Abstract
Producing parts by layer-based manufacturing requires the transformation of the geometric description of a part into a form suitable for processing by the particular SFF process. The process proceeds by first slicing the geometric description of the part into layers. The slicing operation generates the contours of the part for each layer. The contours are then processed in a manner dependent upon the particular SFF technology. For instance, for Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), the contours are discretized into “toggle points” at which the laser beam must be modulated to produce the desired solid. In this chapter, we discuss the representations of parts that are required to support geometric processing for SFF, and the interfaces between geometry sources and SFF software. We also describe slicing algorithms and processing within layers. The chapter ends with a short discussion of process planning for SFF based on geometric considerations.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
3D Systems, Inc., “Stereolithography Interface Specification”, 3D Systems, Inc., Valencia, CA, June 1988.
Allen, S., and Dutta, D., “On the Computation of Part Orientation Using Support Structures in Layered Manufacturing”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 8–10, 1994, pp. 259–269.
Bartels, K. A., Crawford, R. H., Das, S., Guduri, S., Bovik, A. C., Diller, K. R., and Aggarwal, S. J., “Fabrication of Macroscopic Solid Models of Three-Dimensional Microscopic Data by Selective Laser Sintering”, Journal of Microscopy, Volume 169, No. 3, 1993, pp. 383–389.
Beaman, J. J., “Machine Issues Associated with Solid Freeform Fabrication”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 3–5, 1992, pp. 309–330.
Bjørke, O., “How to Make Stereolithography into a Practical Tool for Tool Production”, Annals of CIRP, Vol. 40, No. 1, 1991, pp. 175–177.
Bøhn, J. H. and Wozny, M. J., “Automatic CAD-Model Repair: Shell-Closure”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 3–5, 1992, pp. 86–94.
Carleberg, P., “Product Model Driven Direct Manufacturing”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 8–10, 1994, pp. 270–276.
Chalasani, K., Jones, L., and Roscoe, L., “Support Generation for Fused Deposition Modeling”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 7–9, 1995, pp. 229–241.
Chari, J. K., and Hall, J. L., “Robust Prototyping”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 9–11, 1993, pp. 135–142.
Chen, L., and Woo, T. C., “Computational Geometry on the Sphere with Application to Automated Machining”, Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 114, 1992, pp. 288–295.
Craig, J. I., Fulton, R. E., Stephen, E. R., and Jarnagin, A. B., “Testing CALS Standards for Engineering and Manufacturing Applications”, Engineering Data Management: Key to Integrated Product Development, proceedings of the 6th annual ASME Database Symposium, T. R. Chase, ed., San Francisco, CA, August 2–6, 1988, pp. 33–41.
Crawford, R. H., Das, S., and Beaman, J. J., “Software Testbed for Selective Laser Sintering”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 12–14, 1991, pp. 21–27.
Cunningham, J. J., and Dixon, J. R., “Designing with Features: The Origin of Features”, Computers in Engineering 1988, vol. 1, proceedings of the 7988 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, San Francisco, CA July 31-August 4, 1988, V. A. Tipnis and E. M. Patton, eds., pp. 237–243.
Cutkosky, M. R., Tenenbaum, J. M., and Muller, D., “Features in Process-Based Design”, Computers in Engineering 1988, vol. 1, proceedings of the 1988 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, San Francisco, CA, July 31-August 4, 1988, V. A. Tipnis and E. M. Patton, eds., pp. 557–562.
Darrah, J., and Wielgus, M., “A New CAD Model Format for SFF Machines?”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 6–8, 1990, pp. 121–125.
Dolenc, A., and Mäkelä, I., “Slicing Procedures for Layered Manufacturing Techniques”, Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 26, No. 2, 1994, pp. 119–126.
Drake, S. H., “Alpha_l, Remote Manufacturing, and Solid Freeform Fabrication”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 6–8, 1990, pp. 115–120.
Falcidieno, B., and Giannini, F., “Automatic Recognition and Representation of Shape-Based Features in a Geometric Modeling System”, Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing, vol. 48, no. 1, October 1989, pp. 93–123.
Gadh, R., “A Hybrid Approach to Intelligent Geometric Design Using Features-Based Design and Feature Recognition”, Advances in Design Automation, vol. 2, proceedings of the 19th ASME Design Automation Conference, September 19–22, 1993, Albuquerque, NM, B. J. Gilmore, D. A. Hoeltzel, S. Azarm, and, H. A. Eschenauer, eds., pp. 273–283.
Gadh, R., and Prinz, F. B., “MANUFeature: A Framework for Recognizing CAD Interactions in Design-for-Manufacturing Analysis”, Advances in Design Automation, vol. 2, proceedings of the 18th ASME Design Automation Conference, September 13–16, 1992, Scottsdale, AZ, D. A. Hoeltzel, ed., pp. 91–103.
Gan, J. G., Woo, T. C., and Tang, K., “Spherical Maps: Their Construction, Properties, and Approximation”, Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 116, 1994, pp. 357–363.
Gilman, C. R., and Rock, S. J., “The Use of STEP to Integrate Design and Solid Freeform Fabrication”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 7–9, 1995, pp. 213–220.
Gursoz, E. L., Weiss, L. E., and Prinz, F. B., “Geometric Modeling for Rapid Prototyping and Tool Fabrication”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 6–8, 1990, pp. 135–145.
Guduri, S., Crawford, R. H., and Beaman, J. J., “A Method to Generate Exact Contour Files for Solid Freeform Fabrication”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 3–5, 1992, pp. 95–101.
Guduri, S., Crawford, R. H., and Beaman, J. J., “Direct Generation of Contour Files from Constructive Solid Geometry Representations”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 9–11, 1993, pp. 291–302.
Henderson, M. R., “Extraction of Feature Information from Three-Dimensional CAD Data”, Ph.D. Thesis, Purdue University, 1984.
Hoppe, H., DeRose, T., Duchamp, T., McDonald, J., and Stuetzle, W., “Surface Reconstruction from Unorganized Points”, Computer Graphics, Vol. 26, No. 2, July 1992, pp. 71–78.
Jacobs, P. F., Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing: Fundamentals of Stereolithography, Society of Manufacturing Engineers, Dearborn, MI, 1992.
Jacobs, P. F., Stereolithography and other RP&M Technologies: From Rapid Prototyping to Rapid Tooling, ASME Press, New York, 1996.
Kirschman, C. F., and Jara-Almonte, C. C., “A Parallel Slicing Algorithm for Solid Freeform Fabrication Processes”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 3–5, 1992, pp. 26–33.
Levy, R. A., Guduri, S., and Crawford, R. H., “Preliminary Experience with Selective Laser Sintigraphic (SLS) Models of the Human Temporal Bone”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 3–5, 1992, pp. 161–173.
Joshi, S., and Chang, T. C., “Graph-Based Heuristics for REcognition of Machined Features from a 3D Model”, Computer-Aided Design, vol. 20, no. 2, March 1988, pp. 58–66.
Kim, Y. S., “Recognition of Form Features Using Convex Decomposition”, Computer-Aided Design, vol. 24, no. 9, September 1992, pp. 461–476.
Kim, Y. S., “Volumetric Feature Recognition Using Convex Decomposition”, Advances in Feature Based Manufacturing, J. J. Shah, M. Mäntylä, D. S. Nau, eds., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 39–63.
Mäkelä, I., and Dolenc, A., “Some Efficient Procedures for Correcting Triangulated Models”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 9–11, 1993, pp. 126–134.
Nelson, J.C., S. Xue, J.W. Barlow, J.J. Beaman, H.L. Marcus, and D.L. Bourell, “A model of the Selective Laser Sintering of Bisphenol-A Polycarbonate”, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 32, 2305–17, 1993.
Pang, T. H., and Jacobs, P. F., “StereoLithography 1993: QuickCastTM”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 9–11, 1993, pp. 158–167.
Panzica, C. H., “IGES — Today’s Product Data Exchange Technology”, Managing Engineering Data: Emerging Issues, proceedings of the 2nd annual ASME Database Symposium, R. E. Fulton, ed., San Francisco, CA, July 31-August 4, 1988, pp. 61–65.
Pavlakos, E. G., Greenfield, I., Cutting, C. B., Wei, C. S., “Conversion of 3D Scan Data to IGES Data Base for Design and Manufacture”, Computers in Engineering 1989, proceedings of the 1989 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition, Vol. 1, D. R. Riley and T. J. Cokonis, eds., Anaheim, CA, July 30-August 3, 1989, pp. 99–103.
Rajagopalan, M., Aziz, N. M., and Huey, C. O., “A Model for Interfacing Geometric Modeling Data with Rapid Prototyping Systems”, Advances in Engineering Software, Vol. 23, 1995, pp. 89–96.
Rock, S. J. and Wozny, M. J., “A Flexible File Format for Solid Freeform Fabrication”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 12–14, 1991, pp. 1–12.
Rock, S. J. and Wozny, M. J., “Utilizing Topological Information to Increase Scan Vector Generation Efficiency”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 12–14, 1991, pp. 28–36.
Rock, S. J. and Wozny, M. J., “Generating Topological Information from a ‘Bucket of Facets’”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 3–5, 1992, pp. 251–259.
Rogers, W. E., Crawford, R. H., Beaman, J. J., and Walsh, N. E., “Fabrication of Prosthetic Sockets by Selective Laser Sintering”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 12–14, 1991, pp. 158–163.
Rosen, D. W., Dixon, J. R., and Finger, S., “Conversions of Feature-Based Representations via Graph Grammar Parsing”, Proceedings of the 1992 ASME Design Theory and Methodology Conference, September 13–16, 1992, Scottsdale, AZ, D.L. Taylor and L.A. Stauffer, eds., pp. 83–90.
Ryan, S. A., “PDES/STEP: A Status Report”, Engineering Data Management: Key to Integrated Product Development, proceedings of the 6th annual ASME Database Symposium, T. R. Chase, ed., San Francisco, CA, August 2–6, 1988, pp. 43–47.
Sachs, E., Curodeau, A., Gossard, D., Jee H., Cima, M., and Caldarise, S., “Surface Texture by 3D Printing”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 8–10, 1994, pp. 56–64.
Sakurai, H., “Decomposing a Delta Volume into Maximal Convex Volumes and Sequencing Them for Machining”, Computers in Engineering 1994, vol. 1, Proceedings of the 1994 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exposition, Minneapolis, MN, September 11–14, 1994, K. Ishiii, ed., pp. 135–142.
Sakurai, H., and Chin, C-W., “Definition and Recognition of Volume Features for Process Planning”, Advances in Feature Based Manufacturing, J. J. Shah, M. Mäntylä, D. S. Nau, eds., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 65–80.
Sakurai, H., and Gossard, D. C., “Recognizing Shape Features in Solid Models, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, September 1990, pp. 22–32.
Shah, J. J., Rogers, M. T., Sreevalsan, P. C., Hsiao, D. W., Mathew, A., Bhatnagar, A., Liou, B. B., and Miller, D. W., “The ASU Features Testbed: An Overview”, Proceedings of the ASME Computers in Engineering Conference, vol. 1, Boston, MA, August 5–9, 1990, G. L. Kinzel and S. M. Rohde, eds., pp. 233–242.
Shah, J. J., Shen, Y., and Shirur, A., “Determination of Machining Volumes from Extensible Sets of Design Features”, Advances in Feature Based Manufacturing, J. J. Shah, M. Mäntylä, D. S. Nau, eds., Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, 1994, pp. 129–157.
Shen, Y., and Shah, J. J., “Feature Recognition by Volume Decomposition Using Half Space Partitioning”, Advances in Design Automation, vol. 1, Proceedings of the 20th ASME Design Automation Conference, September 11–14, 1994, Minneapolis, MN, B. J. Gilmore, ed., pp. 575–583.
Suh, Y. S., and Wozny, M. J., “Adaptive Slicing of Solid Freeform Fabrication Processes”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 8–10, 1994, pp. 404–411.
Suh, Y. S., and Wozny, M. J., “Integration of a Solid Freeform Fabrication Process into a Feature-Based CAD System Environment”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 7–9, 1995, pp. 334–341.
Sun, M. M., Beaman, J. J., and Barlow, J. W., “Parametric Analysis of the Selective Laser Sintering Process”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 6–8, 1990, pp. 146–154.
Sun, M. M., and Beaman, J. J., “A Three Dimensional Model for Selective Laser Sintering”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 12–14, 1991, pp. 102–109.
Tang, K., Woo, T., and Gan, J., “Maximum Intersection of Spherical Polygons and Workspace Orientation for 4-and 5-Axis Machining”, Journal of Mechanical Design, Vol. 114, 1992, pp. 477–485.
Tseng, Y-J., and Joshi, S. B., “Recognizing Multiple Interpretations of Interacting Machining Features”, Computer-Aided Design, vol. 26, no. 9, September 1994, pp. 667–688.
Thompson, D. C., The Optimization of Part Orientation for Solid Freeform Manufacture, MS Thesis, The University of Texas at Austin, December 1995.
Thompson, D. C., and Crawford, R. H., “Optimizing Part Quality with Orientation”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 7–9, 1995, pp. 362–368.
Turner, G. P. and Anderson, D. C., “An Object-Oriented Approach for Interactive Feature-Based Design for Quick Turnaround Manufacturing”, Computers in Engineering 1988, vol. 1, proceedings of the 1988 ASME International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition, San Francisco, CA, July 31-August 4, 1988, V. A. Tipnis and E. M. Patton, eds., pp. 551–555.
Vandenbrande, J. H., and Requicha, A. A. G., “Spatial Reasoning for Automatic Recognition of Interacting Form Features”, Proceedings of the ASME Computers in Engineering Conference, vol. 1, Boston, MA, August 5–9, 1990, G. L. Kinzel and S. M. Rohde, eds., pp. 251–256.
Weissman, E. M., and Hsu, M. B., “A Finite Element Model of Multi-Layered Laser Sintered Parts”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 12–14, 1991, pp. 86–94.
Woo, T.C. “Feature Extraction by Volume Decomposition”, Proceedings of the Conference on CAD/CAM Technology in Mechanical Engineering, Cambridge, MA, March 1982, pp. 76–94.
Woo, T. C., “Visibility Maps and Spherical Algorithms”, Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 26, No. 1, 1994, pp. 6–16.
Wozny, M. J., “Systems Issues in Solid Freeform Fabrication”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 3–5, 1992, pp. 1–15.
Wu, Y-J. E., and Beaman, J. J., “Contour Following for Scanning Control in SFF Application: Control Trajectory Planning”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 6–8, 1990, pp. 126–134.
Wu, Y-J. E., and Beaman, J. J., “Solid Freeform Fabrication Laser Tracking Control”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 12–14, 1991, pp. 37–45.
Wu, Y-J. E., and Beaman, J. J., “Laser Tracking Control Implementation for SFF Applications”, Solid Freeform Fabrication Proceedings, Austin, TX, August 3–5, 1992, pp. 161–173.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Beaman, J.J., Barlow, J.W., Bourell, D.L., Crawford, R.H., Marcus, H.L., McAlea, K.P. (1997). Information Processing. In: Solid Freeform Fabrication: A New Direction in Manufacturing. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6327-3_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6327-3_3
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-9834-9
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6327-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive