Abstract
Although traditional coronary risk factors have included elevated blood pressure, cholesterol, and cigarette smoking, several other factors are now being considered. This chapter provides a sampling of some of these “newer” risk factors, particularly those that have a biologic basis. The major categories to be considered are hematologic, newer lipid particles and their metabolic considerations, vitamins and homocysteine, and aspects of glucose metabolism.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Danesh J, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R: Association of fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, albumin, or leukocyte count with coronary heart disease: meta-analyses of prospective studies. JAMA 1998, 279:1477–1482.
Meade TW, Brozovic M, Chakrabarti RR, et al.: Haemostatic func-tion and ischaemic heart disease: principal results of the Northwick Park Heart Study. Lancet 1986, 2:533–537.
Ridker PM, Vaughan DE, Stampfer MJ, et al.: Endogenous tissue-type plasminogen activator and risk of myocardial infarction. Lancet 1993, 341:1165–1168.
Thompson SG, Kienast J, Pyke SD, et al.: Hemostatic factors and the risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death in patients with angina pectoris. European Concerted Action on Thrombosis and Disabilities Angina Pectoris Study Group. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:635–641.
Gebara OCE, Mittleman MA, Sutherland P, et al.: Association between increased estrogen status and increased fibrinolytic poten-tial in the Framingham Offspring Study. Circulation 1995, 91:1952–1958.
Ridker PM, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Rifai N: C-reactive protein and other markers of inflammation in the prediction of cardiovas-cular disease in women. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:836–843.
Willich SN, Levy D, Rocco MB, et al.: Orcadian variation in the incidence of sudden cardiac death in the Framingham Heart Study population. Am J Cardiol 1987, 60:801–806.
Muller JE, Tofler GH, Stone PH: Circadian variation and triggers of onset of acute cardiovascular disease. Circulation 1989, 79:733–743.
Schaefer EJ, Lamon-Fava S, Jenner JL, et al.: Lipoprotein(a) levels and risk of coronary heart disease in men: the Lipid Research Clinics Coronary Primary Prevention Trial. JAMA 1994, 271:999–1003.
Ridker PM, Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH: Plasma concentration of lipoprotein(a) and the risk of future stroke.JAMA 1995, 273:1269–1273.
Ridker PM, Cushman M, Stampfer MJ, et al.: Inflammation, aspirin, and the risk of cardiovascular disease in apparently healthy men. N Engl J Med 1997, 336:973–979.
Ridker PM, Rifai N, Pfeffer MA, et al.: Long-term effects of pravas-tatin on plasma concentration of C- reactive protein. The Cholesterol and Recurrent Events (CARE) Investigators. Circulation 1999, 100:230–235.
Collaboration AT: Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarc-tion, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ 2002, 324:71–86.
CAPRIE Steering Committee: A randomised, blinded, trial of Clopi-dogrel versus aspirin in patients at risk of ischaemic events (CAPRIE). Lancet 1996, 348:1329–1339.
Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, et al.: Effects of Clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med 2001, 345:494–502.
Austin MA, Breslow JL, Hennekens CH, et al.: Low-density lipoprotein subclass patterns and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 1988, 260:1917–1921.
Gardner CD, Fortmann SP, Krauss RM: Association of small low-density lipoprotein particles with the incidence of coronary artery disease in men and women. JAMA 1996, 276:875–881.
Jeppesen J, Hein HO, Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F: Triglyceride concentration and ischemic heart disease: an eight-year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study. Circulation 1998, 97:1029–1036.
Wilson PW, Myers RH, Larson MG, et al.: Apolipoprotein E alleles, dyslipidemia, and coronary heart disease. The Framingham Offspring Study. JAMA 1994, 272:1666–1671.
Wilson PWF, Schaefer EJ, Larson MG, Ordovas JM: Apolipoprotein E alleles and risk of coronary disease: a meta-analysis. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 1996, 16:1250–1255.
Gofman JW, Young W, Tandy R: Ischemic heart disease, atheroscle-rosis, and longevity. Circulation 1966, 34:679–697.
Juhan-Vague I, Alessi MC: Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 and atherothrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1993, 70:138–143.
Buring JE, O’Connor GT, Goldhaber SZ, et al.: Decreased HDL2 and HDL3 Cholesterol, Apo A-I and Apo A-II, and increased risk of myocardial infarction. Circulation 1992, 85:22–29.
Stampfer MJ, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, et al.: Vitamin E consumption and risk of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med 1993, 328:1444–1449.
Steinberg D: A critical look at the evidence for the oxidation of LDL in atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis 1997, 131(suppl):S5–S7.
Alpha-tocopherol, Beta Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group: The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. NEngl J Med 1994, 330:1029–1035.
Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al.: Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:145–153.
Yusuf S, Dagenais G, Pogue J, et al.: Vitamin E supplementation and cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 2000, 342:154–160.
Christen WG, Ajani UA, Glynn RJ, Hennekens CH: Blood levels of homocysteine and increased risks of cardiovascular disease: causal or casual? Arch Intern Med 2000, 160:422–134.
Selhub J, Jacques PF, Bostom AG, et al.: Association between plasma homocysteine and extracranial carotid stenosis. N Engl J Med 1995, 332:286–291.
Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PWF, et al.: Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinemia in the elderly. JAMA 1993, 270:2693–2698.
Jacques PF, Selhub J, Bostom AG, et al.: The effect of folic acid fortification on plasma folate and total homocysteine concentrations. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:1449–1454.
Pyorala K: Relationship of glucose tolerance and plasma insulin to the incidence of coronary heart disease: results from two popula-tion studies in Finland. Diabetes Care 1979, 2:131–141.
Meigs JB, D’Agostino RB, Wilson PWF, et al.: Risk variable clus-tering in the insulin resistance syndrome. Diabetes 1997, 46:1594–1600.
Kuusisto J, Mykkanen L, Pyorala K, Laakso M: NIDDM and its metabolic control predict coronary heart disease in elderly subjects. Diabetes 1994, 43:960–967.
UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) Group: Intensive blood-glucose control with sulphonylureas or insulin compared with conventional treatment and risk of complications in patients with type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 33). Lancet 1998, 352:837–853.
Wilson PW, Kauppila LI, O’Donnell CJ, et al.: Abdominal aortic calcific deposits are an important predictor of vascular morbidity and mortality. Circulation 2001, 103:1529–1534.
Jarvisalo MJ, Jartti L, Nanto-Salonen K, et al.: Increased aortic intima-media thickness: a marker of preclinical atherosclerosis in high-risk children. Circulation 2001, 104:2943–2947.
O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, et al.: Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 1999, 340:14–22.
Newman AB, Naydeck BL, Sutton-Tyrrell K, et al.: Coronary artery calcification in older adults to age 99: prevalence and risk factors. Circulation 2001, 104:2679–2684.
Zhao XQ, Yuan C, Hatsukami TS, et al.: Effects of prolonged inten-sive lipid-lowering therapy on the characteristics of carotid athero-sclerotic plaques in vivo by MRI: a case-control study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001, 21:1623–1629.
Nissen SE, Yock P: Intravascular ultrasound: novel pathophysiological insights and current clinical applications. Circulation 2001, 103:604–616.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Wilson, P.W.F. (2003). The Newer Coronary Risk Factors. In: Wilson, P.W.F. (eds) Atlas of Atherosclerosis. Current Medicine Group, London. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6484-3_10
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6484-3_10
Publisher Name: Current Medicine Group, London
Print ISBN: 978-1-4615-6486-7
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6484-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive