immunotoxicology and Immunopharmacology (J. H. Dean, M. I. Luster, A. E. Munson, and H. Amos, eds.), pp. 305–313, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas, P. T., and Hinsdill, R. D., 1978, Effect of polychlorinated biphenyls on the immune responses of Rhesus monkeys and mice, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 44:41–51.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, A. N., Vore, S. J., and Luster, M. I., 1986, Suppression of B cell differentiation by 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Mol. Pharmacol. 29:372–377.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Urso, P., Gengozian, N., Rossi, R. M., and Johnson, R. A., 1986, Suppression of humoral and cell mediated inmiune responses in vitro by benzo(a)pyrene, J. Immunopharmacol. 8:223–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vecchi, A., Sironi, M., Canegrati, M. A., Recchia, M., and Garattini, S., 1983, Immunosuppressive effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in strains of mice with different susceptibility to induction of aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 68:434–441.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vesselinovitch, S. D., Rao, K. V. N., and Mihailovich, N., 1975, Factors modulating benzidine carcinogenicity bioassay. Cancer Res. 35:2814–2819.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vorwald, A. J., Pratt, P. C., and Urban, E. J., 1955, The production of pulmonary cancer in albino rats exposed by inhalation to an aerosol to beryllium sulfate. Acta Unio Int. Contra Cancrum 11: 735.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J. G., 1977, Inmiune suppression as related to toxicology, CRC Crit. Rev. Toxicol. 5:67–101.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J. G., 1980, Immunotoxicology assessment: Screening and function studies. Arch. Toxicol. 4 (suppl.):95–108.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J. G., and Dean, J. H., 1987, The immune system: Evaluation of methods for immunotoxicity assessment, in: Proceedings of the SGOMEC Meeting, Health and Welfare, Ottawa, Canada (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J. G., and Krajnc, E. I., 1983, Immunotoxicology of pesticides, in: Developments in the Science and Practice of Toxicology (A. W. Hayers, R. C. Schnell, and T. S. Miya, eds.), pp. 229–239, Elsevier, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J. G., and Moore, J. A., 1974, Suppression of cellular immunity in rats and mice by natural treatment with 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorobibenzo-p-dioxin, Int. Arch. Allergy Appl. Immunol. 47:777–789.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J. G., and van Driel Grootenhuis, L., 1972, PCB-induced suppression of the humoral and cell-mediated immunity in guinea pigs. Sci. Total Environ. 1:289–302.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J. G., Faith, R. E., and Luster, M. I., 1980, Immune alterations, in: Halogenated Biphenyls, Terphenyls, Napthalenes, Dibenzodioxins, and Related Products (R. D. Kimbrough, ed.), pp. 241–266, Elsevier, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J. G., de Klerk, A., Krajnc, E. I., Kruizinga, W., van Onunen, B., and Rozing, J., 1984, Toxicity of bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide in the rat. II. Suppression of thymus dependent immune responses and of parameters of nonspecific resistance after short term exposure, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 75:387–408.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vos, J. G., Krajnc, E. I., and Wester, P. W., 1985, Inununotoxicity of bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide, in: Immunotoxicology and immunopharmacology (J. H. Dean, M.I. Luster, A. E. Munson, and H. Amos, eds.), pp. 327–340, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wade, M. J., Lipkin, L. E., Stanton, M. F., and Frank, A. L., 1980, P338D1in vitro cytotoxicity assay as applied to asbestos and other minerals. Its possible relevance to carcinogenesis, in: The InVitro Effects of Mineral Dusts (R. C. Brown, I. P Gormly, M. Chamberlain, and R. Davis, eds.), pp. 351–357, Academic, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, E. C., Murray, M. J., Lauer, L. D., House, R. V., Irons, R., and Dean, J. H., 1984, Immunosuppression following 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene exposure in B6C3F1 mice. I. Effects on humoral immunity and host resistance, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 75:299–308.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ward, E. C., Murray, M. J., and Dean, J. H., 1985, Inununotoxicity of nonhalogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, in: Immunotoxicology and immunopharmacology (J. H. Dean, M. I. Luster, A. E. Munson, and H. Amos, eds.), pp. 291–304, Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward, E. C., Murray, M. J., Lauer, L. D., House, R. V., and Dean, J. H., 1986, Persistent suppression of humoral and cell mediated immunity in mice following exposure to the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene, Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 8:13- 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, K. L., and Munson, A. E., 1986, Suppression of the in vitro humoral immune response by chrysotile asbestos, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 82:493–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, K. L., Lysy, H. H., and Holsapple, M. P., 1985, Inmunosuppression by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A structure-activity relationship in B6C3F1 and DBA/2 mice, Immunopharmacology 9:155–164.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, W. C., and Gammon, A. M., 1914, The influence of benzol inhalations on experimental pulmonary tuberculosis in rabbits. Trans. Assoc. Am. Physicians 29:332–337.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wierda, D., and Irons, R. D., 1982, Hydroquinone and catechol reduce the frequency of progenitor B lymphocytes in mouse spleen and bone marrow, Immunopharmacology 4:41–54.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wierda, D., Irons, R. D., and Greenlee, W. F., 1981, Inununotoxicity in C57B1/6 mice exposed to benzene and Aroclor 1254, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 60:410–417.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, W. R., and Jones-Williams, W., 1982, Development of beryllium lymphocyte transformation tests in chronic beryllium disease. Int. Arch. Allergy 67:175–180.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wintemitz, M. C., and Hirschfelder, A. D., 1913, Studies upon experimental pneumonia in rabbits, I-III. J. Exp. Med. 17:657–665.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wojdani, A., and Alfred, L. J., 1984, Alterations in cell mediated inunune functions induced in mouse splenic lymphocytes by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Cancer Res. 44:942–945.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu, J. C., Lu, Y. C., Kao, H. Y., Pan, C. C., and Lin, R. Y., 1984, Cell-mediated inununity in patients with polychlorinated biphenyl poisoning, J. Formosa Med. Assoc. 83:419–429.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zedeck, M. S., 1980, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: A review, J. Environ. Pathol. Toxicol. 3: 537–567.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Sterling Research Group, 12144, Rensselaer, New York, USA

    Jack H. Dean & Joel B. Cornacoff

  2. National Toxicology Programs, National Institute of Environmental Health Science, 27709, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA

    Michael I. Luster

Authors
  1. Jack H. Dean
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Joel B. Cornacoff
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael I. Luster
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida, USA

    John W. Hadden  & Andor Szentivanyi  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1990 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Dean, J.H., Cornacoff, J.B., Luster, M.I. (1990). Toxicity to the Immune System: A Review. In: Hadden, J.W., Szentivanyi, A. (eds) Immunopharmacology Reviews. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7252-7_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7252-7_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7254-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7252-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation