Abstract
The author who undertakes to write a handbook chapter on the phenomena conventionally included under the rubric schizophrenia—questions of his own sanity and proper intellectual humility aside—faces an enormously intimidating task. This would be true even if there were general agreement on the meaning of the term and more-or-less objective criteria for determining the presence or absence of the alleged state or condition in persons suspected of having “it.” Alas, as we shall see, neither of these desiderata applies in the case of schizophrenia. In addition, we are faced with a massive and bewildering array of research data generated over the past three-quarters of a century that purport to tell us important things about schizophrenia; doubtless some of them do, but it is a virtual certainty that much more of them do not. Separating the real advances from the many errant and misguided intellectual corpses that litter the landscape requires a most careful examination of evidence and concepts. The most recent comprehensive attempts—the latest volume in Bellak’s (1979a) approximately decennial compendium of critical research reviews and a recent offering by Neale and Oltmanns (1980)—comprise, respectively, 629 and 554 pages. Clearly, we can not meet that standard here. Even if space considerations were not at issue, it is doubtful that any single reviewer could marshal the breadth and depth of scholarship required. Our goal will be the more modest and selective one of presenting what are, in the author’s judgment, the main trends of contemporary thinking about schizophrenia and evaluating in broad but critical terms the evidence on which this thinking is based.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Allyon, T., & Azrin, N. H. The measurement and reinforcement of behavior of psychotics. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1965, 8, 357–383.
American Psychiatric Association. Report of the Task Force on Vitamin Therapy in Psychiatry. Megavitamin and orthomolecular therapy in psychiatry. Washington, D.C.: Author, 1973.
American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders(3rd ed.). Washington, D.C.: Author, 1980.
Andorfer, J. C., Shimkunas, A. M., & Sciarini, J. W. Neutralization of affective concepts in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1975, 84, 722–725.
Anthony, E. J. Concluding comments on treatment implications. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Bannister, D. The nature and measurement of schizophrenic thought disorder. Journal of Mental Science, 1962, 108, 825–842.
Barchas, J. D., Elliott, G. R., & Berger, P. A. Biogenic amine hypotheses of schizophrenia. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Barnes, D. F., & Berzins, J. I. A and B undergraduate interviewers of schizophrenic and neurotic inpatients: A test of the interaction hypothesis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1978, 46, 1368–1373.
Bellak, L. (Ed.). Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Bellak, L. Introduction: An idiosyncratic overview. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Bergin, A. E., & Lambert, M. J. The evaluation of therapeutic outcomes. In S. L. Garfield & A. E. Bergin (Eds.), Handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change. New York: Wiley, 1978.
Bleuler, E. Dementia praecox or the group of schizophrenias. New York: International Universities Press, 1950. (Originally published, 1911.)
Bleuler, M. A 23-year longitudinal study of 208 schizophrenics and impressions in regard to the nature of schizophrenia. In D. Rosenthal & S. S. Kety (Eds.), The transmission of schizophrenia. New York: Pergamon Press, 1968.
Bleuler, M. The long-term course of schizophrenic psychoses. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Bockhoven, J. S. Moral treatment in community mental health. New York: Springer, 1972.
Book, J. A. Genetical etiology in mental illness. In Causes of mental disorders: A review of epidemiological knowledge. New York: Milbank Memorial Fund, 1959.
Braginsky, B. M., Braginsky, D. D., & Ring, K. Methods of madness: The mental hospital as a last resort. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1969.
Breggin, P. R. Electroshock: Its brain-disabling effects. New York: Springer, 1979.
Buchsbaum, M. S., Murphy, D. L., Coursey, R. D., Lake, C. R., & Zeigler, M. G. Platelet monoamine oxidase, plasma dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, and attention in a “biochemical high-risk” sample. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Cancro, R. The genetic studies of the schizophrenic syndrome: A review of their clinical implications. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Carlsson, A. Amphetamine and brain catecholamines. In E. Costa & S. Garantine (Eds.), Amphetamines and related compounds. New York: Raven Press, 1970.
Carlsson, A., & Lindquist, M. Effect of chorpromazine or haloperidol on the formation of 3-methoxytramine and normetanephrine in mouse brain. Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica, 1963, 20, 140–144.
Carpenter, W. T., & Strauss, J. S. Diagnostic issues in schizophrenia. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Carpenter, W. T., Strauss, J. S., & Muleh, S. Are there pathogomonic symptoms in schizophrenia? An empiric investigation of Kurt Schneider’s first rank symptoms. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1973, 28, 847–852.
Carpenter, W. T., Strauss, J. S., & Bartko, J. J. A flexible system for the identification of schizophrenia. Science, 1973, 182, 1275–1278.
Carpenter, W. T., Strauss, J. S., & Bartko, J. J. Use of signs and symptoms for the identification of schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1974, 11, 37–49.
Carson, R. C. A and B therapist “types”: A possible critical variable in psychotherapy. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1967, 144, 47–54.
Carson, R. C. Disordered interpersonal behavior. In W. A. Hunt (Ed.), Human behavior and its control. Cambridge, Mass.: Schenkman, 1971.
Chartier, G. M. A-B therapist variable: Real or imagined. Psychological Bulletin, 1971, 75, 22–33.
Coleman, J. C., Butcher, J. N., & Carson, R. C. Abnormal psychology and modern life. Glenview, Ill.: Scott, Foresman, 1980.
Creese, I., Burt, D. R., & Snyder, S. H. Dopamine receptor binding predicts clinical and pharmacological potency of antischizophrenic drugs. Science, 1976, 192, 481.
Crocetti, G. M., Lemkau, P. V., Kulcar, Z., & Kesic, B. Selected aspects of the epidemiology of psychoses in Croatia, Yugoslavia: III. The cluster sample and results of the pilot survey. American Journal of Epidemiology, 1971, 94, 126–134.
Cromwell, R. L. Attention and information processing: A foundation for understanding schizophrenia? In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Dalen, P. Season of birth in schizophrenia and other mental disorders. Göteborg: University of Göteborg, 1974.
Davis, J. M. Dopamine theory of schizophrenia: A two-factor theory. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Dohrenwend, B. P., & Egri, G. Stressful life events and episodes of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1981, 7, 12–23.
Drake, R. E., & Wallach, M. A. Will mental patients stay in the community? A social psychological perspective. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1979, 47, 285–294.
Eaton, J. W., & Weil, R. J. Culture and mental disorders: A comparative study of the Hutterites and other populations. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1955.
Edell, W. S., & Chapman, L. J. Anhedonia, perceptual aberration, and the Rorschach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1979, 47, 377–384.
Endicott, J., & Spitzer, R. L. Current and past psychopathology scale (CAPPS): A rationale, reliability and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1972, 27, 678–682.
Feighner, J., Robins, E., Guze, S., Woodruff, R., & Munoz, R. Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1972, 26, 57–63.
Fischer, J. Negroes and whites and rates of mental illness: Reconsideration of a myth. Psychiatry, 1969, 32, 428–446.
Fish, B. The detection of schizophrenia in infancy: A preliminary report. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1957, 125, 1–24.
Fish, B. Neurobiological antecedents of schizophrenia in children: Evidence for an inherited, congenital, neurointegrative defect. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1977, 34, 1297–1313.
Freedman, B., & Chapman, L. J. Early subjective experience in schizophrenic episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1973, 82, 46–54.
Garmezy, N. Current status of a sample of other high-risk research programs. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Garmezy, N. Observations on high-risk research and pre-morbid development in schizophrenia. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Garmezy, N., & Rodnick, E. H. Premorbid adjustment and performance in schizophrenia: Implications for interpreting heterogeneity in schizophrenia. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1959, 129, 450–466.
Golden, C. J., Maclnnes, W. D., Ariel, R. N., Ruedrich, S. L., Chung-Chou, C., Coffman, J. A., Graber, B., & Bloch, S. Cross validation of the Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery to differentiate chronic schizophrenics with and without ventricular enlargement. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1982, 50, 87–95.
Goldstein, M. J., & Rodnick, E. H. The family’s contribution to the etiology of schizophrenia: Current status. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1975, 14, 48–63.
Goldstein, M. J., Rodnick, E. H., Jones, J. E., McPherson, S. R., & West, K. L. Familial precursors of schizophrenia spectrum disorders. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Gottesman, I. I. Schizophrenia and genetics: Where are we? Are you sure? In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Gottesman, I. I., & Shields, J. Schizophrenia and genetics: A twin study vantage point. New York: Academic Press, 1972.
Haley, J. The art of being schizophrenic. Voices, 1965, 1, 133–147.
Hanson, D. R., Gottesman, I. I., & Meehl, P. E. Genetic theories and the validation of psychiatric diagnoses: Implications for the study of children of schizophrenics. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1977, 86, 575–588.
Heath, R. G. Review of Rosenthal & Kety (Eds.), “The transmission of schizophrenia.” American Journal of Psychiatry, 1969, 126, 729–730.
Heather, N. The specificity of schizophrenic thought disorder: A replication and extension of previous findings. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1976, 15, 131–137.
Hersen, M., & Eisler, R. M. Social skills training. In W. E. Craighead, A. E. Kazdin, & M. J. Mahoney (Eds.), Behavior modification: Principles, issues, and applications. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1976.
Hirsch, S. R., & Leff, J. P. Abnormalities in parents of schizophrenics. London: Oxford University Press, 1975.
Hollingshead, A. B., & Redlich, F. C. Social class and mental illness. New York: Wiley, 1958.
Huxley, A. The doors of perception. New York: Harper & Row, 1954.
Jackson, D. D. A critique of the literature on the genetics of schizophrenia. In D. D. Jackson (Ed.), The etiology of schizophrenia. New York: Basic Books, 1960.
Jackson, D. D., & Weakland, J. H. Conjoint family therapy: Some considerations on theory, technique, and results. Psychiatry, 1961, 24, 30–45.
Jacob, T. Family interaction in disturbed and normal families: A methodological and substantive review. Psychological Bulletin, 1975, 82, 33–65.
Janowsky, D. S., El-Yousef, M. K., Davis, J. M., & Sekerke, H. J. Provocation of schizophrenic symptoms by intravenous administration of methylphenidate. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1973, 28, 185–191.
Jones, J. E. Patterns of transactional style deviance in the TAT’s of parents of schizophrenics. Family Process, 1977, 16, 327–337.
Kallman, F. J. The genetic theory of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1946, 103, 309–322.
Karon, B. P., & Vandenbos, G. R. The consequences of psychotherapy for schizophrenic patients. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, and Practice, 1972, 9, 111–119.
Kety, S. S., Rosenthal, D., Wender, P. H., Schulsinger, F., & Jacobsen, B. The biologic and adoptive families of adopted individuals who become schizophrenic:
Prevalence of mental illness and other characteristics. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Kohn, M. L. Social class and schizophrenia: A critical review and reformulation. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1973, 7, 60–79.
Kramer, M., Rosen, B. M., & Willis, E. M. Definition and distribution of mental disorders in a racist society. In C. V. Willie, B. M. Kramer, & B. S. Brown (Eds.), Racism and mental health. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1973.
Laing, R. D. The divided self. New York: Pantheon, 1969. Levy, S. M. Schizophrenic symptomatology: Reaction or strategy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1976, 85, 435–445.
Lewis, M. S., & Griffin, P. A. An explanation for the season of birth effect in schizophrenia and certain other diseases. Psychological Bulletin, 1981, 89, 589–596.
Liem, J. H. Effects of verbal communications of parents and children: A comparison of normal and schizophrenic families. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1974, 42, 438–450.
Lipton, M. A., & Burnett, G. B. Pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
May, P. R. A. Treatment of schizophrenia: A comparative study of five treatment methods. New York: Science House, 1968.
McCabe, M. S., & Strömgren, E. Reactive psychoses: A family study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1975, 32, 447–454.
McGhie, A., & Chapman, J. Disorders of attention and perception in early schizophrenia. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1961, 34, 103–116.
McNeil, T. F., & Kaij, L. Obstetric factors in the development of schizophrenia: Complications in the births of preschizophrenics and in reproduction by schizophrenic parents. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
McPherson, F. M., Armstrong, J., & Heather, B. B. Psychological construing, “difficulty,” and thought process disorder. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 1975, 48, 303–315.
Mednick, S. A., Schulsinger, H., & Schulsinger, F. Schizophrenia in children of schizophrenic mothers. In A. Davids (Ed.), Child personality and psychopathology: Current topics (Vol. 2 ). New York: Wiley, 1975.
Mednick, S. A., Schulsinger, F., Teasdale, T. W., Schul-singer, H., Venables, P., & Rock, D. Schizophrenia in high-risk children: Sex differences in predisposing factors. In G. Serban (Ed.), Cognitive defects in the development of mental illness. New York: Brunner/Mazel, 1978.
Meehl, P. E. Schizotaxia, schizotypy, schizophrenia. American Psychologist, 1962, 17, 827–838.
Meehl, P. E. Theoretical risks and tabular asterisks: Sir Karl, Sir Ronald, and the slow progress of soft psychology. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 1978, 46, 806–834.
Mellor, C. S. First rank symptoms of schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1970, 117, 15–23.
Meltzer, H. Y. Biochemical studies in schizophrenia. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Mishler, E. G., & Waxler, N. E. (Eds.), Family processes and schizophrenia: Theory and selected experimental studies. New York: Science House, 1968. (a)
Mishler, E. G., & Waxler, N. E. Interaction in families: An experimental study of family processes and schizophrenia. New York: Wiley, 1968. (b)
Morrison, S. D. Intermediate variables in the association between migration and mental illness. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 1973, 19, 60–65.
Mosher, L. R., & Gunderson, J. G. Group, family, milieu, and community support systems treatment for schizophrenia. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Murphy, D. L. Mental effects of L-dopa. Annual Review of Medicine, 1973, 24, 209–216.
Murphy, D. L., & Wyatt, R. J. Reduced monoamine oxidase activity in blood platelets from schizophrenic patients. Nature, 1972, 238, 225–226.
Murphy, H. B. M. Cultural factors in the genesis of schizophrenia. In D. Rosenthal & S. S. Kety (Eds.), The transmission of schizophrenia. New York: Pergamon, 1968.
Murphy, H. B. M. Cultural influences on incidence, course, and treatment response. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Neale, J. M., & Oltmanns, T. F. Schizophrenia. New York: Wiley, 1980.
Newmark, C. S., Falk, R., Johns, N., Boren, R., & Forehand, R. Comparing traditional clinical procedures with four systems to diagnose schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1976, 85, 66–72.
Odegaard, O. Hospitalized psychoses in Norway: Time trends 1926–1965. Social Psychiatry, 1971, 6, 53–58.
Park, L. C., Baldessarini, R. J., & Kety, S. S. Methionine effects on chronic schizophrenics: Patients treated with monoamine oxydase inhibitors. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1965, 12, 346–351.
Parker, G., & Neilson, M. Mental disorder and season of birth—A southern hemisphere study. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1976, 129, 355–361.
Paul, G. L., & Lentz, R. J. Psychosocial treatment of chronic mental patients. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977.
Pollin, W., & Stabenau, J. R. Biological, psychological, and historical differences in a series of monozygotic twins discordant for schizophrenia. In D. Rosenthal & S. S. Kety (Eds.), The transmission of schizophrenia. New York: Pergamon, 1968.
Rabin, A. I., Doneson, S. L., & Jentons, R. L. Studies of psychological functions in schizophrenia. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Razin, A. M. A-B variable in psychotherapy: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 1971, 75, 1–21.
Rieder, R. O. Children at risk. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Rieder, R. O., Rosenthal, D., Wender, P., & Blumenthal, H. The offspring of schizophrenics. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1975, 32, 200–211.
Rin, H., & Lin, T. Y. Mental illness among Formosan aborigines as compared with the Chinese in Taiwan. Journal of Mental Science, 1962, 108, 134–146.
Ritchie, P. L.-J. The effect of the interviewer’s presentation on some schizophrenic symptomatology. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Duke University, 1975.
Roff, J. D., & Knight, R. Family characteristics, childhood symptoms, and adult outcome in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1981, 90, 510–520.
Rogers, C. R., Gendlin, E. T., Kiesler, D. J., & Traux, C. B. The therapeutic relationship and its impact: A study of psychotherapy with schizophrenics. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1967.
Rosenhan, D. On being sane in insane places. Science, 1973, 179, 250–258.
Rosenthal, D. (Ed.), The Genain quadruplets. New York: Basic Books, 1963.
Rosenthal, D. Genetic theory and abnormal behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970.
Rosenthal, D., & Kety, S. S. (Eds.), The transmission of schizophrenia. New York: Pergamon, 1968.
Ro-Trock, G. K., Wellisch, D. K., & Schoolar, J. C. A family therapy outcome study in an inpatient setting. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 1977, 47, 514522.
Sanua, V. D. Sociocultural aspects. In L. Bellak & L. Loeb (Eds.), The schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1969.
Sanua, V. D. Immigration, migration, and mental illness. In E. B. Brody (Ed.), Behavior in new environments. Beverly Hills, Calif.: Sage, 1970.
Sarbin, T. R., & Mancuso, J. C. Schizophrenia: Medical diagnosis or moral verdict. New York: Pergamon Press, 1980.
Schneider, K. Clinical psychopathology. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1959.
Schofield, W., & Balian, L. A comparative study of the personal histories of schizophrenic and nonpsychiatric patients. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 1959, 59, 216–225.
Scott, R. D., “Closure” in family relationships and the first official diagnosis. In J. J¢rstad & E. Ugelstad (Eds.), Schizophrenia 75: Psychotherapy, family studies, research. Oslo: Universtitetsforlaget, 1976.
Sedvall, G., Bjerkenstedt, L., Lindstrom, L., & WodeHelgodt, B. Clinical assessment of dopamine receptor blockade. Life Sciences, 1978, 23, 425–430.
Shimkunas, A. M. Demand for intimate self-disclosure and pathological verbalizations in schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1972, 80, 197–205.
Singer, M. T., Wynne, L. C., & Toohey, M. L. Communication disorders and the families of schizophrenics. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Smith, M. L., Glass, G. V., & Miller, T. I. The benefits of psychotherapy. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980.
Snyder, S. H. Dopamine and schizophrenia. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Sobel, D. E. Children of schizophrenic patients: Preliminary observations on early development. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1961, 118, 512–517.
Sobel, D. E. Infant mortality and malformations in children of schizophrenic women. Psychiatric Quarterly, 1961, 35, 60–65.
Spitzer, R. L., Endicott, J., & Robins, E. Research diagnostic criteria. New York: Biometric Research Unit, New York State Department of Mental Hygiene, 1975.
Spohn, H. E., Lacoursier, R. B., Thompson, K., & Coyne, L. The effects of antipsychotic drug treatment on attention and information processing in chronic schizophrenics. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Stein, L., & Wise, C. D. Possible etiology of schizophrenia: Progressive damage to the noradrenergic reward system by 6-hydroxydopamine. Science, 1971, 171, 1032–1036.
Sullivan, H. S. Schizophrenia as a human process. New York: Norton, 1962.
Szasz, T. S. The myth of mental illness. New York: Hoeber-Harper, 1961.
Torrey, E. F. Epidemiology. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Torrey, E. F., & Peterson, M. R. Slow and latent viruses in schizophrenia. Lancet, 1973, 2, 22–24.
Torrey, E. F., & Peterson, M. R. The viral hypothesis of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 1976, 2, 136146.
Torrey, E. F., Torrey, B. B., & Burton-Bradley, B. G. The epidemiology of schizophrenia in Papua, New Guinea. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1974, 131, 567–573.
Torrey, E. F., Torrey, B. B., & Peterson, M. R. Seasonality of schizophrenic births in the U.S. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1977, 34, 1065–1070.
Vaughn, C. E., & Leff, J. P. The measurement of expressed emotion in the families of psychiatric patients. British Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 1976, 15(Part 2), 157–165.
Vaughn, C. E., & Leff, J. P. Patterns of emotional response in relatives of schizophrenic patients. Schizophrenic Bulletin, 1981, 7, 43–44.
Waxler, N. E. Parent and child effects on cognitive performance: An experimental approach to the etiological and responsive theories of schizophrenia. Family Process, 1974, 13, 1–22.
Whitehorn, J. C., & Betz, B. J. A study of psychotherapeutic relationships between physicians and schizophrenic patients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1954, 111, 321–331.
Wing, J. K., & Nixon, J. Discriminating symptoms in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1975, 30, 853–859.
Wing, J. K., Cooper, J. E., & Sartorius, N. The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms. London: Cambridge University Press, 1974.
World Health Organization. International pilot study of schizophrenia(Vol. 1 ). Geneva: World Health Organization Press, 1973.
World Health Organization. Schizophrenia: A multi-nation study. Geneva: World Health Organization Press, 1975.
Wynne, L. C., Cromwell, R. L., & Matthysse, S. (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Wynne, L. C., Toohey, M. L., & Doane, J. Family studies. In L. Bellak (Ed.), Disorders of the schizophrenic syndrome. New York: Basic Books, 1979.
Zubin, J. Concluding comments. In L. C. Wynne, R. L. Cromwell, & S. Matthysse (Eds.), The nature of schizophrenia: New approaches to research and treatment. New York: Wiley Medical, 1978.
Zubin, J., & Spring, B. J. Vulnerability: A new view of schizophrenia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 1977, 86, 103–126.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1984 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Carson, R.C. (1984). The Schizophrenias. In: Adams, H.E., Sutker, P.B. (eds) Comprehensive Handbook of Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6681-6_15
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6681-6_15
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6683-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6681-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive