Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Intraarterial Chemotherapy

  • Chapter
Chemotherapy

Part of the book series: Cancer ((C,volume 5))

  • 351 Accesses

Abstract

Malignant disease, even when metastatic, frequently produces symptoms and causes death by growth in relatively localized areas. Local therapy by the judicious use of surgery and irradiation (external beam and isotope implantation) has traditionally occupied an important place in the systematic management of patients with advanced malignancy. Systemic chemotherapy can also be used to treat predominantly regional disease, and the intraarterial delivery of chemotherapeutic agents can provide a greater degree of selectivity. When drugs are administered intraarterially, the local concentrations and infusion durations are greater than when the same agents are administered intravenously. At the same time, systemic toxicity is frequently reduced because of the absorption or inactivation, or both, of the drug on passage through the arterial bed. Although the procedure is technically more difficult, effluent drug-containing blood has been diverted from the systemic circulation or prevented from reaching sensitive normal tissues during the drug infusion.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ansfield, F. J., Ramirez, G., Skibba, J. L., Bryan, G. T., Davis, H. L., JR., AND Wirtanen, G. W., 1971, Intrahepatic arterial infusion with 5-fluorouracil, Cancer 28: 1147.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ansfield, F. J., Ramirez, G., Davis, H. L. JR., Wirtanen, G. W., Johnson, R. O., Bryan, G. T., Manalo, F. B., Borden, E. C., Davis, T. E., AND Esmaili, M., 1975, Further clinical studies with intrahepatic arterial infusion with 5-fluorouracil, Cancer 36: 2413.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ariel, I. M., AND Pack, G. T., 1967, Treatment of inoperable cancer of the liver by intra-arterial radioactive isotopes and chemotherapy, Cancer 20: 793.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Aronson, H. A., Flanigen, S., AND Mark, J. B. D., 1963, Chemotherapy of malignant brain tumors using regional perfusion: I. Technic and patient selection, Ann. Surg. 157: 394.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bachur, N. R., 1975, Adriamycin (NSC-123127) pharmacology, Cancer Chemother. Rep. Part 3 6: 153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakal, D., Goodman, L. E., Ulfohn, A., Mamaril, A. G., Caplan, Y. H., Calle, S., Bhagavan, B. S., Witten, B., Williamson, C. E., Sass, S., AND Seligman, A. M., 1971, Enzyme alterable alkylating agents. XI. Clinical trials of an esterase-susceptible water-soluble agent (S-73) for regional chemotherapy, J. Surg. Res. 11: 217.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bengmark, S., AND Hafström, L., 1969, The natural history of primary and secondary malignant tumors of the liver. I. The prognosis for patients with hepatic metastases from colonic and rectal carcinoma by laparotomy, Cancer 23: 198.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berdal, P., Ekroll, T., Iversen, O. H., AND Weyde, R., 1973, Treatment of squamous cell carcinomas in head and neck with bleomycin and with combined bleomycin and x-rays, Acta Otolaryngol. 75: 318.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bern, M., Parker, L., Oberfield, R., Cady, B., Mcdermott, W., Clouse, M., Trey, C., AND Frei, E., III, 1976, Adriamycin therapy by hepatic artery infusion: Clinical and pharmacologic study, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res. Amer. Soc. Clin. Oncol.: Amer. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Abstr., p. 272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierman, H. R., Byron, R. L., Kelley, K. H., AND Grady, A., 1951, Studies on the blood supply of tumors irr man. III. Vascular patterns of the liver by hepatic arteriography in vivo, J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 12: 107.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Breedis, C., AND Young, G., 1954, The blood supply of neoplasms in the liver, Amer. J. Pathol. 30:969.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Burrows, J. H., Talley, R. W., Drake, E. H., San Diego, E. L., AND Tucker, W. G., 1967, Infusion of fluorinated pyrimidines into hepatic artery for treatment of metastatic carcinoma of liver, Cancer 20:1886.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cady, B., 1973, Hepatic arterial patency and complications after catheterization for infusion chemotherapy, Ann. Surg. 178 (2): 156.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cady, B., AND Oberfield, R. A., 1974a, Arterial infusion chemotherapy of hepatoma, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 138: 381.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cady, B., AND Oberfield, R. A., 1974b, Regional infusion chemotherapy of hepatic metastases from carcinoma of the colon, Amer. J. Surg. 127: 220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cady, B., Monson, D. O., AND Swinton, N. W., 1970, Survival of patients after colonic resection for carcinoma with simultaneous liver metastases, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 131: 697.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Clarkson, B., Young, C., Dierich, W., Kuehn, P., Kim, M., Blarett, A., Clapp, P., AND Lawrence, W., JR., 1962, Effects of continuous hepatic artery infusion of antimetabolites on primary and metastatic cancer of the liver, Cancer 15: 472.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cleveland, J. C., Johns, D. G., Farnhan, G., AND Bertino, J. R., 1969, Arterial infusion of dichloromethotrexate in cancer of the head and neck: A clinico-pharmacologic study, Curr. Top. Surg. Res. 1: 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clifffon, E. E., 1969, Bronchial artery perfusion for treatment of advanced lung cancer, Cancer 23: 1151.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Conrad, M. E., AND Crosby, W. H., 1960, Massive nitrogen mustard therapy in Hodgkin’s disease with protection of bone marrow by tourniquets, Blood 16: 1089.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creech, O., JR., Krementz, E. T., Ryan, R. F., AND Winblad, J. N., 1958, Chemotherapy of cancer: Regional perfusion utilizing an extracorporeal circuit, Ann. Surg. 148: 616.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Creech, O., JR., Krementz, E. T., Ryan, R. F., Reemtsma, K., AND Winblad, J. N., 1959, Experiences with isolation—perfusion technics in the treatment of cancer, Ann. Surg. 149: 627.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cruz, A. B., JR., Mcinnis, W. D., AND Aust, J. B., 1974, Triple drug intra-arterial infusion combined with x-ray therapy and surgery for head and neck cancer, Amer. J. Surg. 128: 573.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Donegan, W. L., Harris, H. S., AND Spratt, J. S., JR., 1969, Prolonged continuous hepatic infusion. Results with fluorouracil for primary and metastatic cancer in the liver, Arch. Surg. 99: 149.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, B., Fisher, E. R., AND Lee, S. H., 1961, The effect of alteration of liver blood flow upon experimental hepatic metastases, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 112: 11.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fortner, J. G., Mulcare, R. J., Solis, A., Watson, R. C., AND Golbey, R. B., 1973, Treatment of primary and secondary liver cancer by hepatic artery ligation and infusion chemotherapy, Ann. Surg. 178 (2): 162.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fortner, J. G., Kim, D. K., Barett, M. K., AND Golbey, R. B., 1976, Intrahepatic infusional chemotherapy using multiple agents for cancer in the liver, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res. Amer. Soc. Clin. Oncol.: Amer. Soc. Clin. Oncol. Abstr., p. 293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fortuny, I. E., Theologides, A., AND Kennedy, B. J., 1975, Hepatic arterial infusion for liver metastases from colon cancer: Comparison of mitomycin C (NSC-26980) and 5-fluorouracil (NSC-19893), Cancer Chemother. Rep. 59: 401.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Friedman, M., AND Daly, J. F., 1963, Combined irradiation and chemotherapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck, Amer. J. Roentgenol. 90: 246.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Galante, M., Dunphy, J. E., AND Fletcher, W. S., 1967, Cancer of the colon, Ann. Surg. 165: 732.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Geddes, E. W., AND Falkson, G., 1970, Malignant hepatoma in the Bantu, Cancer 25: 1271.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goepfert, H., Jesse, R. H., AND Lindberg, R. D., 1973, Arterial infusion and radiation therapy in the treatment of advanced cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses, Amer. J. Surg. 126: 464.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goffinet, D. R., Brown, J. M., Bagshaw, M. A., AND Kaplan, H. S., 1972, Prolonged carotid arterial radiosensitizer infusion and radiation therapy of mouse gliomas, Amer. J. Roentgenol. 114: 7.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goldman, M. L., Bilbao, M. K., Rösch, J., AND Dotter, C. T., 1975, Complications of indwelling chemotherapy catheters, Cancer 36: 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, L. E., Kramer, S. P., Gaby, S. D., Bakal, D., Solomon, R. D., Williamson, C. E., Miller, J. I., Sass, S., Witten, B., AND Seligman, A. M., 1962, Enzyme alterable alkylating agents. II. Clinical evaluation of N,N’-bis[(2-chloroethylthio)acetyl]-1,2-ethylenediamine (S-46), Cancer 15: 1056.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodman, L. E., Ulfohn, A., Kramer, S. P., Cendana, E. H., Flores, A. B., Bakal, D., Abrams, S. J., Hirschfeld, R. L., Calle, S., Williamson, C. E., Sass, S., Witten, B., AND Seligman, A. M., 1965, Enzyme alterable alkylating agents: VIII. Clinical trials with intra-arterial infusion of an alkylating agent with a half-life of 0.2 second, Ann. Surg. 162: 663.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harrison, N. W., Dhru, D., Primack, A., Bhana, D., AND Kyalwazi, S. K., 1973, The surgical management of primary hepatocellular carcinoma in Uganda, Br. J. Surg. 60: 565.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Haskell, C. M., Eilber, F. R., AND Morton, D. L., 1975, Adriamycin (NSC-123127) by arterial infusion, Cancer Chemother. Rep. 6: 187.

    Google Scholar 

  • Healey, J. E., JR., 1965, Vascular patterns in human metastatic liver tumors, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 120: 1187.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, I. W. D., AND Maddock, C. I., 1963, Chemotherapeutic approach to inoperable pulmonary lesions, Cancer 16: 708.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huntington, M. C., Dupriest, R. W., AND Fletcher, W. S., 1973, Intra-arterial bleomycin therapy in inoperable squamous cell carcinomas, Cancer 31: 153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hurley, J. D., Wall, T., Worman, L. W., AND Schulte, W. J., 1961, Experiences with pelvic perfusion for carcinoma, Arch. Surg. 83: 127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaffe, B. M., Donegan, W. L., Watson, F., AND Spratt, J. S., JR., 1968, Factors influencing survival in patients with untreated hepatic metastases, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 127: 1.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jesse, R. H., Goepfert, H., Lindberg, R. D., AND Johnson, R. H., 1969, Combined intra-arterial infusion and radiotherapy for the treatment of advanced cancer of the head and neck, Amer. J. Roentgenol. 105: 20.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, C. R., Levy, A. G., Gardner, J. D., Miller, J. V., Gorden, P., AND Schein, P. S., 1975, Pancreatic cholera: Beneficial effects of treatment with streptozotocin, N. Engl. J. Med. 292: 941.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klopp, C. T., Alford, T. C., Bateman, J., Berry, G. N., AND Winship, T., 1950, Fractionated intra-arterial cancer. Chemotherapy with methyl bis amine hydrochloride; a preliminary report, Ann. Surg. 132: 811.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Koyama, H., Wada, T., Takahashi, Y., Iwanaga, T., Aoki, Y., Wada, A., Terazawa, T., AND Kosaki, G., 1975, Intra-arterial infusion chemotherapy as a pre-operative treatment of locally advanced breast cancer, Cancer 36: 1603.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Labelle, J. J., Lucas, R. J., Eisenstein, B., Reed, M. D., Vaitkevicius, V. K., AND Wilson, G. S., 1968, Hepatic artery catheterization for chemotherapy, Arch. Surg. 96: 683.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, W., JR., Kuehn, P., Masle, E. T., AND Miller, D. G., 1961, An abdominal tourniquet for regional chemotherapy, J. Surg. Res. 1: 142.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massey, W. H., Fletcher, W. S., Judkins, M. P., AND Dennis, D. L., 1971, Hepatic artery infusion for metastatic malignancy using percutaneously placed catheters, Amer. J. Surg. 121: 160.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mcbride, C. M., 1970, Advanced melanoma of the extremities, Arch. Surg. 101: 122.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Meyza, J., AND Cobb, L. M., 1971, The clinical trial of an alkylating agent with a short half-life designed for intra-arterial chemotherapy, Cancer 27: 369.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, B. J., Talsania, S. J., AND Connolly, J. M., JR., 1964, An improved method of intra-arterial infusion in the treatment of solid tumors by metabolite-anti-metabolite therapy, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 118: 555.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mukherjee, K. L., Curreri, A. R., Javid, M., AND Heidelberg, C., 1963, Studies on fluorinated pyrimidines. XVI. Metabolism of 5-fluorouracil-2-C“ and 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridine-2-C” in cancer patients, Cancer Res. 23: 67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neyazaka, T., Ikeda, M., Seki, Y., Egawa, N., AND Suzuki, C., 1969, Bronchial artery infusion therapy for lung cancer, Cancer 24: 912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oberfield, R. A., 1974, Current status of regional arterial infusion chemotherapy, Med. Clin. North Amer. 59: 411.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oberfield, R. A., Cady, B., AND Booth, J. C., 1973, Regional arterial chemotherapy for advanced carcinoma of the head and neck. A ten-year review, Cancer 32: 82.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Owleny, C. L. M., AND Mcintire, K. R., 1974, Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (hc) with adriamycin, Clin. Res. 22: 494 (abstract).

    Google Scholar 

  • Rochlin, D. B., AND Smart, C. R., 1966, An evaluation of 51 patients with hepatic artery infusion, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 123: 535.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sato, Y., Morita, M., Takahashi, H., Watanabe, N., AND Kirikae, I., 1970, Combined surgery, radiotherapy, and regional chemotherapy in carcinoma of the paranasal sinuses, Cancer 25: 571.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savlov, E. D., Hall, T. C., AND Oberfield, R. A., 1971, Intra-arterial therapy of melanoma with dimethyl triazeno imidazole carboxamide (NSC-45388), Cancer 28: 1161.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Schilling, A., Ulfohn, A., Aybar, O., Miller, S., Kravitz, S. C., Goodman, L. E., Gary, S. E., Bakal, D., Kramer, S. P., Williamson, C. E., Sass, S., Miller, J. I., Witten, B., AND Seligman, A. M., 1963, Enzyme-alterable alkylating agents. IV. Treatment of cancer in children with repetitive massive doses of S-46, protecting the extremity marrow by tourniquets, Cancer 16: 727.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seligman, A. M., Ulfohn, A., Gary, S. E., Goodman, L. E., Aybar, O., Kramer, S. P., Bakal, D., Haber, S., Williamson, C. E., Miller, J. I., Sass, S., AND Witten, B., 1962, Enzyme-alterable alkylating agents: A new approach to regional chemotherapy by intra-arterial infusion of new short-lived alkylating agents, Ann. Surg. 156: 429.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simon, N., Warner, R. P. R., Baron, M. G., AND Rudavsky, A. Z., 1968, Intra-arterial irradiation of carcinoid tumors of the liver, Amer. J. Roentgenol. 102: 552.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Skibba, J. L., Beal, D. D., Ramirez, G., AND Bryan, G. T., 1970, N-Demethylation of the antineoplastic agent 4(5)-(3,3-dimethyl-l-triazeno)imidazole-5(4)-carboxamide by rats and man, Cancer Res. 30: 147.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, F. C., Mosher, M. B., Hallauer, W. C., Silverstein, M. J., Rangel, D., Passaro, E., JR., AND Morton, D. L., 1975, Hepatic artery ligation and postoperative chemotherapy for hepatic metastases: Clinical and pathophysiological results, Cancer 35: 1074.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stadil, F., Stage, G., Rehfeld, J. F., Efsen, F., AND Fischerman, K., 1976, Treatment of Zollinger Ellison syndrome with streptozotocin, N. Engl. J. Med. 294: 1440.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stehlin, J. S., JR., AND Clark, R. L., 1965, Melanoma of the extremities. Experiences with conventional treatment and perfusion in 339 cases, Amer. J. Surg. 110: 366.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, R. D., AND Zurek, W. Z., 1965, Chemotherapy for liver cancer by protracted ambulatory infusion, J. Amer. Med. Assoc. 194: 93.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, R. D., Miller, E., AND Sikes, M. P., 1959, Antimetabolite—metabolite combination cancer chemotherapy. Effects of intra-arterial methotrexate—intramuscular citrovorum factor therapy in human cancer, Cancer 12: 1248.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, R. D., Watkins, E., JR., Rodriguez, F. R., Miller, E., AND Norcross, J. W., 1963, Continuous arterial infusion chemotherapy of human liver cancer using 5-fluoro-2’-deoxyuridine: Autodetoxification studies and clinical effects, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Cancer Res. 4: 66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, R. D., Norcross, J. W., AND Watkins, E., JR., 1964, Chemotherapy of metastatic liver cancer by prolonged hepatic-artery infusion, N. Engl. J. Med. 270: 321.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suzuki, T., Kawabe, K., Imamura, M., Asakuma, R., AND Honjo, I., 1972, Percutaneous double catheter infusion technique for the treatment of carcinoma in the abdomen, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 134: 403.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tandon, R. N., Bunnell, I. L., AND Cooper, R. G., 1973, The treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the liver by the percutaneous selective hepatic artery infusion of 5-fluorouracil, Surgery 73: 118.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ulfohn, A., Kramer, S. P., Calle, S., Sass, S., Williamson, C. E., Witten, B., AND Seligman, A. M., 1968, Enzyme alterable alkylating agents. X. Experimental study of an esterase-susceptible water-soluble agent (S-73) for regional chemotherapy, J. Surg. Res. 8: 345.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, E., JR., Hering, A. C., Luna, R., AND Adams, H. D., 1960, The use of intravascular balloon catheters for isolation of the pelvic vascular bed during pump-oxygenator perfusion of cancer chemotherapeutic agents, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 111: 464.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, E., JR., Khazei, A. M., AND Nahra, K. S., 1970, Surgical basis for arterial infusion chemotherapy of disseminated carcinoma of the liver, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet. 130: 581.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wirtanen, G. W., 1973, Percutaneous transbrachial artery infusion catheter techniques, Amer. J. Roentgenol. 117: 696.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witten, B., Williamson, C. E., Sass, S., Miller, J. I., Best, R., Wicks, G. E., JR., Kramer, S. P., Weinberg, T., Solomon, R. D., Goodman, L. E., AND Seligman, A. M., 1962a, Enzyme-alterable alkylating agents. I. Synthesis, chemical properties and toxicities of sulfur mustards containing enzyme-susceptible amide bonds, Cancer 15: 1041.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Witten, B., Sass, S., Miller, J. I., Williamson, C. E., Guerrero, H. G., Kramer, S. P., Solomon, R. D., Goodman, L. E., AND Seligman, A. M., 1962b, Enzyme-alterable alkylating agents. III. Synthesis, chemical properties, and toxicities of mustards containing enzyme-susceptible ester bonds, Cancer 15: 1062.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Section of Medical Oncology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA

    W. Bruce Lundberg

Authors
  1. W. Bruce Lundberg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. M.D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, University of Texas System Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA

    Frederick F. Becker

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1977 Plenum Press, New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Lundberg, W.B. (1977). Intraarterial Chemotherapy. In: Becker, F.F. (eds) Chemotherapy. Cancer, vol 5. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6628-1_7

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6628-1_7

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6630-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6628-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation