Abstract
In this and the following chapter we shall deal with the endopterygote insects-those that have a distinct pupal instar in which the insect undergoes a drastic metamorphosis from the larval to the adult form. As noted in Chapter 2, considerable difficulty has arisen in deciding whether endopterygote orders are monophyletic or polyphyletic. Five orders, Mecoptera, Trichoptera, Lepidoptera, Diptera, and Siphonaptera, show clear affinities which enable them to be grouped together as the panorpoid complex. The remaining orders, Megaloptera, Raphidioptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera, Hymenoptera, and Strepsiptera show few affinities with the panorpoid group.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literature
Byers, G. W., 1954, Notes on North American Mecoptera, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 47: 484–510.
Byers, G. W., 1963, The life history of Panorpa nuptialis (Mecoptera: Panorpidae), Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 56: 142–149.
Carpenter, F. M., 1931, The biology of the Mecoptera, Psyche 38: 41–55.
Hinton, H. E., 1958, The phylogeny of the panorpoid orders, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 3:181–206. Setty, L. R., 1940, Biology and morphology of some North American Bittacidae, Am. Midl. Nat. 23: 257–353.
Betten, C., 1934, The caddisflies or Trichoptera of New York State, Bull. N.Y. State Mus. 292:576 PP.
Denning, D. G., 1956, Trichoptera, in: Aquatic insects of California ( R. L. Usinger, ed.), University of California Press, Berkeley.
Hickin, N. E., 1946, Larvae of the British Trichoptera, Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London 97: 187–212.
Hickin, N. E., 1949, Pupae of British Trichoptera, Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London 100: 275–289.
Hickin, N. E., 1967, Caddis Larvae, Hutchinson, London.
Ross, H. H., 1956, Evolution and Classification of the Mountain Caddisflies, University of Illinois Press, Urbana.
Ross, H. H., 1959, Trichoptera, in: Freshwater Biology ( W. T. Edmondson, ed.), Wiley, New York.
Ross, H. H., 1964, Evolution of caddisworm cases and nets, Am. Zool. 4: 209–220.
Ross, H. H., 1967, The evolution and past dispersal of the Trichoptera, Annu. Rev. Entomol.
12:169–206.
Tillyard, R. J., 1935, The evolution of the scorpion-flies and their derivatives, Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 28: 1–45.
Wiggins, G. B., 1977, Larvae of the North American Caddisfly Genera (Trichoptera), University of Toronto Press, Toronto.
Brock, J. P., 1971, A contribution towards an understanding of the morphology and phylogeny of the Ditrysian Lepidoptera, J. Nat. Hist. 5: 29–102.
Clark, A. H., 1932, The butterflies of the District of Columbia and vicinity, Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. 137: 337 pp.
Common, I. F. B., 1970, Lepidoptera, in: The Insects of Australia ( I. M. Mackerras, ed.), Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria.
Common, I. F. B., 1975, Evolution and classification of the Lepidoptera, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 20: 183–203.
Dominick. R. B., Edwards, C. R., Ferguson, D. C., Franclemont, J. G., Hodges, R. W., and Munroe, E.G. (eds.), 1971-, The Moths of America North of Mexico, Classey Hampton, Middlesex.
Ehrlich, P. R., 1958, The comparative morphology, phylogeny and higher classification of the
butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea), Univ. Kans. Sci. Bull. 39: 305–370.
Ehrlich, P. R., and Ehrlich, A. H., 1961, How to Know the Butterflies, Brown, Dubuque, Iowa. Ford, E. B., 1945, Butterflies, Collins, London.
Ford, E. B., 1972, Moths, 3rd ed., Collins, London.
Hinton, H. E., 1946, On the homology and nomenclature of the setae of lepidopterous larvae, with some notes on the phylogeny of the Lepidoptera, Trans. R. Entomol. Soc. London 97: 1–37.
Hinton, H. E., 1952, The structure of the larval prolegs of the Lepidoptera and their value in the classification of the major groups, Lepid. News 6: 1–6.
Holland, W. J., 1968, The Moth Book, Dover, New York.
Borror, D. J., Delong, D. M., and Triplehorn, C. A., 1976, An Introduction to the Study of Insects, 4th ed., Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York.
Cole, F. R., and Schlinger, E. I., 1969, The Flies of Western North America, University of California Press, Berkeley.
Colless, D. H., and McAlpine, J. F., 1970, Diptera, in: The Insects of Australia ( I. M. Mackerras, ed.), Melbourne University Press, Carlton, Victoria.
Colyer, C. N., and Hammond, C. 0., 1951, Flies of the British Isles, Warne, London.
Oldroyd, H., 1949, Diptera: Introduction and key to families, R. Entomol. Soc. Handb. Ident. Br. Insects 9 (1): 49 pp.
Oldroyd, H., 1964, The Natural History of Flies, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. Rohdendorf, B., 1974, The Historical Development of Diptera, University of Alberta Press, Edmonton.
Askew, R. R., 1971, Parasitic Insects, American Elsevier, New York.
Ewing, H. E., and Fox, I., 1943, The fleas of North America, U.S. Dep. Agric., Misc. Publ. 500: 142 pp.
Hinton, H. E., 1958, The phylogeny of the panorpoid orders, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 3:181–206. Holland, G. P., 1964, Evolution, classification, and host relationships of Siphonaptera, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 9: 123–146.
Rothschild, M., 1975, Recent advances in our knowledge of the order Siphonaptera, Annu. Rev. Entomol. 20: 241–259.
Rothschild, M., and Clay, T., 1952, Fleas, Flukes and Cuckoos: A Study of Bird Parasites, Collins, London.
Smit, F. G. A. M. 1957, Siphonaptera, R. Entomol. Soc. Handb. Ident. Br. Insects 1 (16): 94 pp.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1980 Plenum Press, New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Gillott, C. (1980). The Panorpoid Orders. In: Entomology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6915-2_9
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6915-2_9
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6917-6
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6915-2
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive