Skip to main content
View expanded cover

Pacific Salmon & their Ecosystems pp 493–512Cite as

Rehabilitation of Pacific Salmon in Their Ecosystems: What Can Artificial Propagation Contribute?

  • Chapter

Abstract

Artificial propagation is only one of a number of tools whose application might assist rehabilitation of depleted Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) populations in their ecosystems. The motivation for and implementation of hatchery programs have evolved as world-views of nature-human relations have changed, understanding of salmonid ecosystems has evolved, the diversity of stakeholders involved in salmon issues has increased, and adverse human impacts on aquatic ecosystems have accumulated. Building on lessons from past uses, this paper outlines changes needed to integrate future applications of artificial propagation into comprehensive, ecosystem-focused adaptive management. Changes cover all steps in the adaptive management cycle including setting goals and objectives, problem identification, actions, and evaluation. Hatchery programs should be compatible with management goals of retaining or rehabilitating all levels of biodiversity found in Pacific salmon ecosystems and the natural regenerative capacity of these ecosystems. Consistent with these goals, two guiding principles are as follows: (1) use hatcheries only as part of a comprehensive rehabilitation strategy, with rigorous adherence to adaptive management and (2) ensure that all hatchery programs maintain genetic diversity between and within salmon populations and avoid disruption of all other levels of biodiversity in salmonid watersheds. To be compatible with these goals and principles, hatchery programs need new tools in the following areas: planning that includes assessment of genetic and ecological risks; operational changes based on population inventories and principles of genetics, evolution, and ecology; and monitoring and evaluation for progress in achieving goals while minimizing risks.

Keywords

  • Adaptive Management
  • Brook Trout
  • Pacific Salmon
  • Hatchery Fish
  • Salmon Population

These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-6375-4_26
  • Chapter length: 20 pages
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
eBook
USD   189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • ISBN: 978-1-4615-6375-4
  • Instant PDF download
  • Readable on all devices
  • Own it forever
  • Exclusive offer for individuals only
  • Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout
Softcover Book
USD   249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Hardcover Book
USD   299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Reference

  • Agricultural Biotechnology Research Advisory Committee, Working Group on Aquatic Biotechnology and Environmental Safety. 1995. Performance standards for safely conducting research with genetically modified fish and shellfish. Parts I & II. United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Agricultural Biotechnology, Documents No. 95–04 and 95–05. Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allendorf, F.W. and N. Ryman. 1987. Genetic management of hatchery stocks, p.141–159. In N. Ryman and F. Utter (eds.), Population Genetics and Fishery Management. University of Washington Press, Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anonymous. 1992. Supplementation in the Columbia Basin Regional Assessment of Supplementation Project report series: part I. Background, description, performance measures, uncertainty, and theory. May 1, 1992. Bonneville Power Administration. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyce, M.S. 1992. Population viability analysis. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 1992 (23): 481–506.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Busack, C. and K. Currens. 1995. Genetic risks and hazards in hatchery operations: fundamental concepts and issues. American Fisheries Society Symposium 15: 71–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carson, H. L. 1983. The genetics of the founder effect, p. 189–200. In C. M. Schonewald-Cox, S. M. Chambers, B. MacBryde, and L. Thomas (eds.), Genetics and Conservation. The Benjamin Cummins Publishing Co., Inc., Menlo Park, California.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cederholm, C.J., D.B. Houston, C.B. Cole, and W.J. Scarlett. 1989. Fate of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) carcasses in spawning streams. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 46: 1347–1355.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Cuenco, M.L., T. W.H. Backman, and P.R. Mundy. 1993. The use of supplementation to aid in natural stock restoration, p. 269–293. In J.G. Cloud and G.H. Thorgaard (eds.), Genetic Conservation of Salmonid Fishes. Plenum Press, New York.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Currens, K. 1993. Genetic vulnerability of the Yakima fishery project: a risk assessment. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Olympia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Currens, K.P. and C. Busack. 1995. Genetic risk assessment. Fisheries 20(12): 24–31.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Donaldson, J.R. 1967. The phosphorous of Iliamna Lake, Alaska as related to the cyclic abundance of sockeye salmon. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Washington. Seattle.

    Google Scholar 

  • Doppelt, B., M. Scurlock, C. Frissell, and J. Karr. 1993. Entering the Watershed. A New Approach to Save America’s River Ecosystems. Island Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eberhardt, L.L. and J. M. Thomas. 1991. Designing environmental field studies. Ecological Monographs 61(1): 53–73.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Flick, W.A. and D.A. Webster. 1962. Problems in sampling wild and domestic stocks of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 91: 140–144.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Flick, W.A. and D.A. Webster. 1964. Comparative first year survival and production in wild and domestic strains of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 93: 58–69.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, S. and P.A. Bisson. 1996. Degradation and loss of anadromous salmonid habitat in the Pacific Northwest, p. 277–314. In D.J. Stouder, P.A. Bisson, and R.J. Naiman (eds.), Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options. Chapman and Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Groot, C. and L. Margolis (eds.). 1991. Pacific Salmon Life Histories. University of British Columbia Press, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hard, J.J. 1995. Genetic monitoring of life-history characters in salmon supplementation: problems and opportunities. American Fisheries Society Symposium 15: 212–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hard, J.J., R.P. Jones, Jr., M.R. Delarm, and R.S. Waples. 1992. Pacific salmon and artificial propagation under the Endangered Species Act. National Marine Fisheries Service, Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC2. Seattle, Washington.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hill, W.G. 1981. Estimation of effective population size from data on linkage disequilibrium. Genetical Research 38: 209–216.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Hughes, R. M., and R. R Noss. 1992. Biological diversity and biological integrity: current concerns for lakes and streams. Fisheries 17(3): 11–19.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Integrated Hatchery Operations Team. 1994a. Policies and procedures for Columbia Basin anadromous salmonid hatcheries, October 1994. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Integrated Hatchery Operations Team. 1994b. Policies and procedures for Columbia Basin anadromous salmo-nid hatcheries. Executive Summary, October, 1994. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Integrated Hatchery Operations Team. 1994c. Implementation plan for integrating regional hatchery policies, October 1994. Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J.I. and M.V. Abrahams. 1991. Interbreeding with domestic strain increases foraging under threat of predation in juvenile steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): an experimental study. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48: 243–247.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Jorde, P.E. and N. Ryman. 1995. Temporal allele frequency change and estimation of effective size in populations with overlapping generations. Genetics 139:1077–1090.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kapuscinski, A.R. 1991. Genetic analysis of policies and guidelines for salmon and steelhead hatchery production in the Columbia River Basin, p. 117–160 in Hearing before the Subcommittee on Environment and Natural Resources, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, US House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session on Watershed Management and Fish Hatchery Practices in the Pacific Northwest, March 9, 1993. Serial No. 103–3. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapuscinski, A.R. 1993. Testimony on role of hatcheries in the recovery of naturally-spawning salmon populations in the Pacific Northwest, p. 107–113. In Hearing before the Subcommittee on Environment and Natural Resources, Committee on Merchant Marine and Fisheries, US House of Representatives, One Hundred Third Congress, First Session on Watershed Management and Fish Hatchery Practices in the Pacific Northwest, March 9, 1993. Serial No. 103–3. US Government Printing Office, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapuscinski, A.R. 1994. A common conservation ethic: communicating the way towards conservation of aquatic biodiversity, p. 36–50. In D. P. Philipp (ed.), The Protection of Aquatic Biotic Diversity: Proceedings of the World Fisheries Congress, Theme 3. Oxford and IBM Publishing Company, New Delhi, India.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kapuscinski, A.R. and L.M. Miller. 1993. Genetic hatchery guidelines for the Yakima/Klickitat Fisheries Project. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife. Olympia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kline, T.C., Jr., J.J. Goering, O.A. Mathisen, P.H. Poe, and P.L. Parker. 1990. Recycling of elements transported upstream by runs of Pacific salmon: I. 8’5N and 8’3C evidence in Sashin Creek, southeastern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47: 136–144.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kline, T.C., Jr., J.J. Goering, O.A. Mathisen, P.H. Poe, and P.L. Parker. 1993. Recycling of elements transported upstream by runs of Pacific salmon: II. 8’5N and S“C evidence in the Kvichak River watershed, Bristol Bay, Southwestern Alaska. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 50: 2350–2365.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Krueger, C.C., D.J. Decker, and T.A. Gavin. 1986. A concept of natural resource management: an application to unicorns. Transactions of the Northeast Section of the Wildlife Society 43: 50–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lawson, P.W. 1993. Cycles in ocean productivity, trends in habitat quality, and the restoration of salmon runs in Oregon. Fisheries 18(8): 6–10.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Li, H.W., C.B. Schreck, C.E. Bond, and E. Rextad. 1987. Factors influencing changes in fish assemblages in Pacific Northwest streams, p. 193–202. In W. J. Matthews and D. C. Hein (eds.), Community and Evolutionary Ecology of North American Stream Fishes. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, J.W., O.M. Brynildson, and P.E. Degurse. 1967. Comparative survival of wild and domestic strains of brook trout in streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 96: 313–319.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Moyle, P.B. 1969. Comparative behavior of young brook trout of domestic and wild origin. The Progressive Fish Culturist 31: 51–56.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • National Research Council. 1996. Upstream. Salmon and Society in the Pacific Northwest. National Academy Press, Washington, DC.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nehlsen, W., J.E. Williams, and J. Lichatowich. 1991. Pacific salmon at the crossroads: stocks at risk from California, Oregon, Idaho, and Washington. Fisheries (Bethesda) 16(2): 4–21.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Northwest Power Planning Council. 1992. Strategy for salmon. Volume II. Northwest Power Planning Council. Portland, Oregon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Noss, R.R. 1990. Indicators for monitoring biodiversity: a hierarchical approach. Conservation Biology 4: 355–364.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Pollak, E. 1983. A new method for estimating the effective population size from allele frequency changes. Genetics 104: 531–548.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Reisenbichler, R.R. 1996. Genetic factors contributing to declines of anadromous salmonids in the Pacific northwest, p. 223–244. In D.J. Stouder, P.A. Bisson, and R.J. Naiman (eds.), Pacific Salmon and Their Ecosystems: Status and Future Options. Chapman and Hall, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richey, J.E., M.A. Perkins, and C.R. Goldman. 1975. Effects of kokanee salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) decomposition on the ecology of a subalpine stream. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 32: 817–820.

    CrossRef  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ricker, W.E. 1954. Stock and recruitment. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada 11: 559–623.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Riddell, B.E. 1993. Salmonid enhancement: lessons from the past and a role for the future, p. 338–355. In D. Mills (ed.), Salmon in the Sea and New Enhancement Strategies. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Ltd., Oxford, United Kingdom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vincent, R.E. 1960. Some influences of domestication upon three stocks of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchell). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 89: 35–52.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

  • Wahl, D.H., R.A. Stein, and D.R. DeVries. 1995. An ecological framework for evaluating the success and effects of stocked fishes. American Fisheries Society Symposium 15: 176–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Waples, R.S. 1989. A generalized approach for estimating effective population size from temporal changes in allele frequency. Genetics 121: 379–391.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • White, G.M. 1995. Urban planning for the conservation of stream ecosystems: a case study from Indianapolis, Indiana. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Minnesota, St. Paul.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, M.F. and K.C. Halupka. 1995. Anadromous fish as keystone species in vertebrate communities. Conservation Biology 9(3): 489–497.

    CrossRef  Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. Anne R. Kapuscinski
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

    Rights and permissions

    Reprints and Permissions

    Copyright information

    © 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

    About this chapter

    Cite this chapter

    Kapuscinski, A.R. (1997). Rehabilitation of Pacific Salmon in Their Ecosystems: What Can Artificial Propagation Contribute?. In: Stouder, D.J., Bisson, P.A., Naiman, R.J. (eds) Pacific Salmon & their Ecosystems. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6375-4_26

    Download citation

    • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6375-4_26

    • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

    • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7928-7

    • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6375-4

    • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive