Skip to main content

Oral Contraceptives and Nutrient Requirements

  • Chapter
Nutrition and the Adult

Part of the book series: Human Nutrition ((HUNU,volume 3B))

Abstract

The last twenty years have witnessed the development, introduction, and worldwide acceptance of oral antiovulatory drugs. The implications of this phenomenon have been enormous. Never before has a population amounting to many millions of women of childbearing age been voluntarily subjected to a treatment with drugs which, in addition to their primary action in preventing fertilization, have resulted in many, often undesirable, side effects.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Adams, J. H., Mitchell, R. A., and Soppitt, G. D., 1970, Effect of oral contraceptives on lipoprotein lipase activity and platelet stickiness, Lancet 2: 333.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams, P. W., Wynn, V., Folkard, J., and Seed, M., 1976, Influence of oral contraceptives, pyridoxine and tryptophan on carbohydrate metabolism, Lancet 1: 759.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aftergood, L., Alexander, A. R., and Alfin-Slater, R. B., 1975, Effect of oral contraceptives on plasma lipoproteins, cholesterol and a-tocopherol levels in young women, Nutr. Rep. Int 11: 295.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aly, H. E., Donald, E. A., and Simpson, M. H. W., 1971, Oral contraceptives and vitamin B6 metabolism, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 24: 297.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, P., 1973, Contraceptive steroids: Modifications of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, Metabolism 22: 841.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, P., 1975, Alterations of lipid metabolism by contraceptive steroids, J. Steroid Biochem. 6: 957.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Beck, P., and Wells, S. A., 1969, Comparison of the mechanisms underlying carbohydrate intolerance in subclinical diabetic women during pregnancy and during post-partum oral contraceptive steroid treatment, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 29: 807.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belavady, B., Krishnamurthi, D., Mohiuddin, S. M., and Rao, P. V., 1973, Metabolic effects of oral contraceptives in monkeys fed adequate protein and low protein diets, Indian J. Exp. Biol 11: 15.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bianchine, J. R., Bonnlander, B., Macaraeg, P. V. J., Hersey, R., Bianchine, J. W., and McIntyre, P. A., 1969, Serum vitamin B12 binding capacity and oral contraceptives, J. Clin. Endocrinol 29: 1425.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Binge, A. S., and Benoit, P. S., 1973, Oral contraceptives: Therapeutics versus adverse reactions with an outlook for the future, J. Pharm. Sci 62: 349.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boots, L., Cornwell, P. E., and Beck, L. R., 1975, Effect of ethynodiol diacetate and mestranol on serum folic acid and vitamin B12 levels and on tryptophan metabolism in baboons, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 354.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boots, L. R., Cornwell, P. E., and Beck, L. R., 1976, Circadian and menstrual cycle variations in serum ascorbic acid levels in baboons, J. Nutr 106: 329.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Boyd, E. M., 1934, The lipemia of pregnancy, J. Clin. Invest 13: 347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Braidman, J. P., and Rose, D. P., 1971, Effects of sex hormones on three glucocorticoid-inducible enzymes concerned with amino-acid metabolism in rat liver, Endocrinology 89: 1250.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M., 1973, Blood platelet biochemistry in women receiving steroid contraceptives, Hae-matologia 7: 347.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M 1974, Effect of some contraceptive steroids on serum proteins of women, Excerpta Med. Sect. 3 31:52.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M. H., and Briggs, M., 1970, Contraceptives and serum proteins, Br. Med. J 3: 521.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M., and Briggs, M., 1972a, Endocrine effects on serum vitamin B12, Lancet 2: 1037.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M., and Briggs, M., 1972b, Vitamin C requirements and oral contraceptives, Nature 238: 277.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M., and Briggs, M., 1973a, Effects of some contraceptive steroids on serum proteins of women, Biochem. Pharmacol. 22:2277.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M., and Briggs, M., 1973b, Vitamin C and colds, Lancet 1: 998.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M. H., and Briggs, M., 1974, Vitamin D hormones: Part 2, Med. J. Aust 1: 891.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M. H., and Briggs, M., 1975, Thiamine status and oral contraceptives, Contraception 11: 151.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M., and Briggs, M., 1976, Vitamin E status and oral contraceptives, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M., Austin, J., and Staniford, M., 1970a, Oral contraceptives and copper metabolism, Nature 225: 81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M. H., Pitchford, A. G., Staniford, M., Barker, H. M., and Taylor, D., 1970b, Metabolic effects of steroid contraceptives, Adv. Steroid Biochem. Pharmacol. 2: 111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Briggs, M., Briggs, M., and Bennun, M., 1972, Steroid contraceptives and plasma carotenoids, Contraception 6: 275.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. R., Thornton, M. J., and Price, J. M., 1961, The effect of vitamin supplementation on the urinary secretion of tryptophan metabolites by pregnant women, J. Clin. Invest 40: 617.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, R. R., Rose, D. P., Leklem, J. E., Linkswiler, H., and Anand, R., 1975, Urinary and pyridoxic acid, plasma pyridoxal phosphate, and erythrocyte amino-transferase levels in oral contraceptive users receiving controlled intakes of vitamin Bs, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 10.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burrows, S., and Pekala, B., 1971, Serum copper and ceruloplasmin in pregnancy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 109: 907.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burton, J. L., 1967, Effect of oral contraceptives on Hb, packed cell volume, serum Fe and total iron-binding capacity in healthy women, Lancet 1: 979.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterworth, C. E., Jr., Baugh, C. M., and Krumdieck, C., 1969, Availability to man to folate ingested in polyglutamate form, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 22: 670.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterworth, C. E., Jr., Krumdieck, C. L., Stinson, H. N., and Cornwell, P. E., 1975, A study of the effect of oral contraceptive agents on the absorption, metabolic conversion and urinary excretion of a naturally-occurring folate, Ala. J. Med. Sci 12: 330.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Caniggia, A., Gennari, C., Borello, G., Bencini, M., Cesari, L., Poggi, C., and Escobar, S., 1970, Intestinal absorption of calcium-47 after treatment with oral estrogen-gestogens in senile osteoporosis, Br. Med. J 4: 30.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carruthers, M. E., Hobbs, C. B., and Warren, R. L., 1966, Raised serum copper and ceruloplasmin levels in subjects taking oral contraceptives, J. Clin. Pathol 19: 498.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho, D., and Daftary, V. G., 1959, Calcium and phosphorus in maternal blood during pregnancy, Indian J. Med. Sci 13: 110.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castren, O. M., and Rossi, R. R., 1970, Effect of oral contraceptives on serum folic acid, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw 77: 548.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clemetson, C. A. B., 1968, Ceruloplasmin and green plasma, Lancet 2: 1037.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DaCosta, M., and Rothenberg, S. P., 1974, Appearance of a folate binder in leukocytes and serum of women who are pregnant or taking oral contraceptives, J. Lab. Clin. Med 83: 207.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, M. E., Lanzl, L. H., and Strandjord, N. M., 1966, Estrogens and the aging process, J.Am. Med. Assoc 196: 219.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Davis, R. A., and Kern, F., Jr., 1974, Effect of ethinyl estradiol and bile salt on cholesterol secretion: A possible mechanism of gallbladder disease, Clin. Res 22: 356A.

    Google Scholar 

  • DeAlvarez, R. R., Jahed, F. M., and Spitalny, K. J., 1973, The influence of oral contraceptive steroids on serum lipids, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 116: 727.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DeMerre, L. J., Gilbreath, E. B., and Pattison, D. S., 1969, Contraceptive effects on the glycogen content of blood and menstrual discharge, Obstet. Gynecol 33: 200.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerman, H. W., 1971, The role of folate coenzymes in the initiation of protein synthesis, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 186: 70.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DiPaola, G., Puchulu, F., Robin, M., Nicholson, R., and Marti, M., 1968, Oral contraceptives and carbohydrate metabolism, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 101: 206.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doberenz, A. R., Van Miller, J. P., Green, J. R., and Beaton, J. R., 1971, Vitamin BB depletion in women using oral contraceptives as determined by erythrocyte glutamic-pyruvic transaminase activities, Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med 137: 1100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dodds, M. L., 1969, Sex as a factor in blood levels of ascorbic acid, J. Am. Diet. Assoc 54: 32.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Durber, S. M., Lawson, J., and Daly, J. R., 1976, The effect of OC on plasma cortisol and cortisol-binding capacity throughout the menstrual cycle in normal women, Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. 83: 814.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elgee, N. J., 1970, Medical aspects of oral contraceptives, Ann. Intern. Med 72: 409.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gal, J., 1975, Steroidal contraceptive therapy: Hepatomas and vitamin A, Lancet 1: 684.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gal, J., and Parkinson, C. E., 1973, Changes in serum vitamin A levels during and after oral contraceptive therapy, Contraception 8: 13.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gal, J., Parkinson, C., and Craft, J., 1971, Effects of oral contraceptives on human plasma vitamin A levels, Br. Med. J 2: 436.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gerhards, E., Lachnil, U., Gaude, R., and Schillinger, E., 1973, Metabolic effects of a combination of 11-norgestrel and ethinylestradiol in humans, Arzneim. Forsch 23: 779.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gershberg, H., 1970, Effect of oral contraceptives on blood lipids, J . Reprod. Med. 5: 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gershberg, H., Hulse, M., and Galler, M., 1976, Serum lipid changes during contraceptive administration in obese women—relation to serum insulin levels, J . Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 43: 861.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gershoff, S. N., and Prien, E. L., 1967, Effect of daily MgO and vitamin BB administration to patients with recurring calcium oxalate kidney stones, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 20: 393.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gleichmann, W., Bachmann, G. W., Dengler, H. J., and Dudeck, J., 1973, Effects of hormonal contraceptives and pregnancy on serum protein pattern, Eur J . Clin. Pharmacol 5: 218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guggenheim, K., and Segal, S., 1977, Oral contraceptives and riboflavin nutriture, Int. J. Vitam.Nutr. Res. 47: 234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, S. C., Sinha, M., Rajvanshi, V. S., Somant, V., and Indrayan, A., 1971, Effect of oral contraceptives on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, Indian J. Med. Res 59: 1712.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halsted, J. A., Hackley, B. M., and Smith, J. C., Jr., 1968, Plasma zinc and copper in pregnancy and after oral contraceptives, Lancet 2: 278.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ham, J. M., and Rose, R., 1969, Platelet adhesiveness and lipoprotein lipase activity in controls and in subjects taking oral contraceptives, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 105: 628.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamosh, M., and Hamosh, P., 1975, The effect of estrogen on the lipoprotein lipase activity of rat adipose tissue, J. Clin. Invest 55: 1132.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harris, A. B., Pillay, M., and Hussein, S., 1975, Vitamins and oral contraceptives, Lancet 2: 82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hauck, H. H., 1947, Plasma levels and urinary excretion of ascorbic acid in women during the menstrual cycle, J. Nutr 33: 511.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hazzard, W. R., Spiger, M. J., Bagdade, J. P., and Bierman, E. L., 1969, Studies on the mechanisms of increased plasma triglyceride levels induced by oral contraceptives, N. Engl. J. Med 280: 471.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hazzard, W. R., Notter, D. T., Spiger, M. J., and Bierman, E. L., 1972, Oral contraceptives and triglyceride transport, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 35: 425.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Herzberg, B. N., Johnson, A. L., and Brown, S., 1970, Depressive symptoms and oral contraceptives, Br. Med. J 4: 142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, F. M., King, J. C., and Margen, S., 1977, Zinc excretion in young women on low zinc intakes and oral contraceptive agents, J. Nutr 107: 1610.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hetland, O., and Brubakk, E., 1973, Diurnal variations in serum zinc concentrations, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest 32: 225.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hibbard, E. D., and Spencer, W. J., 1970, Low serum B12 levels and latent Addisonian anemia in pregnancy, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw 77: 52.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Honger, P. E., and Rossing, N., 1969, Albumin metabolism and oral contraceptives, Clin. Sci 36: 41.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horne, C. H. W., Houre, P. W., Weir, R. J., and Gaudie, R. B., 1970, Effect of oral contraceptives on serum levels of a2 macroglobulin, transferrin, albumin, and IgG, Lancet 1: 49.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Horwitt, M. K., Harvey, C. C., and Dahm, C. H., Jr., 1975, Relationship between levels of blood lipids, vitamins C, A and E, serum copper compounds and urinary excretions of tryptophan metabolites in women taking oral contraceptive therapy. Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobi, J. M., Powell, L. W., and Gaffney, T. J., 1969, Immunochemical quantitation of human transferrin in pregnancy and during administration of oral contraceptives, Br. J. Haematol 17: 503.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Javier, Z., Gershberg, H., and Hulse, M., 1968, Ovulatory suppressants, estrogens and carbohydrate metabolism, Metabolism 17: 443.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jefferys, D. B., and White, J. R., 1974, Influence of a combined OC upon rats fed low proteinhigh carbohydrate diets, Nutr. Metab 16: 155.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G. K., Greene, J. E., Hensley, G. T., and Soergel, K. H., 1973, Small intestinal disease, folate deficiency anemia and oral contraceptive agents, Am. J. Dig. Dis 18: 253.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, M. F. M., and Olson, R. E., 1972, Studies of prothrombin biosynthesis in cell-free systems III, J. Biol. Chem 247: 4001.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, D. E. D., Miranda, R., Wolfe, M., and Demers, L. M., 1978, Serum concentration of bile acids in relation to normal menstrual cycle, administration of OC and pregnancy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 130: 593.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joseph, J. C., Baker, C., Sprang, M. L., and Bermes, E. W., 1978, Changes in plasma proteins during pregnancy, Ann. Clin. Lab. Sci 8: 130.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joshi, U. M., Lahiri, A., Kora, S., Dikshit, S. S., and Virkar, K., 1975, Short-term effect of Ovral and Norgestrel on the vitamin B6 and B, status of women, Contraception 12: 425.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kekki, M., and Nikkilä, E. A., 1971, Plasma triglyceride turnover during use of oral contracep- tives, Metabolism 20: 878.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelso, D. R., 1974, Benign hepatomas and oral contraceptives, Lancet 1: 315.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kofoed, J. A., Blumenkrantz, N., Houssay, A. B., and Yamaguchi, E. Y., 1965, Cervical mucus and serum ascorbic and dehydroascorbic acid concentrations during the menstrual cycle, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 91: 95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotake, Y., Sotokawa, T., Murakami, E., Hisatake, A., Abe, M., and Ikeda, Y., 1968, Studies on the xanthurenic acid-insulin complex, J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 63: 578.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krauss, R. M., Lindgren, F. T., Wingerd, J., Ramcharan, S., and Bradley, D., 1978, Estrogen and progestin effects on high density lipoproteins. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc 55: 245A.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kudzma, D. J., Bradley, E. M., and Goldzieher, J. W., 1972, A metabolic balance study of the effects of an oral steroid contraceptive on weight and body composition, Contraception 5: 31.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuku, S., and Akinyanju, P. A., 1973, Fasting serum lipids and serum lipoprotein distribution during oral contraceptive therapy in Nigerians, J . Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw. 80: 750.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapin, L. P., and Oxenkrug, G. G., 1969, Intensification of the central serotoninergic processes as a possible determinant of the thymoleptic effect, Lancet 1: 132.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsson-Cohn, U., 1966, An appraisal of the clinical effect of three different oral contraceptive agents and their influence on transaminase activity, Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 45: 499.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Laurell, C. B., 1947, Studies on the transportation and metabolism of iron in the body, Acta Physiol. Scand. 14 (Suppl. 46): 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Laurence, P. H., and Sobel, A. E., 1953, Changes in serum vitamin A level during the human menstrual cycle, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 13: 1192.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrie, T. D. V., and Third, J. L. H. C., 1977, Diet, heredity and heart disease, Proc. Nutr. Soc 36: 69.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leklem, J. E., 1971, Quantitative aspects of tryptophan metabolism in humans and other species, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 24: 659.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leklem, J. E., Rose, D. P., and Brown, R. R., 1973, Effect of oral contraceptives on urinary metabolite excretions after administration of L-tryptophan or L-kynurenine sulfate, Metabolism 22: 1499.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leklem, J. E., Brown, R. R., Rose, D. P.,’Linkswiler, H., and Arend, R. A., 1975a, Metabolism of tryptophan and niacin in oral contraceptive users receiving controlled intakes of vitamin B6, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 146.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leklem, J. E., Brown, R. R., Rose, D. P., and Linkswiler, H. M., 1975b, Vitamin B6 requirements of women using oral contraceptives, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 535.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leklem, J. E., Linkswiler, H. M., Brown, R. R., Rose, D. P., and Anand, C. R., 1977, Metabolism of methionine in oral contraceptive users and control women receiving controlled intakes of vitamin Be, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 30: 1122.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, F. B., 1974, Folate deficiency due to oral contraceptives, Minn. Med 57: 945.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindenbaum, J., Whitehead, N., and Reyner, F., 1975, Oral contraceptive hormones, folate metabolism, and the cervical epithelium, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 346.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Linder, M. C., and Munro, H. N., 1973, Iron and co e per metabolism during development, Enzyme 15: 111.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu,. T. Y., and Lin, H. S., 1973, Effect of the contraceptive steroid norethynodrel and)I mestranol on dental caries adtivi.n vone adult female rats, J. Dent. Res. 52: 753.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Luhby, -EBrin, M., Gordon, M., Davis, P., Murphy, M., and Sp egeC, H., 1971, Vitamin Be metabolism in users of oral contraceptive agents, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 24:684.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lumeng, L., Cleary, R. E., and Li, T. K., 1974, Effect of oral contraceptives on the plasma concentration of pyridoxal phosphate, Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 27: 326.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, I., 1967, Physiological role of dietary carbohydrates, World Rev. Nutr. Diet 8: 143.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mardell, M., and Zilva, J., 1967, Effect of oral contraceptives on the variation in serum iron during the menstrual cycle, Lancet 2: 1323.

    Google Scholar 

  • Margen, S., and King, J. C., 1975, Effect of oral contraceptive agents on the metabolism of some trace minerals, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 392.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Markkanen, T., Virtanen, S., Pajula, R. L., and Himanen, P., 1974, Hormonal dependence of folic acid protein binding in human serum, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res 44: 81.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Matschiner, J. T., and Willingham, A. K., 1974, Influence of sex hormones on vitamin K deficiency and epoxidation of vitamin K in the rat, J. Nutr 104: 660.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mauvais-Jarvis, P., and Plouin, P. F., 1975, Perturbations du métabolisme glucidique provoquées par les stéroides contraceptifs, Nouv. Presse Méd 4: 341.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McLeroy, V. J., and Schendel, H. E., 1973, Influence of oral contraceptives on ascorbic acid concentration in healthy, sexually mature women, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 26: 191.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mears, E., and Grant, E. C. G., 1962, Anovlar as an oral contraceptive, Br. Med. J 2: 75.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mendenhall, H. W., 1970, Effect of oral contraceptives on serum protein concentration, Am. J.Obstet. Gynecol 106: 750.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mickelsen, O., Dippel, A. L., and Todd, R. L., 1943, Plasma vitamin C levels in women during the menstrual cycle, J. Clin. Endocrinol 3: 600.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, L. T., Johnson, A., Benson, E. M., and Woodring, M. J., 1975, Effect of oral contraceptives and pyridoxine on the metabolism of vitamin B6 and on plasma tryptophan and a-amino nitrogen, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 846.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Molitch, M. E., Oill, P., and Odell, W. D., 1974, Massive hyperlipemia during estrogen therapy, J . Am. Med. Assoc. 227: 522.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrison, A. S., Jick, H., and Ory, H. W., 1977, Oral contraceptives and hepatitis, Lancet 1: 1142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Necheles, T. F., and Snyder, L. M., 1970, Malabsorption of folate polyglutamates associated with oral contraceptive therapy, N. Engl. J. Med 282: 858.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nikkilä, E. A., 1972, Effect of drugs on plasma triglyceride metabolism, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol 26: 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olatunbosun, D. A., Adeniyi, F. A., and Adadevoh, B. K., 1973, The effect of oral contraceptives on serum copper levels in Nigerian women, J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Br. Commonw 80: 937.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olatunbosun, D. A., Adeniyi, F. A., and Adadevoh, B. K., 1974, Effect of oral contraceptives on serum Mg levels, Int. J. Fertil 19: 224.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, J. A., and Spellacy, W. N., 1969, Zinc and copper levels in pregnant women and those taking oral contraceptives, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 102: 131.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Malley, B. W., and Means, A. R., 1974, Female steroid hormones and target cell nuclei, Science 183: 610.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osaki, S., McDermott, J. A., and Frieden, E., 1964, Proof for the ascorbate oxidase activity of ceruloplasmin, J. Biol. Chem 239: 3570.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paine, C. J., Grafton, W. D., Dickson, V. L., and Eichner, E. R., 1975, Oral contraceptives, serum folate and hematologic status, J. Am. Med. Assoc 231: 731.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paton, A., 1969, Oral contraceptives and folate deficiency, Lancet 1: 418.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pertsemlidis, D., Panveliwalla, D., and Kimball, A., 1973, Effects of clofibrate and of oral contraceptives on biliary lipid composition and bile acid kinetics in man, Gastroenterology 64: 782.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pietarinen, G. J, Leichter, J., and Pratt, R. F., 1977, Dietary folate intake and concentration of folate in serum and erythrocytes in women using oral contraceptives, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 30: 375.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poller, L., Thomson, J. M., and Thomas, W., 1971, Estrogen/progestogen oral contraception and blood clotting: A long-term follow-up, Br. Med. J 4: 648.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Powell, L. W., Jacobi, J. M., Gaffney, T. J., and Adam, R., 1970, Failure of a pure progestogen contraceptive to affect serum levels of iron, transferrin, PB1 and transaminase, Br. Med. J 3: 194.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, A. S., Oberleas, D., Lei, K. Y., Moghissi, K. S., and Stryker, J. C., 1975a, Effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutrients I. Minerals, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 377.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prasad, A. S., Lei, K. Y., Oberleas, D., Moghissi, K. S., and Stryker, J. C., I975b, Effect of oral contraceptive agents on nutrients II. Vitamins, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 385.

    Google Scholar 

  • Price, J. M., Thornton, M. J., and Mueller, L. M., 1967, Tryptophan metabolism in women using steroid hormones for ovulation control, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 20: 452.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pulkkinen, M. O., and Willman, K., 1967, Oral contraceptives and phosphorus metabolism, Br. Med. J 2: 574.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reifenstein, E. C., and Albright, F., 1947, The metabolic effects of steroid hormones in osteoporosis, J. Clin. Invest 26: 24.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, J. M., 1975, Oral contraceptives and ascorbic acid, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 550.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rivers, J. M., and Devine, M. M., 1972, Plasma ascorbic acid concentrations and oral contraceptives, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 25: 684.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D. P., 1966a, The influence of estrogens on tryptophan metabolism in man, Clin. Sci 31: 265.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D. P., 1966b, Excretion of xanthurenic acid in the urine of women taking progestogenestrogen preparations, Nature 210: 196.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D. P., 1969, Oral contraceptives and depression, Lancet 2: 321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D. P., and Braidman, J. P., 1971, Excretion of tryptophan metabolites as affected by pregnancy, contraceptive steroids and steroid hormones, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 24: 673.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D. P., and McGinty, F., 1970, The effect of steroid hormones on tryptophan to nicotinic acid derivatives by women taking estrogen-progestogen preparations, Nature 219: 1259.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D. P., Brown, R. R., and Price, J. M., 1968, Metabolism of tryptophan to nicotinic acid derivatives by women taking oestrogen-progestogen preparations, Nature 219: 1259.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D. P., Strong, R., Adams, P. W., and Harding, P. E., 1972, Experimental vitamin BB deficiency and the effect of estrogen-containing oral contraceptives on tryptophan metabolism and vitamin B6 requirements, Clin. Sci 42: 465.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, D. P., Strong, R., Folkard, J., and Adams, P. W., 1973, Erythrocyte aminotransferase activities in women using oral contraceptives and the effect of vitamin BB supplementation, Am. J. Clin Nutr 26: 48.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rössner, S., Larsson-Cohn, U., Carlson, L. A., and Boberg, J., 1971, Effects of an oral contraceptive agent on plasma lipids, plasma lipoproteins the intravenous fat tolerance and the post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity, Acta Med. Scand 190: 301.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryser, J. E., Farquet, J. J., and Petite, J., 1971, Megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency in a young woman on oral contraceptives, Acta Haematol. 45: 319.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sachs, B. A., Wolfman, L., and Herzig, N., 1969, Plasma lipid and lipoprotein alterations during oral contraceptive administration, Obstet. Gynecol 34: 530.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanpitak, N., and Chayutimonkul, L., 1974, Oral contraceptives and riboflavin nutrition, Lancet 1: 836.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saroja, N., Mallikarjuneswara, V. R., and Clemetson, C. A. B., 1971, Effects of estrogen on ascorbic acid in plasma and blood vessels of guinea pigs, Contraception 3: 269.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schrogie, J. J., Solomon, H. M., and Zieve, P. D., 1967, Effect of oral contraceptives on vitamin K-dependent clotting activity, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther 8: 670.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seng, P., Hasche, H. H., Rebensburg, W., and Voigt, K. D., 1969, Systematic investigations on the influence of a contraceptive on some biochemical parameters of fat and carbohydrate metabolism, Acta Endocrinol. 62: 181.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seppälä, M., 1973, a-Fetoprotein in women taking OC, Int. J. Fertil 18: 206.

    Google Scholar 

  • Settlage, D. F., Nakamura, R. M., Davajan, V., Kharma, K., and Mishell, D. R., Jr. 1970, A quantitative anlysis of serum proteins during treatment with oral contraceptive steroids, Contraception 1: 101.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shane, B., and Contractor, S. F., 1975, Assessment of vitamin B6 status. Studies on pregnant women and oral contraceptive users, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 739.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shin, H. K., and Linkswiler, H. M., 1974. Tryptophan and methionine metabolism of adult females as affected by vitamin Bs deficiency, J. Nutr. 104: 1348.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shojania, A. M., 1969, Effect of oral contraceptives on vitamin B12 metabolism, Lancet 2: 932.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shojania, A. M., 1975, The effect of oral contraceptives on folate metabolism II, J. Lab. Clin. Med 85: 185.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shojania, A. M., and Hornady, G. J., 1973, Oral contraceptives and folate absorption, J. Lab. Clin. Med 82: 869.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shojania, A. M., Hornady, G., and Barnes, P. H., 1968, Oral concentraceptives and serum folate levels, Lancet 1: 1376.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shojania, A. M., Hornady, G., and Barnes, P. H., 1971, The effect of oral contraceptives on folate metabolism, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 111: 782.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, G. R., and Dale, E., 1972, Serum levels of P, Mg and Ca in women utilizing combinational oral or long-acting injectable progestational contraceptives, Fertil. Steril 23: 326.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Small, D. M., 1970, The formation of gallstones, Adv. Intern. Med 16: 243.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J. L., Goldsmith, G. A., and Lawrence, D., 1975, Effects of oral contraceptive steroids on vitamin and lipid levels in serum, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 28: 371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Solomon, D., Strummer, D., and Nair, P. P., 1972, Relationship between vitamin E and urinary excretion of ketosteroid fractions in cystic mastitis, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 203: 103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Song, C. S., Merkatz, J. R., Rifkind, A. B., Gillette, P. N., and Kappas, A., 1970, The influence of pregnancy and oral contraceptive steroids on the concentration of plasma proteins, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 108: 227.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spellacy, W. N., 1969, A review of carbohydrate metabolism and the oral contraceptives, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 104: 448.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spellacy, W. N., 1970, The effects of oral contraceptives on carbohydrate metabolism, J. Reprod. Med 5: 40.

    Google Scholar 

  • Spellacy, W. N., Buhi, W. C., Birk, S. A., and McCreary, S. A., 1973, Metabolic studies in women taking norethindrone for 6 months time, Fert. Steril 24: 419.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spellacy, W. N., Buhi, W. C., and Birk, S. A., 1975, Effects of norethindrone on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, Obstet. Gynecol 46: 560.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spray, G. H., 1968, Oral contraceptives and serum folate levels, Lancet 2: 110.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sprince, H., Lowy, R. S., Folsome, C. E., and Behrman, J. S., 1951, Studies on the urinary excretion of “anthurenic acid” during normal and abnormal pregnancy, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 62: 84.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stebbins, R., Scott, J., and Herbert, V., 1973, Drug-induced megaloblastic anemias, Semin. Hematol 10: 235.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stephens, M. E. M., Craft, J., Peters, J., and Hoffbrand, A. V., 1972, Oral contraceptives and folate absorption, Clin. Sci 42: 405.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stovin, V., and Macdonald, I., 1973, Some effects of diet with oral contraceptives on carbohydrate: Lipid metabolism, Proc. Nutr. Soc 32: 34A.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Streiff, R. R., 1970, Folate deficiency and oral contraceptives, J. Am. Med. Assoc 214: 105.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tabacchi, M. H., and Kirksey, A., 1973, Influence of dietary lipids on plasma and hepatic lipids and on blood clotting properties in rats fed oral contraceptives, J. Nutr 103: 1270.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tangney, C. C., and Driskell, J. A., 1977, Vitamin E status of young women on combined oral contraceptives, Fed. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol 36: 1094.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thin, C. G., 1971, The effect of an oral contraceptive agent on the concentration of calcium and magnesium in plasma, erythrocytes and platelets in women, Am. Clin. Res 3: 103.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vandelli, J., 1951, The use of vitamin BB (pyridoxine) for suppressing the elimination of xanthurenic acid in pregnant and non-pregnant women following the oral intake of a measured quantity of tryptophan, Acta Vitaminol. 5: 55.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vermeulen, A., Daneels, R., and Thiery, M., 1970, Effects of oral contraceptives on carbohydrate metabolism, Diabetologia 6: 519.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Virkar, K., Barsivala, V., and Kulkarni, R. D., 1974, Correlation of clinical parameters with glucose tolerance tests in women taking oral contraceptives, Fert. Steril 25: 569.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wada, H., and Snell, E. E., 1961, The enzymatic oxidation of pyridoxine and pyridoxamine phosphates, J. Biol. Chem 236: 2089.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wertalik, L. F., Metz, E. N., LoBuglio, A. F., and Balcerzak, S. P., 1972, Decreased serum B levels with oral contraceptive use, J. Am. Med. Assoc 221: 1371.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wild, J., Schorah, C. J., and Smithells, R. W., 1974, Vitamin A, pregnancy, and oral contraceptives, Br. Med. J 1: 57.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Winston, F., 1969, OC and depression, Lancet 2: 1209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolf, H., Brown, R. R., Price, J. M., and Madsen, P. O., 1970, Studies on tryptophan metabolism in male subjects treated with female sex hormones, J. Clin. Endocrinol 31: 397.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wood, J. K., Goldstone, A. H., and Allan, N. C., 1972, Folic acid and the pill, Scand. J. Haematol 9: 539.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn, V., and Doar, J. W. H., 1966, Some effects of oral contraceptives on carbohydrate metabolism, Lancet 2: 715

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn, V., and Doar, J. W. H., 1969, Some effects of oral contraceptives on carbohydrate metabolism, Lancet 2: 761.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn, V., Adams, P. W., Folkard, J., and Seed, M., 1975, Tryptophan, depression and steroidal contraception, J. Steroid Biochem. 6: 965.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, M. G., and Mickelsen, O., 1971, Functional and compositional bone change of rats fed the oral contraceptive steroids mestranol and norethynodrel, Nutr. Rep. Int 3: 247.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, D. L., 1974, Effects of oral contraceptives on vitamin A metabolism in the human and the rat, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 27: 125.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yeung, D. L., 1976, Relationship between cigarette smoking, OC and plasma vitamins A, E and C and triglycerides and cholesterol, Am. J. Clin. Nutr 29: 1216.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zilva, J. F., 1969, Oral contraceptives and blood iron, Lancet 2: 847.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zinnerman, H. H., Seal, U. S., and Doe, R. P., 1967, Urinary amino acids in pregnancy, following progesterone and estrogen-progesterone, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab 27: 397.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1980 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Aftergood, L., Alfin-Slater, R.B. (1980). Oral Contraceptives and Nutrient Requirements. In: Alfin-Slater, R.B., Kritchevsky, D. (eds) Nutrition and the Adult. Human Nutrition, vol 3B. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7216-9_10

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-7216-9_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-7218-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-7216-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics