Abstract
Necrosis and apoptosis are distinct forms of cell death, although their boundaries in heart muscle cell death are relatively hazy. Injured cardiomyocytes, depending upon their cellular energy reserves, may shuffle between necrotic and apoptotic cascades and may result in classic apoptosis, orthodox necrosis, or a hybrid thereof [1].
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Narula J, Baliga R: What’s in a name? Would that which we call death by any other name be less tragic? Ann Thorac Surg 2001, 72:1454–1456.
Kumar V: Cellular pathology I: Cell Injury and Cell Death. In Robbins Pathologic Basis of Disease, edn 6. Edited by Cotran RS, Kumar V, Collins T, et al. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 1999:8.
Majno J, Joris I: Apoptosis, oncosis, and necrosis: an overview of cell death. Am J Pathol 1995, 146:3.
Narula J, Zaret BL: Noninvasive detection of cell death: from tracking epitaphs to counting coffins.J Nucl Cardiol 2002, 9:554–560.
Khaw BA, Narula J: Antimyosin scintigraphy in cardiovascular disease. Trends Cardiovasc Med 1992, 2:197–204.
Fadok VA, Laszlo DJ, Noble PW, et al.: Particle digestibility is required for induction of the phosphatidylserine recognition mechanism used by murine macrophages to phagocytose apoptotic cells.J Immunol 1993, 151:4274–1285.
Koopman G, Reutelingsperger CP, Kuijten GA, et al.: Annexin V for flow cytometric detection of phosphatidylserine expression on B cells undergoing apoptosis. Blood 1994, 84:5–20.
Strauss HW, Narula J, Blankenberg FG: Radioimaging to identify myocardial cell death and probably injury. Lancet 2000, 356:180–181.
Kim RJ, Chen EL, Lima JA, Judd RM: Myocardial Gd-DTPA kinetics determine MRI contrast enhancement and reflect extent of and severity of myocardial injury after acute reperfused infarction. Circulation 1996, 94:3318–3326.
Dewanjee MK, Kahn PC: Mechanism of localization of 99mTc-labeled pyrophosphate and tetracycline in infarcted myocardium.J Nucl Med 1976, 17:639–646.
Khaw BA, Nakazawa A, O’Donnell SM, et al.: Avidity of technetium 99m glucarate for the necrotic myocardium: in vivo and in vitro assessment.J Nucl Cardiol 1997, 4:283–290.
Khaw BA, Scott J, Fallon JT, et al.: Myocardial injury: quantitation by cell sorting initiated with anti-myosin fluorescent spheres. Science 1982, 217:1050–1053.
Khaw BA, Fallon FT, Strauss HW, et al.: Myocardial infarct imaging of antibodies to canine cardiac myosin with indium-111-diethylene-triamine pentaacetic acid. Science 1980, 209:295–297.
Narula J, Khaw BA, Dec GW Jr, et al.: Recognition of acute myocarditis masquerading as acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:100–104.
Carrio I, Estorch M, Berna L, et al.: Assessment of anthracycline-induced myocardial damage by quantitative indium 111 myosin-specific monoclonal antibody studies. Eur J Nucl Med 1991, 18:806–812.
Strauss HW, Narula J, Khaw BA: Acute myocardial infarct imaging with Tc-99m and In-111 antimyosin Fab. In Monoclonal Antibodies in Cardiovascular Disease. Edited by Khaw BA, Narula J, Strauss HW. Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger; 1994:30–42.
Khaw BA, Fallon JT, Beller GA, et al.: Specificity of localization of myosin specific antibody fragments in experimental myocardial infarction: histologic, histochemical, autoradiographic and scintigraphic studies. Circulation 1979, 60:1527–1531.
Jain D, Lahiri A, Crawley JCW, et al.: Indium-111 antimyosin imaging in a patient with acute myocardial infarction: postmortem correlation between histopathologic and autoradiographic extent of myocardial necrosis. Am J Cardiac Imaging 1988, 2:158–161.
Jain D, Lahiri A, Raferty EB: Immunoscintigraphy for detecting acute myocardial infarction without electrocardiographic changes. BMJ 1990, 300:151–153.
Aretz HT: Myocarditis: the Dallas criteria. Hum Pathol 1987, 18:619–624.
Narula J, Khaw BH, Dec GW: Diagnostic accuracy of antimyosin scintigraphy in suspected myocarditis.J Nucl Cardiol 1996, 3:371–381.
Ballester M, Carrio I, Narula J: Algorithms for management of heart transplant rejection based on surveillance of myocardial damage by antimyosin antibody imaging. In Cardiac Allograft Rejection. Edited by Dec GW, Narula J, Ballester M, Carrio I. Boston: Academic Publishers; 2001:381–398.
Ballester M, Obrador D, Carrio I, et al.: Early postoperative reduction of monoclonal antimyosin antibody uptake is associated with absent rejection-related complications after heart transplantation. Circulation 1992, 85:61–68.
Ballester M, Bordes R, Tazelaar HD, et al.: Evaluation of biopsy classification for rejection: relation to detection of myocardial damage by monoclonal antimyosin antibody imaging.J Am Coll Cardiol 1998, 31:1357–1361.
Horvitz HR: Genetic control of programmed cell death in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Cancer Res 1999, 59(Suppl 7):S1701-S1706.
Thompson CB: Apoptosis in the pathogenesis and treatment of disease. Science 1995, 267:1456–1462.
Green DR: Apoptotic pathways: the roads to ruin. Cell 1998, 94:695–698.
Green DR: Apoptotic pathways: paper wraps stone blunts scissors. Cell 2000, 102:1–4.
Zamzami N, Kroemer G: The mitochondrion in apoptosis: how Pandora’s box opens. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2001, 2:67–71.
Gross A, Yin XM, Wang K, et al.: Caspase cleaved BID targets mitochondria and is required for cytochrome c release, while BCL-XL prevents this release but not tumor necrosis factor-R1/Fas death. J Biol Chem 1999, 274:1156–1163.
Gross A, McDonnell JM, Korsmeyer SJ: BCL-2 family members and the mitochondria in apoptosis. Genes Dev 1999, 13:1899–1911.
Salvesen GS, Duckett CS: Apoptosis: IAP proteins: blocking the road to death’s door. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2002, 3:401–410.
Watanabe M, Jafri A, Fisher SA: Apoptosis is required for the proper formation of the ventriculo-arterial connections. Dev Biol 2001, 240:274–288.
Narula J, Haider N, Virmani R, et al.: Apoptosis in myocytes in end-stage heart failure. N Engl J Med 1996, 335:1182–1189.
Watanabe M, Choudhry A, Berlan M, et al.: Developmental remodeling and shortening of the cardiac outflow tract involves myocyte programmed cell death. Development 1998, 125:3809–3820.
Reutelingsperger CP, Dumont E, Thimister PW, et al.: Visualization of cell death in vivo with the annexin A5 imaging protocol. JImmunol Methods 2002, 265:123–132.
Hofstra L, Liem IH, Dumont E, et al.: Visualisation of cell death in vivo in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Lancet 2000, 356:209–212.
Narula J, Acio ER, Narula N, et al.: Annexin V imaging for noninvasive detection of cardiac allograft rejection. Nat Med 2001, 7:1347–1352.
Hofstra L, Dumont EA, Thimister PW, et al.: In vivo detection of apoptosis in an intracardiac tumor. JAMA 2001, 285:1841–1842.
Dumont EA, Reutelingsperger CP, Smits JF, et al.: Real-time imaging of apoptotic cell-membrane changes at the single-cell level in the beating murine heart. Nat Med 2001, 7:1352–1355.
Leist M, Single B, Naumann H, et al.: Inhibition of mitochondrial ATP generation by nitric oxide switches apoptosis to necrosis. Exp Cell Res 1999, 249:396–403.
Leist M, Nicotera P: The shape of cell death. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1997, 236:1–9.
Blankenberg F, Narula J, Strauss HW: In vivo detection of apoptotic cell death: a necessary measurement for evaluating therapy for myocarditis, ischemia, and heart failure.J Nucl Cardiol 1999, 6:531–539.
Gottlieb RA, Burleson KO, Kloner RA, et al.: Reperfusion injury induces apoptosis in rabbit cardiomyocytes.J Clin Invest 1994, 94:1621–1628.
Tanaka M, Ito H, Adachi S, et al.: Hypoxia induces apoptosis with enhanced expression of Fas antigen messenger RNA in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Circ Res 1994, 75:426–433.
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Current Medicine, Inc.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Narula, J., Hofstra, L. (2003). Imaging Myocardial Necrosis and Apoptosis. In: Atlas of Nuclear Cardiology. Current Medicine Group, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6496-6_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6496-6_12
Publisher Name: Current Medicine Group, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6498-0
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6496-6
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive