Skip to main content

The Biology and Molecular Epidemiology of the Geminiviridae Subgroup III

  • Chapter

Abstract

The dicot-infecting, whitefly-transmitted (WFT) geminiviruses have emerged as important plant viral pathogens during the last decade, resulting in pandemic disease conditions in subtropical and fringe-temperate locales. Substantial quantities of food and fiber are grown for fresh market and/or for processing in these areas, and these commodities are destined for either local consumption or for export. A heavy reliance on agricultural commodities for economic prosperity in many subtropical areas, and on a surplus production and subsequent export from certain subtropical and temperate locales, collectively, emphasize the serious threat posed by unprecedented geminivirus epidemics in a wide range of food and fiber crops on a global basis. Hence, reducing crop damage and economic losses due to WFT geminivirus epidemics has far reaching implications toward the sustainability of agriculture as a vital link toward creating opportunities and improving the quality of life worldwide.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Muniyappa, V. 1980. Whiteflies. In Vectors of Plant Pathogens, K. F. Harris and K. Maramorosch, eds., pp. 39–85. Academic, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Brown, J. K. 1990. An update on the whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses in the Americas and the Caribbean basin. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 39:5–23.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Brown, J. K. and J. Bird. 1992. Whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses and associated disorders in the Americas and the Caribbean Basin. Plant Dis. 76:220–225.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Brown, J. K. 1994. Current status of Bemisia tabaci as a pest and virus vector in world agroecosystems. FAO Plant Prot. Bull. 42:3–32.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Duffus, J. E. 1987. Whitefly transmission of plant viruses. In Current Topics in Vector Research, K. E. Harris, ed., pp. 73–91. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Ewald, P. W. 1983. Host-parasite relations, vectors, and the evolution of disease severity. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 14:465–485.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Eigen, M. 1993. The fifth Paul Ehrlich lecture: virus strains as models of molecular evolution. Med. Res. Rev. 13:385–398.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Mayr, E. 1994. Driving forces in evolution. In The Evolutionary Biology of Viruses, S. S. Morse, ed., pp. 29–50. Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Koblet, H. 1993. Viral evolution and and insects as a possible virologic turning table. In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 29A:274–283.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  10. Morse, S. S. 1994. The evolutionary biology of viruses. Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Bird, J. 1975. Tropical diseases of legumes. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Bird, J. and K. Maramorosch. 1978. Viruses and virus diseases associated with whiteflies. Adv. Virus Res. 22:55–110.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. Bock, K. R. 1982. Geminivirus diseases in tropical crops. Plant Dis. 66:266–270.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Costa, A. S. 1969. Whiteflies as vectors. In Viruses, Vectors and Vegetation, K. Maramorosch, ed., pp. 27–49. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Costa, A. S. 1976. Whitefly-transmitted plant diseases. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 14:429–449.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Storey, H. H. 1932. Leaf curl of tobacco in southern Rhodesia. Rhod. Agric. 29:186–192.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Varma, P. M. 1963. Transmission of plant viruses by whiteflies. Nat. Inst. Sci. India. 24:11–33.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Galvez, G. E. and M. Castano. 1976. Purification of the whitefly-transmitted bean golden mosaic virus. Turrialba. 26:205–207.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Goodman, R. M. 1977. Single-stranded genome in a whitefly-transmitted plant virus. Virology. 83:171–179.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. Hamilton, W. D. O., D. M. Bisaro, R. H. A. Coutts, and K. W. Buck. 1983. Demonstration of the bipartite nature of the genome of a single-stranded DNA plant virus by infection with the cloned DNA components. Nucl. Acids Res. 11:7387–7396.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Matyis, J. C., D. M. Silva, A. S. Oliveira, and A. S. Costa. 1975. Purifiacao y morfologia do virus do mosaico durado tomateiro. Summa Phytopathol. 1:267–274.

    Google Scholar 

  22. Stanley, J. and M. R. Gay. 1983. Nucleotide sequence of cassava latent virus DNA. Nature. 301:260–262.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Abad, J. A. and J. W. Moyer. 1991. Comparison of the capsid protein cistron (CP) from two serologically distinct strains of sweetpotato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV). Phytopathology. 81:1184.

    Google Scholar 

  24. Hatta, T. and R. I. B. Francki. 1979. The fine structure of chloris striate mosaic virus. Virology. 92:428–435.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Navot, N., E. Pichersky, M. Zeidan, D. Zamir, and H. Czosnek. 1991. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus with a single genomic component. Virology. 185:151–161.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Stanley, J. 1983. Infectivity of the cloned geminivirus genome requires sequences from both DNAs. Nature. 305:643–645.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Cohen, S. and R. Ben-Joseph. 1986. Preliminary studies of the distribution of white-flies Bemisia tabaci, using fluorescent dust to mark the insects. Phytoparasitica. 14:152–153.

    Google Scholar 

  28. Bisaro, D. M., ed. Geminivirus replication. Eukaryotic DNA Replication, ed.Aeds. M. DePamphilis. Vol. in press. 1996, Cold Spring Harbor Press: New York.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Davies, J. W. and J. Stanley. 1989. Geminivirus genes and vectors. Trends Genet. 5:77–81.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Fauquet, C. and D. Fargette. 1987. African cassava mosaic disease and its control. Editions de l’ORSTOM, Institut Francais de Recherche Scientifique pour le Developpement en Cooperation, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Harrison, B. D. 1985. Advances in geminivirus research. Annu. Rev. Phtopathol. 23:55–82.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  32. Lazarowitz, S. G. 1987. The molecular characterization of geminiviruses. Plant Mol. Biol. Reporter. 4:177–192.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  33. Lazarowitz, S. G. 1992. Geminiviruses: Genome structure and gene function. Crit. Rev. Plant Sci. 11:327–349.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Stanley, J. 1985. The molecular biology of geminiviruses. Adv. Virus Res. 30:139–177.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  35. Rybicki, E. P. 1994. A phylogenetic and evolutionary justification for three genera of geminiviridae. Arch. Virol. 139:49–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  36. Padidam, M., R. N. Beachy, and C. F. Fauquet. 1995. Classification and identification of geminiviruses using sequence comparisons. J. Gen. Virol. 76:249–263.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Rybicki, E. P. 1994. ICTV plant virus subcommittee. Report of the geminivirus study group. El Ejido, Almeria, Spain, 1994:.

    Google Scholar 

  38. Brown, J. K., A. M. Idris, and D. C. Fletcher. 1993. Sinaloa tomato leaf curl virus, (Sticv), a new geminivirus infecting tomato and pepper in northwestern Mexico. Plant Dis. 77:1262.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Polston, J. E., E. Hiebert, R. J. McGovern, P. A. Stansly, and D. J. Schuster. 1993. Host range of tomato mottle geminivirus, a new geminivirus infecting tomato in Florida. Plant Dis. 77:1181–1184.

    Google Scholar 

  40. McGovern, R. J., J. E. Polston, G. M. Danyluk, E. Hiebert, and A. M. Abouzid. 1994. Identification of a natural weed host of tomato mottle geminivirus in Florida. Plant Dis. 78:1102–1106.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Cohen, S. and Y. Antignus. 1993. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, a whitefly born geminivirus of tomatoes. Adv. Dis. Vector Res. 10:259–288.

    Google Scholar 

  42. Cohen, S. and M. J. Berlinger. 1986. Transmission and cultural control of whiteflyborne viruses. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 17:89–97.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Cohen, S., J. E. Duffus, R. C. Larsen, H. Y. Liu, and R. A. Flock. 1983. Purification, serology, and vector relationships of squash leaf curl virus, a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus. Phytopathology. 73:1669–1673.

    Google Scholar 

  44. Clark, M. A., L. Baumann, and P. Baumann. 1992. Sequence analysis of an aphid endosymbiont DNA fragment containing {IrpoB} (ß-subunit of RNA Polymerase) and portions of {Irp1L} and {IrpoC}. Current Microbio. 25:283–290.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  45. Butler, G. D., Jr. and T. J. Henneberry. 1986. Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), a pest of cotton in the southwestern United States. USDA Agr Tech. Bull. 1701:1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Hoefert, L. L. 1987. Association of squash leaf curl virus with nuclei of squash vascular cells. Phytopathology. 77:1596–1600.

    Google Scholar 

  47. Jeske, H. and G. Schuchalter-Eicke. 1984. The abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) in different leaf tissues of several host species of Malvaceae. Phytopathol. Z. 109:353–362.

    Google Scholar 

  48. Kim, K. S. and R. Carr. 1982. Characteristic ultrastructure and cytochemistry of plant cells infected with whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. Workshop on Plant Virus Detection. Agric. Exp. Stn., Rio Piedras, Puerto Rico:25–33.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Osaki, T. and T. Inouye. 1978. Resemblance in morphology and intranuclear appearance of viruses isolated from yellow dwarf diseased tomato and leaf curl diseased tobacco. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan. 44:167–178.

    Google Scholar 

  50. Rushing, A. E., G. Sunter, W. E. Gardiner, R. R. Dute, and D. M. Bisaro. 1987. Ultrastructural aspects of tomato golden mosaic virus infection in tobacco. Phytopathology. 77:1231–1236.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Tsao, P. W. 1963. Intranuclear inclusion bodies in the leaves of cotton plants infected with leaf crumple virus. Phytopathology. 53:243–244.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Kim, K. S. and E. M. Flores. 1979. Nuclear changes associated with euphorbia mosaic virus transmitted by the whitefly. Phytopathology. 69:980–984.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Hoefert, L. L. 1983. Ultrastructure of Cucurbita spp. infected with whiteflytransmitted squash leaf curl virus. Phytopathology. 73:790.

    Google Scholar 

  54. Christie, R. J., N.-J. Ko, J. B. W. Falk, H. Hiebert, R. Lastra, J. Bird, and K. S. Kim. 1986. Light microscopy of geminivirus-induced nuclear inclusion bodies. Phytopathology. 76:124–126.

    Google Scholar 

  55. Kim, K. S., T. L. Shock, and R. M. Goodman. 1978. Infection of Phaseolus vulgaris by bean golden mosaic virus: Ultrastructural aspects. Virology. 89:22–33.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  56. Kim, K. S. and R. W. Fulton. 1984. Ultrastructure of Datura stramonium infected with a Euphorbia virus suggestive of a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus. Phytopathology. 74:236–241.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Horvat, F. and M. Verhoyen. 1981. Cytological modifications and presence of virus-like particles in cells of Nicotiana benthamiana (Domin) and Manihot utilissima (Pohl) infected with the geminivirus isolated from cassava infected with the cassava African mosaic disease. Parasitica. 37:119–130.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Jeske, H. and G. Werz. 1980. Cytochemical characterization of plastidal inclusions in abutilon mosaic-infected Malva parviflora mesophyll cells. Virology. 106:155–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Jeske, H., D. Menzel, and G. Wertz. 1977. Electron microscopic studies on intranuclear virus-like inclusions in mosaic-diseased Abutilon sellowianum Reg. Phytopath. Z. 91:1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Kim, K. S. and K. W. Lee. 1992. Geminivirus-induced macrotubules and their suggested role in cell-to-cell movement. Phytopathology. 64:664–669.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Lastra, R. and F. Gil. 1981. Ultrastructural host cell changes associated with tomato yellow mosaic. Phytopathology. 71:524–528.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Russo, M., S. Cohen, and G. P. Martelli. 1980. Virus-like particles in tomato plants affected by the yellow leaf curl disease. J. Gen. Virol. 49:209–213.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Saikia, A. K. and V. Muniyappa. 1989. Ultrastructural changes in phloem cells of leaf curl-affected tomato from India. J. Phytopathol. 124:1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Thongmeearkom, P., Y. Honda, Y. Saito, and R. Syamananda. 1981. Nuclear ultra-structural changes and aggregates of viruslike particles in mungbean cells affected by mungbean yellow mosaic disease. Phytopathology. 71:41–44.

    Google Scholar 

  65. Groning, B. R., A. Abouzid, and H. Jeske. 1987. Single-stranded DNA from abutilon mosaic virus is present in the plastids of infected Abutilon sellovianum. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 84:8996–9000.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  66. Horns, T. and H. Jeske. 1991. Localization of abutilon mosaic virus (AbMV) DNA within leaf tissue by in situ hybridization. Virology. 181:580–588.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  67. Carr, R. J. and K. S. Kim. 1983. Evidence that bean golden mosaic virus invades non-phloem tissue in double infections with tobacco mosaic virus. J. gen. Virol. 64:2489–2492.

    Google Scholar 

  68. Dawson, W. O. and M. E. Hilf. 1992. Host range determinants of plant viruses. Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. 43:527–555.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  69. Brown, J. K. and M. R. Nelson. 1986. Whitefly-borne viruses of melons and lettuce in Arizona. Phytopathology. 76:236–239.

    Google Scholar 

  70. Brown, J. K. and M. R. Nelson. 1987. Host range and vector relationships of cotton leaf crumple virus. Plant Dis. 71:522–524.

    Google Scholar 

  71. Paximadis, M., M. E. C. Rey, and J. K. Brown. 1996. Cloning and sequence comparison of the core coat protein regions of tobacco leaf curl virus isolates from Zimbabwe, Mexico, and the Caribbean Basin. Cong. Southern African Soc. Plant Pathol. in press.

    Google Scholar 

  72. Backus, E. A. 1988. Sensory systems and behaviors which mediate hemipteran plant feeding: a taxonomic overview. J. Insect Physiol. 34:151–165.

    Google Scholar 

  73. Pollard, D. S. 1955. Feeding habits of the cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera, Aleyrodidae). Ann. Appl. Biol. 43:664–671.

    Google Scholar 

  74. Stenger, D. C., K. R. Davis, and D. M. Bisaro. 1992. Limited replication of tomato golden mosaic virus DNA in explants of nonhost species. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 5:525–527.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  75. Blanco Sanchez, N. and I. Bencomo. 1978. Afluencia de la mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci, vector del virus del mosaico dorado, en plantaciones de frijol. Cien. de la Agric. 2:39–46.

    Google Scholar 

  76. Cohen, S. and V. Melamed-Madjar. 1978. Prevention by soil mulching of the spread of tomato yellow leaf curl virus transmitted by Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) in Isreal. Bull. Ent. Res. 68:465–470.

    Google Scholar 

  77. Costa, A. S. 1975. Increase in the population density of Bemisia tabaci,a threat of widespread virus infection of legume crops in Brazil. In Tropical Diseases of Legumes, J. Bird and K. Maramorosch, eds., pp. 27–49. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  78. Bedford, I. D., P. J. Markham, J. K. Brown, and R. C. Rosell. 1994. Geminivirus transmission and biological characterization of whitefly Bemisia tabaci biotypes from different geographic regions. Ann. appl. Biol. 125:311–325.

    Google Scholar 

  79. Brown, J. K., K. Wendt, and S. D. Wyatt. Year. Genetic variability of squash leaf curl virus isolates by DNA hybridization and component specific polymerase chain reaction. In Curcurbitaceae ‘84. South Padre Island, TX USA: Gateway Printing. pp. 5–11.

    Google Scholar 

  80. Cohen, J. and G. Loebenstein. 1991. Role of a whitefly-transmitted agent in infection of sweet potato by cucumber mosaic virus. Plant Dis. 75:291–292.

    Google Scholar 

  81. Antignus, Y. and S. Cohen. 1994. Complete sequence of an infectious clone of a mild isolate of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Phytopathology. 84:707–712.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  82. Cohen, S. and F. E. Nitzany. 1966. Transmission and host range of the tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Phytopathology. 56:1127–1131.

    Google Scholar 

  83. Author, u. d., 1995

    Google Scholar 

  84. Dry, I. B., J. E. Rigden, L. R. Krake, P. M. Mullineaux, and M. Ali Rezaian. 1993. Nucleotide sequence and genome organization of tomato leaf curl geminivirus. J. Gen. Virol. 74:147–151.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Kheyr-Pour, A., M. Bendahmane, V. Matzeit, G. P. Accotto, S. Crespi, and B. Gronenborn. 1991. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus from Sardinia is a whitefly-transmitted monopartite geminivirus. Nucl. Acids Res. 19:6763–6769.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Hamilton, W. D. O., V. E. Stein, R. H. A. Coutts, and K. W. Buck. 1984. Complete nucleotide sequence of the infectious cloned DNA components of tomato golden mosaic virus: potential coding regions and regulatory sequences. EMBO J. 3:2197–2205.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  87. Elmer, J. S., L. Brand, G. Sunter, W. E. Gardiner, D. M. Bisaro, and S. G. Rogers. 1988. Genetic analysis of the tomato golden mosaic virus II. The product of the AL1 coding sequence is required for replication. Nucl. Acids Res. 16:7043–7061.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  88. Rogers, S. G., D. M. Bisaro, R. B. Horsch, R. T. Fraley, N. L. Hoffmann, L. Brand, J. S. Elmer, and A. M. Lloyd. 1986. Tomato golden mosaic virus A component DNA replicates autonomously in transgenic plants. Cell. 45:593–600.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  89. Sunter, G., W. E. Gardiner, A. E. Rushing, S. G. Rogers, and D. M. Bisaro. 1987. Independent encapsidation of tomato golden mosaic virus A component DNA in trans-genic plants. Pl. Mol. Biol. 8:477–484.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  90. Townsend, R., J. Watts, and J. Stanley. 1986. Synthesis of viral DNA forms in Nicotiana plumbaginifolia protoplasts inoculated with cassava latent virus (CLV); evidence for the independent replication of one component of the CLV genome. Nucl. Acids Res. 14:1253–1265.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  91. Etessami, P., R. Callis, S. Ellwood, and J. Stanley. 1988. Delimitation of essential genes of cassava latent virus DNA 2. Nucl. Acids Res. 16:4811–4829.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Etessami, P., K. Saunders, J. Watts, and J. Stanley. 1991. Mutational analysis of complementary-sense genes of African cassava mosaic virus DNA A. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1005–1012.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  93. Cohen, S., J. E. Duffus, and H. Y. Liu. 1989. Acquisition, interference, and retention of cucurbit leaf curl viruses in whiteflies. Phytopathology. 79:109–113.

    Google Scholar 

  94. Rybicki, E. P. and E L. Hughes. 1990. Detection and typing of maize streak virus and other distantly related geminiviruses of grasses by polymerase chain reaction amplification of a conserved viral sequence. J. Gen. Virol. 71:2519–2526.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  95. Rochester, D. E., W. Kositratana, and R. N. Beachy. 1990. Systemic movement and symptom production following agroinoculation with a single DNA of tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (Thailand). Virology. 178:520–526.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  96. Arguello-Astorga, G. R., R. G. Guevara-Gonzalez, L. R. Herrera-Estrella, and R. E. Rivera-Bustamante. 1994. Geminivirus replication origins have a group-specific organization of iterative elements: a model for replication. Virology. 203:90–100.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  97. Fenoll, C., J. J. Schwarz, D. M. Black, M. Schneider, and S. H. Howell. 1990. The intergenic region of maize streak virus contains a GC-rich element that activates rightward transcription and binds maize nuclear factors. Pl. Mol. Biol. 15:865–877.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  98. Fontes, E. P. B., V. A. Luckow, and L. Hanley-Bowdoin. 1992. A geminivirus replication protein is a sequence-specific DNA binding protein. The Plant Cell. 4:597–608.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  99. Revington, G. N., G. Sunter, and D. M. Bisaro. 1989. DNA sequences essential for replication of the B genome component of tomato golden mosaic virus. The Plant Cell. 1:985–992.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  100. Thommes, P. A. and K. W. Buck. 1994. Synthesis of tomato golden mosaic virus ALL AL2, AL3 and AL4 proteins in vitro. J. Gen. Virol. 75:1827–1834.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  101. Harrison, B. D. and D. J. Robinson. 1988. Molecular variation in vector-borne plant viruses: epidemiological significance. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. 321:447–462.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Gardiner, W. E., G. Sunter, L. Brand, J. S. Elmer, S. G. Rogers, and D. M. Bisaro. 1988. Genetic analysis of tomato golden mosaic virus: the coat protein is not required for systemic spread or symptom development. EMBO J. 7:899–904.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  103. Sunter, G., M. D. Hartitz, S. G. Hormuzdi, C. L. Brough, and D. M. Bisaro. 1990. Genetic analysis of tomato golden mosaic virus: ORF AL2 is required for coat protein accumulation while ORF AL3 is necessary for efficient DNA replication. Virology. 179:69–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  104. Sunter, G. and D. M. Bisaro. 1992. Transactivation of geminivirus AR1 and BR1 gene expression by the viral AL2 gene product occurs at the level of transcription. The Plant Cell. 4:1321–1331.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  105. Pascal, E., A. A. Sanderfoot, B. Ward, R. Medville, R. Turgeon, and S. G. Lazarowitz. 1994. The geminivirus BR1 movement protein binds single-stranded DNA and localizes to the cell nucleus. Plant Cell. 6:995–1006.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Wartig, L., E. Ramasso, A. Kheypour, F. DeKouchkovsky, F. Jouanneau, E. Luisoni, G.-P. Accotto, and B. Gronenborn. 1993. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) encodes a cytoplasmic non-structural protein VI. IX International Congress of Virology (abstr. P 62–11)..

    Google Scholar 

  107. Azzam, O, J. Frazer, D. De La Rosa, J. S. Beaver, P. Ahlquist, and D. P. Maxwell. 1994. Whitefly transmission and efficient ssDNA accumulation of bean golden mosaic geminivirus require functional coat protein. Virology. 204:289–296.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  108. Briddon, R. W., M. S. Pinner, J. Stanley, and P. G. Markham. 1990. Geminivirus coat protein gene Ont alters insect specificity. Virology. 177:85–94.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  109. Harrison, B. D. and A. F. Murant. 1984. Involvement of virus-coded proteins in transmission of plant viruses by vectors. In Vectors in Virus Biology, M. A. Mayo and K. A. Harrap, eds., pp. 1–36. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  110. Harrison, B. D., V. Muniyappa, M. M. Swanson, I. M. Roberts, and D. J. Robinson. 1991. Recognition and differentiation of seven whitefiy-transmitted geminiviruses from India, and their relationships to African cassava mosaic and Thailand mung bean yellow mosaic viruses. Ann. appl. Biol. 118:299–308.

    Google Scholar 

  111. Macintosh, S., D. J. Robinson, and B. D. Harrison. 1992. Detection of three whiteflytransmitted geminiviruses occurring in Europe by tests with heterologous monoclonal antibodies. Ann. appl. Biol. 121:297–303.

    Google Scholar 

  112. Swanson, M. M., A. Varma, V. Muniyappa, and B. D. Harrison. 1992. Comparative epitope profiles of the particle proteins of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses from nine crop legumes in India. Ann. appl. Biol. 120:425–433.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  113. Swanson, M. M., J. K. Brown, B. T. Poulos, and B. D. Harrison. 1992. Genome affinities and epitope profiles of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses from the Americas. Ann. appl. Biol. 121:285–296.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  114. Swanson, M. M. and B. D. Harrison. 1993. Serological relationships and epitope profiles of isolates of okra leaf curl geminivirus from Africa and the Middle East. Biochimie. 75:707–711.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  115. Brown, J. K., S. D. Wyatt, and D. R. Frohlich. 1994. The coat protein gene of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses, preliminary analysis. Phytopathology. 84:1132.

    Google Scholar 

  116. Howarth, A. J., J. Caton, M. Bossert, and R. M. Goodman. 1985. Nucleotide sequence of bean golden mosaic virus and a model for gene regulation in geminiviruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 82:3572–3576.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  117. Hayes, R. J., C. L. Brough, V. E. Prince, R. H. A. Coutts, and K. W. Buck. 1988. Infection of Nicotiana benthamiana with uncut cloned tandem dimers of tomato golden mosaic virus DNA. J. Gen. Virol. 69:209–218.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  118. Hanley-Bowdoin, L., J. S. Elmer, and S. G. Rogers. 1990. Expression of functional replication protein from tomato golden mosaic virus in transgenic tobacco plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:1446–1450.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  119. Saunders, K., A. Lucy, and J. Stanley. 1991. DNA forms of the geminivirus African cassava mosaic virus consistent with a rolling circle mechanism of replication. Nucleic Acids Res. 19:2325–2330.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  120. Stenger, D. C., G. N. Revington, M. C. Stevenson, and D. M. Bisaro. 1991. Replicational release of geminivirus genomes from tandemly repeated copies: evidence for rolling circle replication. Phytopathology. 81:1184.

    Google Scholar 

  121. Frischmuth, T. and J. Stanley. 1991. African cassava mosaic virus DI DNA interferes with the replication of both genomic components. Virology. 183:539–544.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  122. Gilbertson, R. L., S. H. Hidayat, E. J. Paplomatas, M. R. Rojas, Y. Hou, and D. P. Maxwell. 1993. Pseudorecombination between infectious cloned DNA components of tomato mottle and bean dwarf mosaic geminivirus. J. Gen. Virol. 74:23–31.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  123. Fontes, E. P. B., P. A. Eagle, P. S. Sipe, V. A. Luckow, and L. Hanley-Bowdoin. 1994. Interaction between a geminivirus replication protein and origin DNA is essential for viral replication. J. Biol. Chem. 269:8459–8465.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  124. Laufs, J., W. Traut, F. Heyraud, V. Matzeit, S. G. Rogers, J. Schell, and B. Gronenborn. 1995. In vitro cleavage and joining at the viral origin of replication by the replication protein Rep of tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sei. USA. 92:3879–3883.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  125. Stenger, D. C., G. N. Revington, M. C. Stevenson, and D. M. Bisaro. 1991. Replicational release of geminivirus genomes from tandemly repeated copies: evidence for rolling-circle replication of a plant viral DNA. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:8029–8033.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  126. Heyraud, E, V. Matzeit, S. Schaefer, J. Schell, and B. Gronenborn. 1993. The conserved nonanucleotide motif of the geminivirus stem-loop sequence promotes replicational release of virus molecules from redundant copies. Biochimie. 75:605–615.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  127. Desbiez, C., C. David, A. Mettouchi, J. Laufs, and B. Gronenborn. 1996. Rep protein of tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV) has an ATPase activity required for viral DNA replication. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. in press:.

    Google Scholar 

  128. Sunter, G., M. D. Hartitz, and D. M. Bisaro. 1993. Tomato golden mosaic virus leftward gene expression: Autoregulation of geminivirus replication protein. Virology. 195:275–280.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  129. Sunter, G., M. D. Hartitz, S. G. Hormuzdi, D. C. Stenger, and D. M. Bissaro. 1991. Tomato golden mosaic virus gene function. Phytopathology. 81:1184.

    Google Scholar 

  130. Hayes, R. J. and K. W. Buck. 1989. Replication of tomato golden mosaic virus DNA B in transgenic plants expressing open reading frames (ORFs) of DNA A: requirement of ORF AL2 for production of single-stranded DNA. Nucl. Acids Res. 17:10213–10222.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  131. Sunter, G., M. Hartitz, and D. M. Bisaro. Year. Biochemical and genetic analysis of geminivirus proteins controlling replication and transcription. In First International Symposium on Geminiviruses. El Ejido, Almeria, Spain: Universidad de Malaga. pp. 47.

    Google Scholar 

  132. Elmer, J. S., G. Sunter, W. E. Gardiner, L. Brand, C. K. Browning, D. M. Bisaro, and S. G. Rogers. 1988. Agrobacterium-mediated inoculation of plants with tomato golden mosaic virus DNAs. Pl. Mol. Biol. 10:225–234.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  133. Howarth, A. J. and G. J. Vandemark. 1989. Phylogeny of geminiviruses. J. gen. Virol. 70:2717–2727.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  134. Hormuzdi, S. G. 1993. Genetic studies on tomato golden mosaic virus and beet curly top virus. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.

    Google Scholar 

  135. Rigden, J. E., L. R. Krake, M. A. Rezaian, and I. B. Dry. 1994. ORF C4 of tomato leaf curl geminivirus is a determinant of symptom severity. Virology. 204:847–850.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  136. Gröning, B. R., R. J. Hayes, and K. W. Buck. 1994. Simultaneous regulation of tomato golden mosaic virus coat protein and ALl gene expression: expression of the AL4 gene may contribute to suppression of the AL 1 gene. J. Gen. Viral. 75:721–726.

    Google Scholar 

  137. Jupin, I., F de Kouchkovsky, F Jouanneau, and B. Gronenborn. 1994. Movement of tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV): Involvement of the protein encoded by ORF C4. Virology. 204:82–90.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  138. Ingham, D. J. and S. G. Lazarwitz. 1993. A single missense mutation in the BR1 movement protein alters the host range of squash leaf curl geminivirus. Virology. 196:694–702.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  139. Frischmuth, T., S. Roberts, A. von Arnim, and J. Stanley. 1993. Specificity of bipartite geminivirus movement proteins. Virology. 196:666–673.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  140. Klinkenberg, F. A., S. Ellwood, and J. Stanley. 1989. Fate of African cassava mosaic virus coat protein deletion mutants after agroinoculation. J. Gen. Virol. 70:1837–1844.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  141. von Arnim, A., T. Frischmuth, and J. Stanley. 1993. Detection and possible functions of African cassava mosaic virus DNA B gene products. Virology. 192:264–272.

    Google Scholar 

  142. Brough, C. L., R. J. Hayes, A. J. Morgan, R. H. A. Coutts, and K. W. Buck. 1988. Effects of mutagenesis in vitro on the ability of cloned tomato golden mosaic virus DNA to infect Nicotiana benthamiana plants. J. Gen. Virol. 69:503–514.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  143. Noueiry, A. O., W. J. Lucas, and R. L. Gilbertson. 1994. Two proteins of a plant DNA virus coordinate nuclear and plasmodesmata transport. Plant Cell. 76:925–932.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  144. Von Arnim, A. and J. Stanley. 1992. Determinants of tomato golden mosaic virus symptom development located on DNA B. Virology. 186:286–293.

    Google Scholar 

  145. Pascal, E., P. E. Goodlove, L. C. Wu, and S. G. Lazarowitz. 1993. Transgenic tobacco plants expressing the geminivirus BL1 protein exhibit symptoms of viral disease. The Plant Cell. 5:795–807.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  146. Lazarowitz, S. G., L. C. Wu, S. G. Rogers, and J. S. Elmer. 1992. Sequence-specific interaction with the viral AL1 protein identifies a geminivirus DNA replication origin. The Plant Cell. 4:799–809.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  147. Ingham, D. J., E. Pascal, and S. G. Lazarowitz. 1995. Both bipartite geminivirus movement proteins define viral host range, but only BL1 determines viral pathogenicity. Virology. 207:191–204.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  148. Bisaro, D. M., G. Sunter, G. N. Revington, C. L. Brough, S. G. Hormuzdi, and M. Hartitz. 1990. Molecular genetics of tomato golden mosaic virus replication: Progress toward defining gene functions, transcription units and the origin of DNA replication. In Viral Genes and Plant Pathogenesis, T. P. Pirone and J. G. Shaw, eds., pp. 89–105. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  149. Rogers, S. G., J. S. Elmer, G. Sunter, W. E. Gardiner, L. Brand, C. K. Browning, and D. M. Bisaro. 1989. Molecular genetics of tomato golden mosaic virus. In Molecular Biology of Plant-Pathogen Interactions, B. Staskawicz, P. Ahlquist, andO. Yoder, eds., pp. 199–215. Alan R. Liss, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  150. Stanley, J. 1991. The molecular determinants of geminivirus pathogenesis. Seminars in Virology. 2:139–149.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  151. Saunders, W. S., C. A. Cooke, and W. C. Earnshaw. 1991. Compartmentalization within the nucleus: discovery of a novel subnuclear region. J. Cell. Biol. 115:919–931.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  152. Abouzid, A. M., T. Frischmuth, and H. Jeske. 1988. A putative replicative form of the abutilon mosaic virus (gemini group) in a chromatin-like structure. Mol Gen Genet. 212:252–258.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  153. Bellows, T. S., Jr. and K. Arakawa. 1986. Modeling the relationship between transient vector densities and plant disease incidence with special reference to Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and lettuce infectious virus yellows. J. Econ. Ent. 79:1235–1239.

    Google Scholar 

  154. Abouzid, A. M., A. Barth, and H. Jeske. 1988. Immunogold labeling of the Abutilon mosaic virus in ultrathin sections of epoxy resin embedded leaf tissue. J. Ultra-structure and Molecular Structure Res. 99:38–47.

    Google Scholar 

  155. Hanley-Bowdoin, L., J. S. Elmer, and S. G. Rogers. 1988. Transient expression of heterologous RNAs using tomato golden mosaic virus. Nucl. Acids Res. 16:10511–10528.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  156. Pedersen, T. J. and L. Hanley-Bowdoin. 1994. Molecular characterization of the AL3 protein encoded by a bipartite geminivirus. Virology. 202:1070–1075.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  157. Petty, I. T. D., K. W. Buck, and R. H. A. Coutts. 1988. Systemic infection of petunia by mechanical inoculation with tomato golden mosaic virus. Neth. J. Pl. Path. 94:3–7.

    Google Scholar 

  158. Sunter, G., W. E. Gardiner, and D. M. Bisaro. 1989. Identification of tomato golden mosaic virus-specific RNAs in infected plants. Virology. 170:243–250.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  159. Townsend, R., J. Stanley, S. J. Curson, and M. N. Short. 1985. Major polyadenylated transcipts of cassava latent virus and location of the gene encoding coat protein. EMBO J. 4:33–37.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  160. Frischmuth, S., T. Frischmuth, and H. Jeske. 1991. Transcript mapping of abutilon mosaic virus, a geminivirus. Virology. 185:596–604.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  161. Mullineaux, P. M., J. E. Rigden, I. B. Dry, L. R. Krake, and M. Ali Rezaian. 1993. Mapping of the polycistronic RNAs of tomato leaf curl geminivirus. Virology. 193:414–423.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  162. Kallender, H., I. T. D. Petty, V. E. Stein, M. Panico, I. P. Blench, A. T. Etienne, H. R. Morris, R. H. A. Coutts, and K. W. Buck. 1988. Identification of the coat protein gene of tomato golden mosaic virus. J. Gen. Virol. 69:1351–1357.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  163. Gibbs, A. 1987. Molecular evolution of viruses; `trees’, `clocks’ and `modules’. J. Cell Sci. Suppl. 7:319–337.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  164. Cohen, S., J. Keren, I. Harpaz, and R. Bar-Joseph. 1986. Studies of the epidemiology of a whitefly-borne virus, tomato yellow leaf curl virus, in the Jordan Valley. Phytoparasitica. 14:158.

    Google Scholar 

  165. Rosell, R. and J. K. Brown. 1994. Mechanisms of geminivirus acquisition and transmission by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.). Phytopathology. 84:1131–1132.

    Google Scholar 

  166. Faria, J. C., R. L. Gilbertson, S. F. Hanson, F. J. Morales, P. G. Ahlquist, A. L. Loniello, and D. P. Maxwell. 1994. Bean golden mosaic geminivirus type II isolates from the Dominican Republic and Guatemala: nucleotide sequences, infectious pseudorecombinants, and phylogenetic relationships. Mol. Plant Pathol. 84:321–329.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  167. Torres-Pacheco, I., J. A. Garzon-Tiznado, L. Herra-Estrella, and R. F. Bustamante-Rivera. 1993. Complete nucleotide sequence of pepper huasteco virus, analysis and comparison with bipartite geminviruses. J. gen. Virol. 74:2225–2231.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  168. Fana, J. C., R. L. Gilbertson, F. J. Morales, D. R. Russel, P. G. Ahlquist, S. F. Hanson, and D. P. Maxwell. 1990. Sequence of infectious clones of two mechanically transmissable isolates of bean golden mosaic geminivirus. Phytopathology. 80:983.

    Google Scholar 

  169. Arguello-Astorga, G. R., L. R. Herrera-Estrella, and R. F. Rivera-Bustamante. 1994. Experimental and theoretical definition of geminivirus origin of replication. Plant Mol. Biol. 26:553–556.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  170. Brown, J. K. 1989. The development of non-radioactive sulfonated probes for the detection and identification of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. In Proc. IVth International Plant Virus Epidemiology Workshop. Montpellier, France, 3–8 September 1989: ORSTOM. pp. 276–279.

    Google Scholar 

  171. Wyatt, S. D. and J. K. Brown. 1996. Detection of geminiviruses in aqueous extracts by polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology. in press:.

    Google Scholar 

  172. Gilbertson, R. L., M. R. Rojas, D. R. Russell, and D. P. Maxwell. 1991. Use of the asymmetric polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing to determine genetic variability of bean golden mosaic geminivirus in the Dominican Republic. J. Gen. Virol. 72:2843–2848.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  173. Brown, J. K., S. D. Wyatt, and G. K. Banks. 1996. The core region of the coat protein gene of subgroup III Geminiviridae is an indicator of geographic origin and may be useful to differentiate strains. Phytopathol. 86:in press.

    Google Scholar 

  174. Gennadius, P. 1889. Disease of the tobacco plantations in the Trikonia. The aleurodid of tobacco. Ellenike Georgia. 5:1–3.

    Google Scholar 

  175. Quaintance, A. L. and A. C. Baker. 1914. Classification of the Aleyrodidae part II. USDA Tech. Series. 27:95–109.

    Google Scholar 

  176. Mohanty, A. K. and A. N. Basu. 1987. Biology of the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci Genn. on four host plants throughout the year. J. ent. Res. 11:15–18.

    Google Scholar 

  177. Mound, L. A. 1963. Host-correlated variation in Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Proc. Royal Entomol. Soc. London. (A)38:171–180.

    Google Scholar 

  178. Mound, L. A. and S. H. Halsey. 1978. Whitefly of the World. Wiley, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  179. Russell, L. M. 1957. Synonyms of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Bull. Brooklyn Entomol. Soc. 52:122–123.

    Google Scholar 

  180. Brown, J. K., D. R. Frohlich, and R. Rosell. 1995. The sweetpotato/silverleaf white-flies: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Genn., or a species complex? Ann. Rev. Entomology. 40:511–534.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  181. Costa, H. S. and J. K. Brown. 1991. Variation in biological characteristics and in esterase patterns among populations of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and the association of one population with silverleaf symptom development. Ent. exp. appl. 61:211–219.

    Google Scholar 

  182. Costa, H. S., J. K. Brown, S. Sivasupramaniam, and J. Bird. 1993. Regional distribution, insecticide resistance, and reciprocal crosses between the A and B biotypes of Bemisia tabaci. Insect Sci. and Applic. 14:255–266.

    Google Scholar 

  183. Rosell, R. C., I. D. Bedford, P. G. Markham, D. R. Frohlich, and J. K. Brown. 1994. Morphological variation in Bemisia populations. Phytoparasitica. 22:312.

    Google Scholar 

  184. Bellows, T. S., Jr., T. M. Perring, R. J. Gill, and D. H. Headrick. 1994. Description of a species of Bemisia (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) infesting North American agriculture. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 87:195–206.

    Google Scholar 

  185. Perring, T. M., A. D. Cooper, R. J. Rodriguez, C. A. Farrar, and T. S. J. Bellows. 1993. Identification of a whitefly species by genomic and behavioral studies. Science. 259:74–77.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  186. Avidov, Z. 1956. Bionomics of the tobacco whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Gennad.) in Israel. Israel Ktavm. 7:25–41.

    Google Scholar 

  187. Butler, G. D., Jr., T. J. Henneberry, and F. D. Wilson. 1986. Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton: adult activity and cultivar oviposition preference. J. Econ. Ent. 79:350–354.

    Google Scholar 

  188. Gerling, D., A. R. Horowitz, and J. Baumgaertner. 1986. Autecology of Bemisia tabaci. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 17:5–19.

    Google Scholar 

  189. Butler, G. D. J., T. J. Henneberry, and T. E. Clayton. 1983. Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae): development, oviposition, and longevity in relation to temperature. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 76:310–313.

    Google Scholar 

  190. Coudriet, D. L., N. Prabhaker, A. N. Kishaba, and D. E. Meyerdirk. 1985. Variation in developmental rate on different hosts and overwintering of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Environ. Ent. 14:516–519.

    Google Scholar 

  191. Bethke, J. A., T. D. Paine, and G. S. Nuessly. 1991. Comparative biology. morpho-metrics, and development of two populations of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on cotton and poinsettia. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am.,. 84:407–411.

    Google Scholar 

  192. Costa, A. S. and A. M. B. Carvalho. 1969. Comparative studies between Abutilon and Euphorbia mosaic viruses. Phytopathol. Z. 38:129–152.

    Google Scholar 

  193. Cock, M. J. W. 1986. Bemisia tabaci-a literature survey on the cotton whitefly with an annotated bibliography. FAO/CAB, Ascot, UK.

    Google Scholar 

  194. Costa, H. S., J. K. Brown, and D. N. Byrne. 1991. Host plant selection by the white-fly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) under greenhouse conditions. J. Appl. Ent. 112:146–152.

    Google Scholar 

  195. Costa, H. S., J. K. Brown, and D. N. Byrne. 1991. Life history traits of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on six virus-infected or healthy plant species. Environ. Ent. 20:1102–1107.

    Google Scholar 

  196. Bird, J. 1957. A whitefly-transmitted mosaic of Jatropha gossypifolia. Agric. Exp. Stn. Univ. Puerto Rico. 22:1–35.

    Google Scholar 

  197. Costa, A. S. and L. M. Russell. 1975. Failure of Bemisia tabaci to breed on cassava plants in Brazil (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Cienc. Cult. (Sao Paulo). 27:388–390.

    Google Scholar 

  198. Burban, C., L. D. C. Fishpool, C. Fauquet, D. Fargette, and J.-C. Thouvenel. 1992. Host-associated biotypes within West African populations of the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.), (Hom.,Aleyrodidae). J. Appl. Ent. 113:416–423.

    Google Scholar 

  199. Bedford, I. D., R. W. Briddon, P. G. Markham, J. K. Brown, and R. C. Rosen. 1992. A new species of Bemisia or biotype of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) as a future pest of European agriculture. Proc. Plant Health and the European Single Market. BCPC Monograph. 54:381–386.

    Google Scholar 

  200. Brown, J. K. Year. A critical assessment of biotypes of the sweetpotato whitefly in the Americas and adjacent locales from 1989–1992. In Taller Centro Americano y del Caribe Sobre Moscas Blancas. Turrialba, Costa Rica: CATIE. pp. 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  201. Brown, J. K., S. Coats, I. D. Bedford, P. G. Markham, J. Bird, and D. R. Frohlich. 1995. Characterization and distribution of esterase electromorphs in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Biochem. Genet. 33:205–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  202. Gawel, N. J. and A. C. Bartlett. 1993. Characterization of differences between whiteflies using RAPD-PCR. Insect Molec. Biol. 2:33–38.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  203. Frohlich, D. R. and J. K. Brown. 1994. Mitochondria) 16S ribosomal subunit as a molecular marker in Bemisia tabaci and implications for population variability. Phytoparasitica. 22:311.

    Google Scholar 

  204. Walker, G. P. and T. M. Perring. 1994. Feeding and oviposition behavior of white-flies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) interpreted from AC electronic feeding monitor waveforms. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 87:363–374.

    Google Scholar 

  205. Bird, J., J. Sanchez, R. L. Rodriguez, and P. J. Julia. 1975. Rugaceous viruses in Puerto Rico. In Tropical Diseases of Legumes, K. Maramorosch and J. Bird, eds., pp. 3–25. Academic Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  206. Cohen, S. and I. Harpaz. 1964. Periodic, rather than continual acquisition of a new tomato virus by its vector, the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. Ent. Exp. Appl. 7:155–156.

    Google Scholar 

  207. Mehta, R, J. A. Wyman, M. K. Nakhla, and D. P. Maxwell. 1994. Transmission of tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus by Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 87:1291–1297.

    Google Scholar 

  208. Polston, J. E., P. Bubrick, and T. P. Perring. 1991. Detection of plant virus coat proteins on whole leaf blots. Anal. Biochem. 196:267–270.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  209. Zeidan, M. and H. Czosnek. 1991. Acquisition of tomato yellow leaf curl virus by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. J. gen. Virol. 72:2607–2614.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  210. Polston, J. E., A. Al-Musa, T. M. Perring, and J. A. Dodds. 1990. Association of the nucleic acid of squash leaf curl geminivirus with the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Phytopathology. 80:850–856.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  211. Czosnek, H., R. Ber, N. Navot, Y. Antignus, S. Cohen, and D. Zamir. 1989. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus DNA forms in the viral capside,in infected plants and in the insect vector. Phytopathol. Z. 125:47–54.

    Google Scholar 

  212. Navot, N., M. Zeidan, E. Pichersky, D. Zamir, and H. Czosnek. 1992. Use of poly-merase chain reaction to amplify tomato yellow leaf curl virus DNA from infected plants and viruliferous whiteflies. Phytopathology. 82:1199–1202.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  213. Czosnek, H., R. Ber, N. Navot, D. Zamir, Y. Antignus, and S. Cohen. 1988. Detection of tomato yellow leaf curl virus in lysates of plants and insects by hybridization with a viral DNA probe. Plant Dis. 72:949–951.

    Google Scholar 

  214. Rosell, R. C., J. E. Lichty, and J. K. Brown. 1995. Ultrastruture of the mouthparts of adult sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). Int. J. Insect Morphol. Embryol. 42:297–306.

    Google Scholar 

  215. Gildow, F. E. 1987. Virus-membrane interactions involved in circulative transmission of luteoviruses by aphids. In Current Topics in Vector Research, pp. 93–120. Springer-Verlag, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  216. Gildow, E E. and S. M. Gray. 1993. The aphid salivary gland basal lamina as a selective barrier associated with vector-specific transmission of barley yellow dwarf luteoviruses. Phytopathology. 83:1293–1302.

    Google Scholar 

  217. Navot, N., R. Ber, and H. Czosnek. 1989. Rapid detection of tomato yellow leaf curl virus in squashes of plants and insect vectors. Phytopathology. 79:562–568.

    Google Scholar 

  218. Janssen, J. A. M., W. F. Tjallingnii, and J. C. van Lenteren. 1989. Electrical recording and ultrastructure of stylet penetration by the greenhouse whitefly. Ent. Exp. Appl. 52:69–81.

    Google Scholar 

  219. Weber, H. 1935. Der bau der imago der Aleurodinen. Zoologica Heft. 89:1–71.

    Google Scholar 

  220. Cicero, J. M., E. Hiebert, and S. E. Webb. 1995. The alimentary canal of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) and Trialeurodes abutilonea (Hald.) (Aleyrodidae: Sternorhynchi: Homoptera), histology, ultrastructure, and correlations to function. Zoomorphology. 115:31–39.

    Google Scholar 

  221. Snodgrass, R. E. 1935. Principles of Insect Morphology. McGraw Hill Book Company

    Google Scholar 

  222. R. C. Rosell, p. c., 1994

    Google Scholar 

  223. Rochow, W. F. and I. Muller. 1975. Use of aphids injected with virus-specific antiserum for study of plant viruses that circulate in vectors. Virology. 63:282–286.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  224. Gildow, F. E. 1982. Coated-vesicle transport of luteoviruses through salivary glands of Myzus persicae. Phytopathology. 72:1289–1296.

    Google Scholar 

  225. Gildow, F. E. 1993. Evidence for receptor-mediated endocytosis regulating luteovirus acquisition by aphids. Phytopathology. 83:270–277.

    Google Scholar 

  226. Campbell, B. C. 1993. Congruent evolution between whiteflies (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and their bacterial endosymbionts based on respective 18S and 16S rDNAs. Curr. Micro. 26:129–132.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  227. Campbell, B. C., J. D. Steffen-Campbell, and R. J. Gill. 1994. Evolutionary origin of whiteflies (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) inferred from 18S rDNA sequences. Insect Mol. Biol. 3:73–88.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  228. Hull, R. 1989. Movement of viruses in plants. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 27:213–240.

    Google Scholar 

  229. . Brown, J. K., I. D. Bedford, R. W. Briddon, P. J. Markham, and D. Frohlich. 1993. Relative relationships of whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses by DNA hybridization, and nucleotide sequence alignment. Intervirol.

    Google Scholar 

  230. Cohen, S. 1967. The occurrence in the body Bemisia tabaci of a factor apparently related to the phenomenon of “periodic acquisition” of tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Virology. 31:180–183.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  231. Cohen, S. and F. E. Nitzany. 1963. Identity of viruses affecting cucurbits in Israel. Phytopathology. 53:193–196.

    Google Scholar 

  232. Domingo, E. and J. J. Holland. 1994. Mutation rates and rapid evolution of RNA viruses. In The Evolutionary Biology of Viruses,S. S. Morse, ed., pp. 161–184. Raven, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  233. Butler, G. D. J., W. D. Hutchison, and M. Broza. 1988. Effect of aldicarb treatments to cotton on Bemisia tabaci and Aphis gossypii populations in Israel. SW Entomol. 13:87–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  234. Butler, G. D. and T. J. Henneberry. 1983. Sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci, 1982 Research Results. Ariz. Agr. Expt. Sta. P-59:113–119.

    Google Scholar 

  235. Fauquet, C. and D. Fargette. 1990. African cassava mosaic virus: etiology, epidemiology, and control. Plant Dis. 74:404–411.

    Google Scholar 

  236. Fargette, D., M. Jager, C. F. Fauquet, and L. D. C. Fishpool. 1993. Analysis of temporal disease progress of african cassava mosaic virus. Ecol. Epidemiol. 84:91–98.

    Google Scholar 

  237. Muniyappa, V., M. M. Swanson, G. H. Duncan, and B. D. Harrison. 1991. Particle purification, properties and epitope variability of Indian tomato leaf curl geminivirus. Ann. appl. Biol. 118:595–604.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  238. Gilbertson, R. L., J. C. Faria, S. E Hanson, E. J. Morales, P. Ahlquist, D. P. Maxwell, and D. R. Russell. 1991. Cloning of the complete DNA genomes of four bean-infecting geminiviruses and determining their infectivity by electric discharge particle acceleration. Phytopathology. 81:980–985.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  239. Goodman, R. M. and J. Bird, Bean golden mosaic virus 1978, CMI/AAB Descriptions of Virus Diseases:

    Google Scholar 

  240. Gilbertson, R. L., S. H. Hidayat, R. T. Martinez, S. L. Leong, J. C. Faria, E. Morales, and D. P. Maxwell. 1991. Differentiation of bean-infecting geminiviruses by nucleic acid hybridization probes and aspects of bean golden mosaic in Brazil. Plant Dis. 75:336–342.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  241. Brown, J. K., M. A. Chapman, and M. R. Nelson. 1989. Bean calico mosaic, a new disease of common bean caused by a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus. Plant Dis. 73:81.

    Google Scholar 

  242. Morales, E, A. Niessen, B. Ramirez, and M. Castano. 1990. Isolation and partial characterization of a geminivirus causing bean dwarf mosaic. Phytopathology. 80:96–101.

    Google Scholar 

  243. Morales, F. J. and A. I. Niessen. 1988. Comparative responses of selected Phaseolus vulgaris germ plasm inoculated artificially and naturally with bean golden mosaic virus. Plant Dis. 72:1020–1023.

    Google Scholar 

  244. Brown, J. K. and M. R. Nelson. 1984. Geminate particles associated with cotton leaf crumple disease in Arizona. Phytopathology. 74:987–990.

    Google Scholar 

  245. Brown, J. K. and M. R. Nelson. 1988. Transmission, host range, and virus-vector relationships of chino del tomate virus, a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus from Sinaloa, Mexico. Plant Dis. 72:866–869.

    Google Scholar 

  246. Brown, J. K. and B. T. Poulos. 1990. Serrano golden mosaic virus: A new whiteflytransmitted geminivirus of pepper and tomato in the U.S. Plant Dis. 74:720.

    Google Scholar 

  247. Brown, J. K., O. P. Campodonico, and M. R. Nelson. 1989. A whitefly-transmitted geminivirus from peppers with tigre disease. Plant Dis. 73:610.

    Google Scholar 

  248. Paplomatas, E. J., P. D. Grieco, M. R. Rojas, D. P. Maxwell, and R. L. Gilbertson. 1992. Geminivirus complexes associated with tomato and pepper diseases in Mexico. Phytopathology. 82:1070.

    Google Scholar 

  249. Brown, J. K. and J. Bird. 1994. Introduction of an exotic whitefly Bemisia vector facilitates the spread of Jatropha mosaic virus, a geminivirus previously vectored by the Jatropha biotype. Phytoparasitica. 22:325.

    Google Scholar 

  250. Brown, J. K. and R. Ryan. 1991. High velocity microprojectile mediated transmission of whitefly-transmitted geminivirus DNA or purified virions to intact plants. Phytopathology. 81:1217.

    Google Scholar 

  251. Brown, J. K. and B. T. Poulos. 1990. Infectious DNA from whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses using particle gun inoculation. In VIIIth International Congress of Virology, August 26–31, 1990. Berlin: pp. 465.

    Google Scholar 

  252. Brown, J. K., J. Bird, and D. C. Fletcher. 1993. First report of passiflora leaf mottle caused by a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus in Puerto Rico. Plant Dis. 77:1264.

    Google Scholar 

  253. Anthony, N., J. K. Brown, P. G. Markham, and R. H. ffrench-Constant. 1995. Molecular analysis of cyclodiene resistance-associated mutations among populations of the sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 51:220–228.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  254. Byrne, F. J. and A. L. Devonshire. 1993. Insensitive acetylcholinesterase and esterase polymorphism in susceptible and resistant populations of the tobacco white-fly Bemisia tabaci (Genn.). Pestic. Biochem. Physiol. 45:34–42.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  255. Flock, R. A. and D. E. Mayhew. 1981. Squash leaf curl, a new disease of cucurbits in California. Plant Dis. 65:75–76.

    Google Scholar 

  256. Rosemeyer, M. E., J. K. Brown, and M. R. Nelson. 1986. Five viruses isolated from field-grown buffalo gourd, Cucurbita foetidissima, HBK a potential crop for semiarid lands. Plant Dis. 70:405–409.

    Google Scholar 

  257. Brown, J. K. and M. R. Nelson. 1989. Characterization of watermelon curly mottle virus, a geminivirus distinct from squash leaf curl virus. Ann. Appl. Biol. 115:243–252.

    Google Scholar 

  258. Lazarowitz, S. G. and I. B. Lazdins. 1991. Infectivity and complete nucleotide sequence of the cloned genomic components of a bipartite squash leaf curl geminivirus with a broad host range phenotype. Virology. 180:58–69.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  259. Lazarowitz, S. G. 1991. Molecular characterization of two bipartite geminiviruses causing squash leaf curl disease: role of viral replication and movement functions in determining host range. Virology. 180:70–80.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  260. Polston, J. E., J. A. Dodds, and T. Perring. 1989. Nucleic acid probes for detection and strain discrimination of cucurbit geminiviruses. Phytopathology. 79:1123–1127.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  261. Wendt, K., S. D. Wyatt, and J. K. Brown. 1994. Detection of DNA components of two strains of squash leaf curl virus using polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology. 84:1104.

    Google Scholar 

  262. Baulcombe, D. 1989. Strategies for virus resistance in plants. Trends Genet. 5:56–60.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  263. Fraser, R. S. S. 1990. The genetics of resistance to plant viruses. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 28:179–200.

    Google Scholar 

  264. Hull, R. 1994. Resistance to plant viruses: obtaining genes by non-conventional approaches. Euphytica. 75:195–205.

    Google Scholar 

  265. Ponz, E. and G. Bruening. 1986. Mechanisms of resistance to plant viruses. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 24:355–381.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  266. Wilson, T. M. A. 1993. Strategies to protect crop plants against viruses: pathogen-derived resistance blossoms. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA. 90:3134–3141.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  267. Pilowsky, M. and S. Cohen. 1990. Tolerance to tomato yellow leaf curl virus derived from Lycopersicon peruvianum. Plant Dis. 74:248–250.

    Google Scholar 

  268. Sanford, J. C. and S. A. Johnston. 1985. The concept of pathogen-derived resistance-deriving resistance genes from the parasite’s own genome. J. Theor. Biol. 113:395–405.

    Google Scholar 

  269. Fitchen, J. H. and R. N. Beachy. 1994. Genetically engineered protection against viruses in transgenic plants. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 47:739–763.

    Google Scholar 

  270. Kunik, T., R. Salomon, D. Zamir, N. Navot, M. Zeidan, I. Michelson, Y. Gafni, and H. Czosnek. 1994. Transgenic tomato plants expressing the tomato yellow leaf curl virus capsid protein are resistant to the virus. Biotechnology. 12:500–504.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  271. Scott, J. W. and J. H. M. Barten, Tomato mottle geminivirus, in Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Newslett.1992, p. 3.

    Google Scholar 

  272. Bejarano, E. R. and C. P. Lichtenstein. 1992. Prospects for engineering virus resistance in plants with antisense RNA. Trends Biotechnol. 10:383–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  273. Day, A. G., E. R. Bejarano, K. W. Buck, M. Burrell, and C. P. Lichtenstein. 1991. Expression of an antisense viral gene in transgenic tobacco confers resistance to the DNA virus tomato golden mosaic virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 88:6721–6725.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  274. Stanley, J., T. Frischmuth, and S. Ellwood. 1990. Defective viral DNA ameliorates symptoms of geminivirus infection in transgenic plants. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 87:6291–6295.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  275. Brown, J. K., S. D. Wyatt, and D. Hazelwood. 1984. Irrigated corn as a source of barley yellow dwarf virus and vector in eastern Washington. Phytopathology. 74:46–49.

    Google Scholar 

  276. Costa, A. S. 1969. Conditioning of the plant by one virus necessary for systemic invasion of another. Phytopathol. Z. 65:219–230.

    Google Scholar 

  277. Frischmuth, T., G. Zimmat, and H. Jeske. 1990. The nucleotide sequence of Abutilon Mosaic Virus Reveals Prokaryotic as well as Eukaryotic features. Virology. 178:461–468.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  278. Morris, B., L. Coates, S. Lowe, K. Richardson, and P. Eddy. 1990. Nucleotide sequence of the infectious cloned DNA components of African cassava mosaic virus (Nigerian strain). Nucl. Acids Res. 18:197–198.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  279. Morales, E, A. Niessen, B Ramirez, and M. Castano. 1989. Isolation and partial characterization of a geminivirus causing bean dwarf mosaic. Phytopathology. 79:910.

    Google Scholar 

  280. Brown, J. K. and R. B. Hine. 1984. Geminate particles associated with the leaf curl or `chino’ disease of tomatoes in coastal areas of Western Mexico. Phytopathology. 74:844.

    Google Scholar 

  281. Dickson, R. C., M. M. Johnson, and E. F. Laird. 1954. Leaf crumple, a virus disease of cotton. Phytopathology. 44:479–480.

    Google Scholar 

  282. Monsoor, S., I. Bedford, M. S. Pinner, J. Stanley, and P. G. Markham. 1993. A whitefly-transmitted geminivirus associated with cotton leaf curl disease in Pakistan. Pak. J. Bot. 25:105–107.

    Google Scholar 

  283. Muniyappa, V. and G. K. Veeresh. 1984. Plant virus diseases transmitted by white-flies in Karnataka. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. 93:397–406.

    Google Scholar 

  284. Inouye, T. and T. Osaki. 1980. The first record in the literature of the possible plant virus disease that appeared in “Manyosshu”, a Japanese classic anthology, as far back as the eighth century. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan. 46:449–450.

    Google Scholar 

  285. Strandberg, J. O., E. Heibert, G. L. Leibee, and A. Abouzid. 1991. A new geminivirus witha broad host ranbge in the Brassicacaeae (sic Cruciferae). Phytopathology. 81:1244.

    Google Scholar 

  286. Abouzid, A. M., E. Hiebert, and J. O. Strandberg. 1992. Cloning, identification, and partial sequencing of the genomic components of a geminivirus infecting the Brassicaceae. Phytopathology. 82:1070.

    Google Scholar 

  287. Osaki, T., H. Kobatake, and T. Inouye. 1979. Yellow vein mosaic of honeysuckle Lonicera japonica Thunb., a disease caused by tobacco leaf curl virus in Japan. Ann. Phytopath. Soc. Japan. 45:62–69.

    Google Scholar 

  288. Morinaga, T., M. Ikegami, and K. Miura. 1993. The nucleotide sequence and genome structure of mung bean yellow mosaic geminivirus. Micro. Immunol. 37:471–476.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  289. Garzon-Tiznado, J. A., I. Torres-Pacheco, J. T. Ascencio-Ibanez, L. Herrera-Estrella, and R. F. Rivera-Bustamante. 1993. Inoculation of peppers with infectious clones of a new geminivirus by a biolistic procedure. Phytopathology. 83:514–521.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  290. Brown, J. K., O. Pozo-Campodonico, and M. R. Nelson. 1989. A whitefly-transmitted geminivirus from peppers with tigre disease. Plant Dis. 73:610.

    Google Scholar 

  291. Coutts, R. H. A., R. S. Coffin, E. J. F. Roberts, and W. D. O. Hamilton. 1991. The nucleotide sequence of the infectious cloned DNA components of potato yellow mosaic virus. J. Gen. Virol. 72:1515–1520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  292. Bird, J. 1958. Infectious chlorosis of Sida carpinifolia in Puerto Rico. Agric. Exp. Stn. Univ. Puerto Rico. 26:1–23.

    Google Scholar 

  293. Iwaki, M., P. Thongmeearkom, Y. Honda, and N. Deema. 1983. Soybean crinkle leaf: a new whitefly-borne disease of soybean. Plant Dis. 67:546–548.

    Google Scholar 

  294. Brown, J. K. and M. R. Nelson. 1984. Two whitefly-transmitted viruses of melons in the Southwest. Phytopathology. 74:1136.

    Google Scholar 

  295. Stenger, D. C., J. E. Duffus, and B. Villalon. 1990. Biological and genomic properties of a geminivirus isolated from pepper. Phytopathology. 80:704–709.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  296. Pruthi, H. S. and C. K. Samuel. 1941. Entomological investigations on the leaf-curl disease of tobacco in northern India. Indian J. Ag. Sci. 11:387–409.

    Google Scholar 

  297. Yassin, A. M. and M. A. Nour. 1965. Tomato leaf curl diseases in the Sudan and their relation to tobacco leaf curl. Ann. appl. Biol. 56:207–217.

    Google Scholar 

  298. Abouzid, A. M., J. E. Polston, and E. Hiebert. 1992. The nucleotide sequence of tomato mottle virus, a new geminivirus isolated from tomatoes in Florida. J. Gen. Virol. 73:3225–3229.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  299. Simone, G. W., J. K. Brown, E. Hiebert, and R. C. Cullen. 1990. Geminiviruses associated with epidemics in Florida tomatoes and pepper. Phytopathology. 80:1063.

    Google Scholar 

  300. Jones, P., M. H. A. Satter, and N. Al Kaff. 1988. The incidence of virus disease in watermelon and sweet melon crops in the Peoples Republic of Yemen and its impact on cropping policy. Aspects of Applied Biology. 17:203–207.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Brown, J.K. (1997). The Biology and Molecular Epidemiology of the Geminiviridae Subgroup III. In: Stacey, G., Keen, N.T. (eds) Plant-microbe Interactions 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6053-1_5

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6053-1_5

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7772-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-6053-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics