Skip to main content

Longitudinal Changes in Cognition

  • Chapter
Dementia
  • 421 Accesses

Abstract

The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, rises steeply with age (Pfeffer et al., 1987; Evans et al.,1990). Since life expectancy is increasing, the number of patients with dementia and AD will correspondingly increase.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn, APA, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arriagada, P.V., Growdon, E.T., Hedley-Whyte, E.T. et al. (1991) Immunohistochemical study of Alzheimer pathology in patients with known severity and duration of illness. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts, 17, 351.

    Google Scholar 

  • Becker, J.T., Huff, F.J., Nebes, R.D. et al. (1988) Neuropsychological function in Alzheimer’s disease: Pattern of impairment and rates of progression. Arch. Neurol., 45, 263–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg, L., Miller, J.P., Storandt, M. et al. (1988) Mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type 2. Longitudinal assessment. Ann. Neural., 23, 477–84.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blessed, G., Tomlinson, B.E. and Roth, M. (1968) The association between quantitive measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br. J. Psychiatry, 114, 797–811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brouwers, P., Cox, D., Martin, A. et al. (1984) Differential perceptual-spatial impairment in Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s dementias. Arch. Neurol., 41, 1073–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, A., Jacoby, R. and Levy, R. (1990a) Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer’s disease II. Disorders of perception. Br. J. Psychiatry, 157, 76–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, A., Jacoby, R. and Levy, R. (1990b) Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer’s disease. IV. Disorders of behavior. Br. J. Psychiatry, 157, 86–94.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burns, A., Jacoby, R. and Levy, R. (1991) Progression of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 39, 34–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, J.L., Benson, D.F., Hill, M.A. et al. (1985) Aphasia in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology, 35, 394–7.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Delaere, P., Duyckaerts, C., Brion, J.P. et al. (1989) Tau, paired helical filaments and amyloid in the neocortex: a morphometric study of 15 cases with graded intellectual status in aging and senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.), 77, 645–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evans, D.A., Scherr, P.A., Cook, N.R. et al. (1990) Estimated prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in the United States. Milbank Q., 68, 267–87.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E. and McHugh, P.R. (1975) Mini-Mental State: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinican. J. Psychiatr. Res., 12, 189–98.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galasko, D., Corey-Bloom, J. and Thal, L. (1991) Monitoring progression in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 39, 932–41.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, C.P., Berg, L., Danziger, W.L. et al. (1982) A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br. J. Psychiatry, 140, 566–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katzman, R., Lasker, B. and Bernstein, N. (1988a) Advances in the diagnosis of dementia: accuracy of diagnosis and consequences of misdiagnosis of disorders causing dementia. In Aging and the Brain,Raven Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzman, R., Brown, T., Thal, L.J. et al. (1988b) Comparison of rate of annual change of mental status score in four independent studies of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Ann. Neurol., 24, 384–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kesslak, J.P., Walcioglu, O. and Cotman, C. (1991) Quantification of MR scans for hippocampal and parahippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 41, 51–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knopman, D.S., Kitto, J., Deinard, S. et al. (1988) Longitudinal study of death and institutionalization in patients with primary degenerative dementia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 36, 108–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kramer-Ginsberg, E., Mohs, R.C., Aryan, M. et al. (1988) Clinical predictors of course for Alzheimer patients in a longitudinal study: a preliminary report. Psychopharmacol. Bull., 24, 458–62.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kukull, W.A., Larson, E.B., Reifler, B.V. et al. (1990) The validity of 3 clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 40, 1364–9.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mann, D.M.A., Marcyniuk, B., Yates, P.O. et al. (1988) The progression of the pathological changes of Alzheimer’s disease in frontal and temporal neocortex examined both at biopsy and at autopsy. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 14, 177–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, E., Wilson, R., Penn, R. et al. (1987) Cortical biopsy results in Alzheimer’s disease: correlation with cognitive deficits. Neurology, 37, 1201–4.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattis, S. (1976) Mental status examination for organic mental syndrome in the elderly patient. In Geriatric Psychiatry: A Handbook for Psychiatrists and Primary Care Physicians, Grune 0026 Stratton, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKhann, G., Drachmann, D., Folstein, M. et al. (1984) Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 34, 939–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ortof, E. and Crystal, H.A. (1989) Rate of progression of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 37, 511–14.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Parkinsons Study Group (1989) Effect of Deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 321, 1364–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pfeffer, R.I., Afifi, A.A. and Chance, J.M. (1987) Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in a retirement community. Am. J. Epidemiol., 125, 420–36.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rapcsak, S.Z., Croswell, S.C. and Rubens, A.B. (1989) Apraxia in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 39, 664–8.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reisberg, B., Ferris, S., de Leon, M.J. et al. (1982) The Global Deterioration Scale (GDS): an instrument for the assessment of primary degenerative dementia (PDD). Am. J. Psychiatry, 139, 1136–9.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Risse, S.C., Raskind, M.A., Nochlin, D. et al. (1990) Neuropathological findings in patients with clinical diagnoses of probable Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Psychiatry, 147, 168–72.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, J. and Zubenko, G.S. (1991) Emergence of psychosis and depression in the longitudinal evaluation of Alzheimer’s disease. Biol. Psychiatry, 29, 224–32.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, W.G., Mohs, R.C. and Davis, K.L. (1984) A new rating scale for Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Psychiatry, 141, 1356–64.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roth, M., Tym, E., Mountjoy, C.Q. et al. (1986) CAMDEX: A standardized instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia. Br. J. Psychiatry, 149, 698–709.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salmon, D.P., Thal, L.J., Butters, N. et al. (1990) Longitudinal evaluation of dementia of the Alzheimer type: a comparison of 3 standardized mental status examinations. Neurology, 40,122530.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider, L. (1992) J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, E.V., Corkin, S. and Growden, J.H. (1986) Verbal and non-verbal short-term memory in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and in healthy elderly subjects. Dev. Neuropsychol., 2, 387–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Teri, L., Hughes, J.P. and Larson, E.B. (1990) Cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer’s disease: behavioral and health factors. J. Gerontol., 45, 58–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terry, R., Masliah, E., Salmon, D.P. et al. (1991) Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer’s disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann. Neurol., 30, 572–80.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thal, L.J., Grundman, M. and Klauber, M.R. (1988) Dementia: Characteristics of a referral population and factors associated with progression. Neurology, 38, 1083–90.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, M.C., Fischer, R.W., Lewis, A.J. et al. (1988) The NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group criteria for the clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 57 cases. Neurology, 38, 359–64.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Uhlman, R.F., Larson, E.B. and Koepsell, T.D. (1986) Hearing impairment and cognitive decline in senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 34, 207–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Belle, G., Uhlmann, R.F., Hughes, J.P. et al. (1990) Reliability of estimates of change in mental status test performance in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 43, 589–95.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, J.S., Welch, H.G. and Larson, E.B. (1990) Survival of outpatients with Alzheimer-type dementia. Ann. Intern. Med., 1113, 429–34.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Welsh, K., Butters, N., Hughes, J. et al. (1991) Detection of abnormal memory decline in mild cases of Alzheimer’s disease using CERAD neuro-psychological measures. Arch. Neurol., 48, 278–81.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcock, G.K. and Esiri, M.M. (1982) Plaques, tangles and dementia. A quantitatve study. J. Neurol. Sci., 56, 343–56.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, R.S., Bacon, L.D., Fox, J.H. et al. (1983) Primary and secondary memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type. J. Clin. Neuropsychol., 5, 337–44.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization (1988) ICD-10: Mental, Behavioral and Developmental Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (1987 Draft for Field Trials), WHO, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wragg, R.E. and Jeste, D.V. (1989) Overview of depression and psychosis in Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Psychiatry, 146, 577–87.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yesavage, J.A., Poulsen, A.B., Sheikh, J. et al. (1988) Rates of change of common measures of impairment in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Psychopharmacol. Bull., 24, 531–4.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Corey-Bloom, J., Galasko, D., Thal, L.J. (1994). Longitudinal Changes in Cognition. In: Burns, A., Levy, R. (eds) Dementia. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6805-6_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6805-6_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6807-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6805-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics