Abstract
The prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia, rises steeply with age (Pfeffer et al., 1987; Evans et al.,1990). Since life expectancy is increasing, the number of patients with dementia and AD will correspondingly increase.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
American Psychiatric Association (1987) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 3rd edn, APA, Washington, DC.
Arriagada, P.V., Growdon, E.T., Hedley-Whyte, E.T. et al. (1991) Immunohistochemical study of Alzheimer pathology in patients with known severity and duration of illness. Soc. Neurosci. Abstracts, 17, 351.
Becker, J.T., Huff, F.J., Nebes, R.D. et al. (1988) Neuropsychological function in Alzheimer’s disease: Pattern of impairment and rates of progression. Arch. Neurol., 45, 263–8.
Berg, L., Miller, J.P., Storandt, M. et al. (1988) Mild senile dementia of the Alzheimer type 2. Longitudinal assessment. Ann. Neural., 23, 477–84.
Blessed, G., Tomlinson, B.E. and Roth, M. (1968) The association between quantitive measures of dementia and of senile change in the cerebral grey matter of elderly subjects. Br. J. Psychiatry, 114, 797–811.
Brouwers, P., Cox, D., Martin, A. et al. (1984) Differential perceptual-spatial impairment in Huntington’s and Alzheimer’s dementias. Arch. Neurol., 41, 1073–6.
Burns, A., Jacoby, R. and Levy, R. (1990a) Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer’s disease II. Disorders of perception. Br. J. Psychiatry, 157, 76–81.
Burns, A., Jacoby, R. and Levy, R. (1990b) Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer’s disease. IV. Disorders of behavior. Br. J. Psychiatry, 157, 86–94.
Burns, A., Jacoby, R. and Levy, R. (1991) Progression of cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 39, 34–45.
Cummings, J.L., Benson, D.F., Hill, M.A. et al. (1985) Aphasia in dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology, 35, 394–7.
Delaere, P., Duyckaerts, C., Brion, J.P. et al. (1989) Tau, paired helical filaments and amyloid in the neocortex: a morphometric study of 15 cases with graded intellectual status in aging and senile dementia of Alzheimer type. Acta Neuropathol. (Berl.), 77, 645–53.
Evans, D.A., Scherr, P.A., Cook, N.R. et al. (1990) Estimated prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in the United States. Milbank Q., 68, 267–87.
Folstein, M.F., Folstein, S.E. and McHugh, P.R. (1975) Mini-Mental State: A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinican. J. Psychiatr. Res., 12, 189–98.
Galasko, D., Corey-Bloom, J. and Thal, L. (1991) Monitoring progression in Alzheimer’s disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 39, 932–41.
Hughes, C.P., Berg, L., Danziger, W.L. et al. (1982) A new clinical scale for the staging of dementia. Br. J. Psychiatry, 140, 566–72.
Katzman, R., Lasker, B. and Bernstein, N. (1988a) Advances in the diagnosis of dementia: accuracy of diagnosis and consequences of misdiagnosis of disorders causing dementia. In Aging and the Brain,Raven Press, New York.
Katzman, R., Brown, T., Thal, L.J. et al. (1988b) Comparison of rate of annual change of mental status score in four independent studies of patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Ann. Neurol., 24, 384–9.
Kesslak, J.P., Walcioglu, O. and Cotman, C. (1991) Quantification of MR scans for hippocampal and parahippocampal atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 41, 51–4.
Knopman, D.S., Kitto, J., Deinard, S. et al. (1988) Longitudinal study of death and institutionalization in patients with primary degenerative dementia. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 36, 108–12.
Kramer-Ginsberg, E., Mohs, R.C., Aryan, M. et al. (1988) Clinical predictors of course for Alzheimer patients in a longitudinal study: a preliminary report. Psychopharmacol. Bull., 24, 458–62.
Kukull, W.A., Larson, E.B., Reifler, B.V. et al. (1990) The validity of 3 clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 40, 1364–9.
Mann, D.M.A., Marcyniuk, B., Yates, P.O. et al. (1988) The progression of the pathological changes of Alzheimer’s disease in frontal and temporal neocortex examined both at biopsy and at autopsy. Neuropathol. Appl. Neurobiol., 14, 177–95.
Martin, E., Wilson, R., Penn, R. et al. (1987) Cortical biopsy results in Alzheimer’s disease: correlation with cognitive deficits. Neurology, 37, 1201–4.
Mattis, S. (1976) Mental status examination for organic mental syndrome in the elderly patient. In Geriatric Psychiatry: A Handbook for Psychiatrists and Primary Care Physicians, Grune 0026 Stratton, New York.
McKhann, G., Drachmann, D., Folstein, M. et al. (1984) Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 34, 939–44.
Ortof, E. and Crystal, H.A. (1989) Rate of progression of Alzheimer’s disease. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 37, 511–14.
Parkinsons Study Group (1989) Effect of Deprenyl on the progression of disability in early Parkinson’s disease. N. Engl. J. Med., 321, 1364–71.
Pfeffer, R.I., Afifi, A.A. and Chance, J.M. (1987) Prevalence of Alzheimer’s disease in a retirement community. Am. J. Epidemiol., 125, 420–36.
Rapcsak, S.Z., Croswell, S.C. and Rubens, A.B. (1989) Apraxia in Alzheimer’s disease. Neurology, 39, 664–8.
Reisberg, B., Ferris, S., de Leon, M.J. et al. (1982) The Global Deterioration Scale (GDS): an instrument for the assessment of primary degenerative dementia (PDD). Am. J. Psychiatry, 139, 1136–9.
Risse, S.C., Raskind, M.A., Nochlin, D. et al. (1990) Neuropathological findings in patients with clinical diagnoses of probable Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Psychiatry, 147, 168–72.
Rosen, J. and Zubenko, G.S. (1991) Emergence of psychosis and depression in the longitudinal evaluation of Alzheimer’s disease. Biol. Psychiatry, 29, 224–32.
Rosen, W.G., Mohs, R.C. and Davis, K.L. (1984) A new rating scale for Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Psychiatry, 141, 1356–64.
Roth, M., Tym, E., Mountjoy, C.Q. et al. (1986) CAMDEX: A standardized instrument for the diagnosis of mental disorder in the elderly with special reference to the early detection of dementia. Br. J. Psychiatry, 149, 698–709.
Salmon, D.P., Thal, L.J., Butters, N. et al. (1990) Longitudinal evaluation of dementia of the Alzheimer type: a comparison of 3 standardized mental status examinations. Neurology, 40,122530.
Schneider, L. (1992) J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. (in press).
Sullivan, E.V., Corkin, S. and Growden, J.H. (1986) Verbal and non-verbal short-term memory in patients with Alzheimer’s disease and in healthy elderly subjects. Dev. Neuropsychol., 2, 387–400.
Teri, L., Hughes, J.P. and Larson, E.B. (1990) Cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer’s disease: behavioral and health factors. J. Gerontol., 45, 58–63.
Terry, R., Masliah, E., Salmon, D.P. et al. (1991) Physical basis of cognitive alterations in Alzheimer’s disease: synapse loss is the major correlate of cognitive impairment. Ann. Neurol., 30, 572–80.
Thal, L.J., Grundman, M. and Klauber, M.R. (1988) Dementia: Characteristics of a referral population and factors associated with progression. Neurology, 38, 1083–90.
Tierney, M.C., Fischer, R.W., Lewis, A.J. et al. (1988) The NINCDS-ADRDA Work Group criteria for the clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer’s disease: a clinico-pathological study of 57 cases. Neurology, 38, 359–64.
Uhlman, R.F., Larson, E.B. and Koepsell, T.D. (1986) Hearing impairment and cognitive decline in senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc., 34, 207–10.
Van Belle, G., Uhlmann, R.F., Hughes, J.P. et al. (1990) Reliability of estimates of change in mental status test performance in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. J. Clin. Epidemiol., 43, 589–95.
Walsh, J.S., Welch, H.G. and Larson, E.B. (1990) Survival of outpatients with Alzheimer-type dementia. Ann. Intern. Med., 1113, 429–34.
Welsh, K., Butters, N., Hughes, J. et al. (1991) Detection of abnormal memory decline in mild cases of Alzheimer’s disease using CERAD neuro-psychological measures. Arch. Neurol., 48, 278–81.
Wilcock, G.K. and Esiri, M.M. (1982) Plaques, tangles and dementia. A quantitatve study. J. Neurol. Sci., 56, 343–56.
Wilson, R.S., Bacon, L.D., Fox, J.H. et al. (1983) Primary and secondary memory in dementia of the Alzheimer type. J. Clin. Neuropsychol., 5, 337–44.
World Health Organization (1988) ICD-10: Mental, Behavioral and Developmental Disorders: Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines (1987 Draft for Field Trials), WHO, Geneva.
Wragg, R.E. and Jeste, D.V. (1989) Overview of depression and psychosis in Alzheimer’s disease. Am. J. Psychiatry, 146, 577–87.
Yesavage, J.A., Poulsen, A.B., Sheikh, J. et al. (1988) Rates of change of common measures of impairment in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Psychopharmacol. Bull., 24, 531–4.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1994 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Corey-Bloom, J., Galasko, D., Thal, L.J. (1994). Longitudinal Changes in Cognition. In: Burns, A., Levy, R. (eds) Dementia. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6805-6_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6805-6_5
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6807-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6805-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive