Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Electrooptic Modulation

  • Chapter
Semiconductor Optical Modulators

Abstract

It is always necessary to use modulators in order to modulate the lightwave with signals including information. There are three main methods in modulation; direct, internal modulation, and external modulation. The direct modulation method is represented by semiconductor laser diodes, where injection current for the laser diode is changed by signals. This has been used for a long time for lightwave transmission systems. The second method is used for changing the Q in the cavity of solid state lasers by inserting the modulators. The lasing condition is very sensitive to losses in the cavity and only a low percentage modulation index results to sufficiently operate the lasers because a small change in the loss can stop even lasing. This method is highly efficient, but it is difficult to obtain stable lightwave signals due to the relaxation oscillation of lasers associated with modulation. However, this method is necessary to use a laser as actively mode-locking that genarates ultrashort and repetitive optical pulses fixed by the cavity length. The third method is very popular and various types are used when its large insertion loss is not a serious problem. The structure of internal modulators is also similar to that of external modulators. Therefore, in this chapter we focus mainly on the external modulators.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. S. Namba, J. Opt. Soc. Am., 51, 76, 1961.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. J. F. Nye, Physical Properties of Crystals, Oxford, England, Oxford Univ. Press, 1964.

    Google Scholar 

  3. I. P. Kaminow, An introduction to Electrooptic Devices, New York, Academic Press, 1974. I. P. Kaminow and E. H. Turner, Appl. Opt., 5, 1612, 1965.

    Google Scholar 

  4. A. Yariv and P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Crystals, New York, Wiley, 1984, Chap. 7 and 8.

    Google Scholar 

  5. K. Tada and H. Noguchi, Trans. IEICE, E73, 88, 1990.

    Google Scholar 

  6. K. Komatsu, K. Hamamoto, M. Sugimoto, Y. Kohga, and A. Suzuki, Top. Meet, on Photon. Switching, 1991, P.24.

    Google Scholar 

  7. M. Bachmann, E. Gini, and H. Melchior, ECOC’92, TuB7.4, P.345, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  8. L. A. Coldren, J. G. Mendoza-Alvarez, and R. H. Yan, Appl. Phys. Lett, 51, 792, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. J. Faist, F. K. Reinhart, and D. Martin, Electron. Lett., 23, 1391, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. F. K. Reinhart, D. F. Nelson, and J. Mckenna, Phys. Rev., 177, 1208, 1969.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. H. G. Bach, J. Krauser, H. P. Noting, R. A. Rogan, and F. K. Reinhart, Appl. Phys. Lett., 42, 692, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. S. S. Lee, R. V. Ramaswamy, and V. S. Sundaram, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 27, 726, 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. J. Faist and F.-K. Reinhart, J. Appl. Phys., 67, 6998, 1990 and ibid, 7006, 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. G. Mendoza-Alvalez, L. A. Coldren, A. Alping, R. H. Yan, T. Hausken, K. Lee, and K. Pedrotti, J. Lightwave Technol., 6, 793, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. J. Zoroofch and J. K. Butler, J. Appl. Phys., 44, 3697, 1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. D. D. Sell, H. C. Casey, Jr., and K. W. Wecht, J. Appl. Phys., 45, 2650, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. J. G. Mendoza-Alvalez, F. D. Nunes, and N. B. Patel, J. Appl. Phys., 51, 4365, 1980.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. C. H. Henry, R. A. Logan, and K. A. Bertness, J. Appl. Phys., 52, 4457, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. J. Manning, R. Olshansky, and C. B. Su, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-19, 1525, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. D. A. B. Miller, Opt. Photonics News 1, 7, 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. H. Okamoto, Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 26, 315, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. J. S. Weiner, D. A. B. Miller, and D. S. Chemla, Appl. Phys. Lett., 50, 842, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. J. E. Zucker, T. L. Hendrickson, and C. A. Burrus, Appl. Phys. Lett., 52, 945, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. H. Nagai, M. Yamanishi, Y. Kan, and I. Suemune, Electron. Lett., 22, 888, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. J. E. Zucker, T. L. Hendrickson, and C. A. Burrus, Electron. Lett., 24, 112, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. M. Glick, D. Pavuna, and F. K. Reinhart, Electron. Lett., 23, 1235, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. M. Glick, F. K. Reinhart, G. Weimann, and W. Schlapp, Appl. Phys. Lett., 48, 989, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. M. Glick, F. K. Reinhart, and D. Martin, J. Appl. Phys., 63, 5877, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. P. J. Bradley, G. Parry, J. S. Roberts, Electron. Lett., 25, 1349, 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. A. Jenning, C. D. W. Wilkinson, and J. S. Roberts, Semicond. Sci. Technol., 7, 60, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. M. J. Bloemer and K. Myneni, J. Appl. Phys., 74, 4849, 1993.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. D. J. Newson and A. Kurobe, Electron. Lett., 23, 439, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. S. Nishimura, H. Inoue, H. Sano, and K. Ishida, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 4, 1123, 1992.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. N. Yoshimoto, S. Kondo, Y. Noguchi, T. Yamanaka, and K. Wakita, App. Phys. Lett., 69, 1, 1996.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. N. Yoshimoto, Y. Shibata, S. Oku, S. Kondo, Y. Noguchi, K. Wakita, K. Kawano, and M. Naganuma, Intern. Top. Meeting on Photon. in Switching (PS’96), PWB3, Sendai, pp. 78–79, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  36. S. Y. Wang and S. H. Lin, J. Lightwave Technol., 6, pp. 758–771, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. R. G. Walker, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., 27, pp. 654–667, 1991.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. F. Kappe, G. G. Mekonnen, F. W. Reier, and D. Hoffman, Electron. Lett., 30, pp. 1048–1049, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. R. Spikermann, N. Dagli, and M. G. Peters, Electron. Lett., 31, pp. 915–916, 1995.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. U. Koren, T. L. Koch, H. Presting, and B. I. Miller, Appl. Phys. Lett., 50, 368, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. J. E. Zucker, I. Bar-Joseph, B. I. Miller, U. Koren, and D. S. Chemla, Appl. Phys. Lett., 54, 10, 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. K. Wakita, O. Mitomi, I. Kotaka, S. Nojima, and Y. Kawamura, Photon. Technol. Lett., 1, 441, 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. S. Nojima and K. Wakita, Appl. Phys. Lett., 53, 1958, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. S. Nojima, Appl. Phys. Lett., 55, 1868, 1989.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. K. Wakita, I. Kotaka, O. Mitomi, H. Asai, Y. Kawamura, and M. Naganuma, J. Lightwave Technol., LT-8, 1027, 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. T. H. Wood, Z. Pastalan, C. A. Burrus, B. C. Johnson, B. I. Miller, J. L. deMiguel, U. Koren, and M. G. Young, Appl. Phys. Lett., 57, 1081, 1990.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. N. Yoshimoto, K. Kawano, Y. Hasumi, H. Takeuchi, S. Kondo, and Y. Noguchi, Photon. Technol. Lett., 6, 208, 1994.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. E. I. Gordon, Proc. IEEE, 54, 1391, 1966.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. A. Alphonese, RCA Rev., 33, 543, 1972.

    Google Scholar 

  50. R. W. Dixon, J. Appl. Phys., 38, 5149, 1967.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. C. S. Tai, Guided-Wave Acousto-Optics: Interactions, Devices and Applications, Springer Series in Electronics and Photonics, Vol. 23, Springer-Verlag (1990).

    Google Scholar 

  52. K. W. Loh, W. S. C. Chang, W. R. Smith, and T. Grudkowski, Appl. Opt., 15, 156, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. T. W. Grudkowski, G. K. Montress, M. Gilden, and J. F. Black, in 1981 Ultrason. Symp. Proc, 88, 1981.

    Google Scholar 

  54. C. J. Lii, C. S. Tsai, and C. C. Lee, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-22, 868, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. C. J. Lii, C. S. Tsai, and C. C. Lee, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-15, 1166, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  56. C. J. Lii, C. C. Lee, O. Yamazaki, L. S. Yap, K. Wasa, J. Merz, and C. C. Lee, and C. S. Tsai, 4th IOOC783, Tokyo, Japan, p. 252, 1983

    Google Scholar 

  57. F. S. Hickernell, R. L. Davis, and F. V. Richard, 1978, Ultrasonics Symposium, Proc. IEEE Cat. #78CH 1344-1SU, 60.

    Google Scholar 

  58. G. Hatakoshi and S. Tanaka, Opt. Lett., 2, 142, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. S. K. Yao, and D. E. Thompson, Appl. Phys. Lett., 33, 635, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. T. Suhara, K. Kobayashi, H. Nishihara, and J. Koyama, Appl. Opt., 21, 1966, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. T. Suhara, Y. Honda, H. Nishihara, and J. Koyama, Appl. Phys. Lett., 40, 120, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. T. Suhara, T. Shiona, H. Nishihara, and J. Koyama, J. Lightwave Technol., LT-1, 624, 1983.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. T. Suhara and H. Nishihara, IEEE J. Quantum Electron., QE-22, 845, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. H. Nishihara, M. Haruna, and T. Suhara, Integrated Optics, Ohm-Sha, 1985 (in Japanese).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. NTT Opto-Electronics Laboratories, UK

    Koichi Wakita

Authors
  1. Koichi Wakita
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Wakita, K. (1998). Electrooptic Modulation. In: Semiconductor Optical Modulators. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6071-5_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6071-5_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-0-7923-8014-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6071-5

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation