Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

  • Chapter
Immunodermatology

Part of the book series: Comprehensive Immunology ((COMIMUN,volume 7))

Abstract

Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis is a group of syndromes characterized by chronic and persistent infections of the skin, the nails, and the mucous membranes with organisms of the genus Candida. In most instances, the infecting organism is Candida albicans. The infections may begin at any age, but in the majority of cases the disorder begins during the first 3 years of life (Fig. 1). Males and females are equally affected.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ajello, L., 1956, Soil as natural reservoir for human pathogenic fungi, Science 123: 876–879.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Arulanantham, K., Dwyer, J. M., and Genel, M., 1979, Evidence for defective immunoregulation in the syndrome of familial candidiasis endocrinopathy, N. Engl. J. Med. 300: 164–168.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • August, C. S., Levey, R. H., Berkel, A. L, and Rosen, F. S., 1970, Establishment of immunological competence in a child with congenital thymic aplasia by a graft of fetal thymus, Lancet 1: 1080–1083.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Austwick, P. K. C., Pepin, G. A., Thompson, J. C., and Yarrow, D., 1966, Candida albicans and other yeasts associated with animal disease, in: Symposium on Candida Infections (H. I. Winner and R. Hurley, eds.), pp. 89–99, E. and S. Livingstone, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axelsen, N. H., and Kirkpatrick, C. H., 1973, Simultaneous characterization of free Candida antigens and Candida precipitins in a patient’s serum by means of crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel, J. Immunol. Methods 2: 245–249.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Axelsen, N. H., Kirkpatrick, C. H., and Buckley, R. H., 1974, Precipitins to Candida albicans in chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis studied by crossed immunoelectrophoresis with intermediate gel. Correlation with clinical and immunological findings, Clin. Exp. Jmmunol. 17: 385–394.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ballow, M., and Hyman, L. R., 1977, Combination immunotherapy in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Synergism between transfer factor and fetal thymus tissue, Clin. /mmunol. Immunopathol. 8: 504–512.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J. E., Chemotherapy of systemic mycoses, N. Engl. J. Med. 190:30–32, 320–323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benz, C. C., Thomas, J. W., Mandl, M., and Morgan, N., 1977, Acquired chronic candidiasis treated with transfer factor, Br. J. Dermatol. 97: 87–91.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blizzard, R. M., and Gibbs, J. H., 1968, Candidiasis: Studies pertaining to its association with endocrinopathies and pernicious anemia, Pediatrics 42: 231–237.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buckley, R. H., Lucas, Z. J., Hattler, B. G., Zmijewski, C. M., and Amos, D. B., 1968, Defective cellular immunity associated with chronic mucocutaneous monilisis and recurrent staphylococcal botryomycosis: Immunological reconstitution by allogeneic bone marrow, Clin. Exp. Jmmunol. 3: 153–169.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess, M. S., and Bodey, G. P., 1972, Clotrimazole (Bay b 5097): In vitro and clinical pharmacologic studies, Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2: 423–426.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canales, L., Middlemas, R. O., Louro, J. M., and South, M. A., 1969, Immunological observations in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Lancet 2: 567–571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cawson, R. A., 1966, Chronic oral candidasis, denture stomatitis, and chronic hyperplastic candidosis, in: Symposium on Candida Infections ( H. I. Winner and R. Hurley, eds.), pp. 138–152, Willims and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, S. W., and Kirkpatrick, C. H., 1978, The two-step leukocyte migration inhibition factor (LIF) assay. Its use in evaluation of cellular immune function in patients with immunodeficiency disease, Cell. Jmmunol. 37: 209–220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chilgren, R. A., Quie, P. G., Meuwissen, H. J., and Hong, R., 1967, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, deficiency of delayed hypersensitivity, and selective local antibody defect, Lancet 2: 688–693.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, W. W., Fogel, B. J., Brown, W. T., and Kay, H. E. M., 1968, Foetal thymus transplant in a case of DiGeorge’s syndrome, Lancet 2: 1211–1214.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, R., Ruth, F. J., Delgado, E., Ahearn, D. G., and Kaiser, M. H., 1969, Fungal flora of the normal human small and large intestine, N. Engl. J. Med. 280: 638–641.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cutler, J. E., 1976, Acute systemic candidiasis in normal and congenitally thymic-deficient (nude) mice, J. Reticuloendothel. Soc. 19: 121–124.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeSousa, M., Cochran, R., Mackie, R., Parrott, D., and Arala-Chaves, M., 1976, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis treated with transfer factor, Br. J. Dermatol. 94: 79–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DiGeorge, A. M., 1968, Congenital absence of the thymus and its immunologic consequences: Concurrence with congenital hypoparathyroidism, Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. 4: 116–121.

    Google Scholar 

  • Djawari, D., Bischoff, T., and Hornstein, O. P., 1978, Impairment of chemotactic activity of microphages in chronic mucocutaneous candidosis, Arch. Derm. Res. 262: 247–253.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drew, J. H., 1973, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with abnormal function of serum complement, Med. J. Aust. 2: 77–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, J. E., Lehrer, R. I., Stiehm, E. R., Fischer, T. J., and Young, L. S., 1978, Severe candida infections: Clinical perspective, immune defense mechanisms and current concepts of therapy, Ann. Intern. Med. 89: 91–106.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feigen, R. D., Shackelford, P. G., Eisen, S., Spitler, L. E., Pickering, L. K., and Anderson, D. C., 1974, Treatment of mucocutaneous candidiasis with transfer factor, Pediatrics 53: 63–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, A., Ballet, J.-J., and Griscelli, C., 1978, Specific inhibition of in vitro Candida-induced lymphocyte proliferation by polysaccharide antigens present in the serum of patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, J. Clin. Invest. 62: 1005–1013.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folb, P. I., and Trounce, J. R., 1970, Immunological aspects of candida infection complicating steroid and immunosuppressive drug therapy, Lancet 2: 1112–1114.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freycon, F., Jeune, M., Larbre, F., and Germain, D., 1961, L’aplasie lymphoplasmocytaire du nourisson avec alymphocytose et hypogammaglobulinemie, J. Med. Lyon 42: 147–192.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gelfand, J. A., Hurley, D. L., Fauci, A. S., and Frank, M. M., 1978, The role of complement in host defense against experimental disseminated candidiasis, J. Infect. Dis. 138: 9–16.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Giger, D. K., Domer, J. E., Moser, S. A., and McQuitty, J. T., 1978, Experimental murine candidiasis: Pathological and immune responses in T-lymphocyte-depleted mice, Infect. Immun. 21: 729–737.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gitlin, D., and Craig, J. M., 1963, The thymus and other lymphoid tissues in congenital agammaglobulinemia. I. Thymic alymphoplasia and lymphocytic hypoplasia and their relation to infection, Pediatrics 32: 517–530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Glanzmann, E., and Riniker, P., 1950, Essentielle Lymphocytophthise: Ein neues Krankheitsbild aus der Säuglingspathologie, Ann. Paediatr. 175: 1–32.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Griscelli, C., Revillard, J. P., Betuel, H., Herzog, C., and Touraine, J. L., 1973, Transfer factor therapy in immuno-deficiencies, Biomedicine 18: 220–227.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Grob, P. J., Reymond, J.-F., Hacki, M. A., and Frey-Wettstein, M., 1976, Some physico-chemical and biological properties of a transfer factor preparation and its clinical application, in: Transfer Factor: Basic Properties and Clinical Applications ( M. S. Ascher, A. A. Gottlieb, and C. H. Kirkpatrick, eds.), pp. 247–258, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S., Kirkpatrick, C. H., and Good, R. A., 1979, Subpopulations of human T-lymphocytes. XI. T-cells with receptors for IgM and IgG and locomotion of Tand non-T-cells in peripheral blood from patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 14: 86–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hertz, K. C., Gazze, L. A., Kirkpatrick, C. H., and Katz, S. L, 1977, Autoimmune vitiligo. Detection on antibodies to melanin-producing cells, N. Engl. J. Med. 297: 634–637.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Higgs, J. M., and Wells, R. S., 1972, Chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis: Associated abnormalities of iron metabolism, Br. J. Dermatol. 86:88–102 (Suppl. 8 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Hitzig, W. H., and Grob, P. J., 1974, Therapeutic uses of transfer factor, Progr. Clin. Immunol. 2: 69–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hitzig, W. H., Fontanellaz, H. P., Miintener, U., Paul, S.. Spitler, L. E., and Fudenberg, H. H., 1972, Transfer factor. Immunologische Grundlagen und therapeutische Erfahrungen, Schweiz. Med. Wochenschr. 102: 1237–1244.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Holt, P. J. L., 1974, Immunological disorders of chronic candidiasis, in: Progress in Immunology II, Vol. 4 ( L. Brent and J. Holborow, eds.), pp. 368–370, North-Holland, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Imperato, P. J., Buckley, C. E., and Callaway, J. L., 1968, Candida granuloma. A clinical and immunologic study, Arch. Dermatol. 97: 139–146.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ipp, M. M., Boxall, L., and Gelfand, E. W., 1977, Clotrimazole. Intermittent therapy in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Am. J. Dis. Child. 131: 305–307.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaffe, S., Petigrow, C. S., Cahill, L. T., Perlman, D., Molosok, R. E., Hirschhorn, K., and Papageorgiou, P. S., 1975, Variable cell-mediated immune defects in a family with candida endocrinopathy syndrome, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 20: 397–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapica, L., and Blank, F., 1957, Growth of Candida albi-cans on keratin as sole source of nitrogen, Dermatologica 115: 81–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, C. H., and Ailing, D. W., 1978, Treatment of chronic oral candidiasis with clotrimazole troches, N. Engl. J. Med. 299: 1201–1203.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, C. H., and Gallin, J. I., 1975, Suppression of cellular immune responses following transfer factor: Report of a case, Cell. Immunol. 15: 470–474.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, C. H., and Greenberg, L. E., 1979, Treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with transfer factor, in: Immune Regulators in Transfer Factor ( A. Kahn, C. H. Kirkpatrick, and N. O. Hill, eds.), pp. 547–562, Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, C. H., and Smith, T. K., 1974, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis. Immunologic and antibiotic therapy, Ann. Intern. Med. 80: 310–320.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, C. H., and Windhorst, D. B., 1979, Mucocutaneous candidiasis and thymoma, Am. J. Med. 66: 939–945.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, C. H., Peterson, E. A., and Alling, D. W., 1980, Treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with ketoconazole: Preliminary results of a controlled, double blind clinical trial, Rev. Infect. Dis. (in press.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, C. H., Peterson, E. A., and Alling, D. W., 1980, Treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with ketoconazole: Preliminary results of a controlled, double blind clinical trial, Rev. Infect. Dis. (in press.)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, C. H., Rich, R. R., and Bennett, J. E., 197la, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis: Model-building in cellular immunity, Ann. Int. Med. 74: 955–978.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, C. H., Rich, R. R., Graw, R. G., Smith, T. K., Mickenberg, I. D., and Rogentine, G. N., 1971b, Treatment of chronic mucocutaneous moniliasis by immunologic reconstitution, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 9: 733–748.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, C. H., Rich, R. R., and Smith, T. K., 1972, Effect of transfer factor on lymphocyte function in anergic patients, J. Clin. Invest. 51: 2948–2958.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, C. H., Ottesen, E. A., Smith, T. K., Wells, S. A., and Burdick, J. F., 1976, Reconstitution of defective cellular immunity with foetal thymus and dialysable transfer factor. Long term studies in a patient with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 23: 414–428.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkpatrick, C. H., Greenberg, L. E., Chapman, S. W., Goldstein, G., Lewis, V. M., and Twomey, J. J., 1978, Plasma thymic hormone activity in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 34: 311–317.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kretschmer, R., Say, D., Brown, D., and Rosen, F. S., 1968, Congenital aplasia of the thymus gland, N. Engl. J. Med. 279: 1295–1301.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawton, J. W. M., Costello, C., Barclay, G. R., Urbaniak, S. J., Darg, C., Raeburn, J. A., Uttley, W. S., and Kay, A. B., 1976, The effect of transfer factor on neutrophil function chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Br. J. Haematol. 33: 137–142.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehner, T., 1964, Chronic candidiasis, Tr. St. Johns Hosp. Dermatol. Soc. 50: 80–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehner, T., 1966, Classification and clinico-pathological features of candida infections of the mouth, in: Symposium on Candida Infections ( H. I. Winner and R. Hurley, eds.), pp. 119–136, Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lehner, T., Wilton, J. M. A., and Ivanyi, L., 1972, Immunodeficiencies in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Immunology 22: 775–787.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lehrer, R. I., and Cline, M. J., 1969, Leukocyte myeloperoxidase deficiency and disseminated candidiasis: The role of myeloperoxidase in resistance to Candida infection, J. Clin. Invest. 48: 1478–1488.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leikin, S., Parrott, R., and Randolph, J., 1976, Clotrimazole treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, J. Pediatr. 88: 864–866.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levy, R. L., Huang, S. W., Bach, M. L., Bach, F. H., Hong, R., Ammann, A. J., Bortin, M., and Kay, H. E. M., 1971, Thymic transplantation in a case of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Lancet 2: 898–900.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Littman, B. H., Rocklin, R. E., Parkman, R., and David, J. R., 1978, Transfer factor treatment of chronic muco-cutaneous candidiasis: Requirement for donor reactivity to candida antigen, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 9: 97–110.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louria, D. B., 1967, Deep-seated mycotic infections, allergy to fungi and mycotoxins. N. Engl. J. Med. 277: 1065–1071.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Louria, D. B., Shannon, D., Johnson, G., Caroline, L., Okas, A., and Taschdjian, C., 1967, The susceptibility to moniliasis in children with endocrine hypofunction, Tr. Assoc. Am. Physicians 80: 236–248.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lucky, A. W., Rebar, R. W. Blizzard, R. M., and Goren, E. M., 1977, Pubertal progression in the presence of elevated serum gonadotropins in girls with multiple endocrine deficiencies, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 45: 673–678.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marwin, R. M., 1949, Relative incidence of Candida albi-cans on the skins of persons with and without skin disease, J. Invest. Dermatol. 12: 229–241.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meade, R. H., 1977, Treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Ann. Int. Med. 86: 314–315.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montes, L. F., Cooper, M. D., Bradford, L. G., Lauderdale, R. O., and Taylor, C. D., 1971, Prolonged oral treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with amphotericin B, Arch. Dermatol. 104: 45–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Montes, L. F., Soto, T. G., Parker, J. M., and Ramer, G. N., 1976, Clotrimazole troches: A new therapeutic approach to oral candidiasis, Cutis 17: 277–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nezelof, C., 1968, Thymic dysplasia with normal immunoglobulins and immunologic deficiency: Pure alymphocytosis, Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. 4: 104–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilsby, I., and Norden, H., 1949, Studies on the occurrence of Candida albicans, Acta. Med. Scand. 133: 340345.

    Google Scholar 

  • Okamoto, G. A., Hall, J. G., Ochs, H., Jackson, C., Rod-away, K., and Chandler, J., 1977, New syndrome of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. 13: 117–125.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pabst, H. F., and Swanson, R., 1972, Successful treatment of candidiasis with transfer factor, Br. Med. J. 2: 442–443.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, P. Y., Semo, R., Blumenschein, G., and Swelstad, J., 1971, Mucocutaneous candidiasis, anergy and a plasma inhibitor of cellular immunity: Reversal with amphotericin B, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 9: 595–602.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, T. L., and Wuepper, K. D., 1976, Activation of the alternative (properdin) pathway of complement by Candida albicans and related species, J. Invest. Dermatol. 67: 700–703.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ray, T. L., and Wuepper, K. D., 1978, Experimental cutaneous candidiasis in rodents. II. Role of the stratum corneum barrier and serum complement as a mediator of a protective inflammatory response, Arch. Dermatol. 114: 539–543.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Richman, R. A., Rosenthal, I. M., Solomon, L. M., and Karachorlu, K. V., 1975, Candidiasis and multiple endocrinopathy, Arch. Dermatol. 111: 625–627.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocklin, R. E., 1973, Production of migration inhibitory factor by non-dividing lymphocytes, J. Immunol. 110: 674–678.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rocklin, R. E., Chilgren, R. A., Hong, R., and David, J. R., 1970, Transfer of cellular hypersensitivity in chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis monitored in vivo and in vitro, Cell. Immunol. 1: 290–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulkind, M. D., and Ayoub, E. M., 1975, Transfer factor as an approach to the treatment of immune deficiency disease, Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. 11: 436–440.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schulkind, M. L., Adler, W. H., Altemeier, W. A., and Ayoub, E. M., 1972, Transfer factor in the treatment of a case of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Cell. Immunol. 3: 606–615.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shama, S. K., and Kirkpatrick, C. H., 1980, Dermatophytosis in patients with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 2: 285–294.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Snyderman, R., Altman, L. C., Frankel, A., and Blaese, R. M., 1973, Defective mononuclear leukocyte chemotaxis: A previously unrecognized immune dysfunction, Ann. Intern. Med. 78: 509–513.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sohnle, P. G., and Kirkpatrick, C. H., 1978, Epidermal proliferation in the defense against experimental cutaneous candidiasis, J. Invest. Dermatol. 70: 130–133.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sohnle, P. G., Frank, M. M., and Kirkpatrick, C. H., 1976a, Deposition of complement components in the cutaneous lesions of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Clin. Immunol. Immunopathol. 5: 340–350.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sohnle, P. G., Frank, M. M., and Kirkpatrick, C. H., 1976h, Mechanisms involved in elimination of organisms from experimental cutaneous Candida albicans infections in guinea pigs, J. Immunol. 117: 523–530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spitler, L. E., Levin, A. S., and Fundenberg, H. H., 1975, Transfer factor II: Results of therapy, Birth Defects Orig. Art. Ser. 11: 449–455.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stobo, J. D., Paul, S., Van Scoy, R. E., and Heremans, P. E., 1976, Suppressor thymus-derived lymphocytes in fungal infection, J. Clin. Invest. 57: 319–328.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Takeya, K., Nomoto, K., Matsumoto, T., Miyake, T., and Himeno, K., 1976, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis accompanied by enhanced antibody production, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 25: 497–500.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Twomey, J. J., Waddell, C. C., Krantz, S., O’Reilly, R., L’Esperance, P., and Good, R. A., 1975, Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with macrophage dysfunction, a plasma inhibitor, an co-existent aplastic anemia, J. Lab. Clin. Med. 85: 968–977.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valdimarsson, H., Moss, P. D., Holt, P. J. L., and Hobbs, J. R., 1972a, Treatment of chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis with leukocytes from HLA compatible sibling, Lancet 1: 469–472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valdimarsson, H., Wood, C. B. S., Hobbs, J. R., and Holt, P. J. L., 19726, Immunological features in a case of chronic granulomatous candidiasis and its treatment with transfer factor, Clin. Exp. Immunol. 11: 151–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valdimarsson, H., Higgs, J. M., Wells, R. S., Yamamura, M., Hobbs, J. R., and Holt, P. J. L., 1973, Immune abnormalities associated with chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, Cell. Immunol. 6: 348–361.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Scoy, R. E., Hill, H. R., Ritts, R. E., and Quie, P. G., 1975, Familial neutrophil chemotaxis defect, recurrent bacterial infections, mucocutaneous candidiasis and hyperimmunoglobulin E, Ann. Intern. Med. 82: 766–771.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waldmann, T. A., Blaese, R. M., Broder, S., and Krakauer, R. S., 1978, Disorders of suppressor immunoregulatory cells in the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency and autoimmunity, Ann. Intern. Med. 88: 226–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wara, D. W., and Ammann, A. J., 1978, Thymosin treatment of children with primary immunodeficiency disease, Transplant. Proc. 10: 203–209.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, R. S., Higgs, J. M., MacDonald, A., Valdimarsson, H., and Holt, P. J. L., 1972, Familial chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis, J. Med. Genet. 9: 302–310.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wright, D. G., Kirkpatrick, C. H., and Gallin, J. I., 1977, Effects of levamisole on normal and abnormal leukocyte locomotion, J. Clin. Invest. 59: 941–950.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Clinical Investigation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, 20014, USA

    Charles H. Kirkpatrick

  2. Department of Medicine, The Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 53201, USA

    Peter G. Sohnle

Authors
  1. Charles H. Kirkpatrick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Peter G. Sohnle
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA

    Bijan Safai M.D.  & Robert A. Good Ph.D., M.D.  & 

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1981 Plenum Publishing Corporation

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kirkpatrick, C.H., Sohnle, P.G. (1981). Chronic Mucocutaneous Candidiasis. In: Safai, B., Good, R.A. (eds) Immunodermatology. Comprehensive Immunology, vol 7. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7228-2_34

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7228-2_34

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7230-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7228-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation