Abstract
The importance of toilet training in the lives of parents and children is difficult to overestimate. To parents, it is a major step in their child’s progress toward independence, and has come to represent not only their own effectiveness as parents but also the intellectual and emotional health of their child. To children, toilet training is the first major developmental challenge they face that is more important to others than to them. Suddenly, they discover that their ability to control what were once involuntary processes is a matter of extreme social significance, and that failures in this regard merit the displeasure of parents and peers alike. When failures occur, then, the interactive consequences in terms of family functioning and the child’s adjustment can be far-reaching (Walker, 1995).
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abrahamian, F. P., & Lloyd-Still, J. D. (1984). Chronic constipation in childhood: A longitudinal study of 186 patients. journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 3, 460–467.
Achenbach, T. M., & Lewis, M. (1971). A proposed model for clinical research and its application for encopresis and enuresis. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry,’ 10, 535–554.
American Academy of Pediatrics: Committee on Radiology. (1980). Excretory urography for evaluation of enuresis. Pediatrics, 65, 644–645.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., rev.). Washington, DC: Author.
Amsterdam, B. (1979). Chronic encopresis: A system based psychodynamic approach. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 9, 137–144.
Azrin, N. H., & Besalel, V. A. (1979). Parent’s guide to bedwetting control: A step-by-step method. New York: Simon & Schuster.
Azrin, N. H., Sneed, T. J., & Foxx, R. M. (1974). Dry-bed training: Rapid elimination of childhood enuresis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 12, 147–156.
Bach, R., & Moylan,J.J. (1975). Parents administer behavior therapy for inappropriate urination and encopresis: A case study. journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 6, 239–241.
Bakwin, H. (1973). The genetics of enuresis. Clinics in Developmental Medicine, 48–49, 73–77.
Bakwin, H., & Davidson, M. (1971). Constipation in twins. American journal of Diseases of Children, 121, 179–181.
Banerjee, S., Srivastav, A., & Palan, B. M. (1993). Hypnosis and self-hypnosis in the management of nocturnal enuresis: A comparative study with imipramine therapy. AmericanJournal of Clinical Hypnosis, 36, 113–119.
Becker, J. H. R. (1994). An approach to the treatment of encopresis. Surgery Annual, 26, 49–66.
Behrman, R. E., Vaughan, V. C., & Nelson, W. E. (1987). Textbook of pediatrics (13th ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Bellman, M. (1966). Studies on encopresis. Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica, 170(Suppl.), 1–137.
Bemporad, J. R. (1978). Encopresis. In B. B. Wolman, J. Egan, & A. O. Ross (Eds.), Handbook of treatment of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence (pp. 161–178). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bemporad, J. R., Pfeifer, C. M., Gibbs, L., Cortner, R. H., & Bloom, W. (1971). Characteristics of encopretic patients and their families. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 10, 272–292.
Berg, I., Forsythe, I., Holt, P., & Watts, J. (1983). A controlled triad of Senokot in faecal soiling treated by behavioural methods. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 24, 543–549.
Berg, I., & Jones, K. V. (1964). Functional faecal incontinence in children. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 39, 465–472.
Berger, R. M., Maizels, M., Moran, G. C., Conway, J. J., & Firlit, C. F. (1983). Bladder capacity (ounces) equals age (years) plus 2 predicts normal bladder capacity and aids in diagnosis of abnormal voiding patterns. Journal of Urology, 129, 347–349.
Blackwell, B., & Currah, J. (1973). The psychopharmacology of nocturnal enuresis. In I. Kolvin, R. C. MacKeith, & S. R. Meadow (Eds.), Bladder control and enuresis (pp. 231–257). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Bollard, J., & Nettlebeck, T. (1982). A comparison analysis of dry-bed training for treatment of bedwetting. BehaviourResearch and Therapy, 20, 383–390.
Boyd, M. M. (1960). The depth of sleep in enuretic school children and in non-enuretic controls. Journal ofPsychosomatic Research, 4, 274–281.
Braithwaite, J. V. (1956). Some problems associated with enuresis. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 49, 3339.
Buchanan, A., & Clayden, G. (1992). Children who soil: Assessment and treatment. New York: Wiley.
Butler, R. J., Brewin, C. R., & Forsythe, W. I. (1986). Maternal attributions and tolerance for nocturnal enuresis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 24, 307–312.
Calkins, D. L., Walker, C. E., & Howe, A. C. (1994). Elimination disorders: Psychological issues. In R. A. Olson, L. L. Mullins, J. B. Gillman, &J. M. Chaney (Eds.), The sourcebook of pediatric psychology (pp. 46–54). Boston: AIlyn & Bacon.
Cerulli, M. A., Nikoomanesh, P., & Schuster, M. M. (1979). Progress in biofeedback conditioning for fecal incontinence. Gastroenterology, 76, 742–746.
Christopherson, E. R., & Rapoff, M. A. (1992). Toileting problems in children. In C. E. Walker & M. C. Roberts (Eds.), Handbook of clinical child psychology (2nd ed., pp. 399–411). New York: Wiley.
Cohen, S. I., & Reed, J. L. (1968). The treatment of nervous diarrhoea and other conditioned autonomic disorders by desensitization. British Journal of Psychiatry, 114, 1275–1280.
Collison, D. L. (1970). Hypnotherapy in the management of nocturnal enuresis. Medical Journal of Australia, 1, 5254.
Conger, J. C. (1970). Treatment of encopresis by the management of social consequences. Behavior Therapy, 1, 386–309.
Davidson, M., Kugler, M. M., & Bauer, C. H. (1963). Diagnosis and management in children with severe and protracted constipation and obstipation. Journal of Pediatrics, 62, 261–275.
de Jonge, G. A. (1973). Epidemiology of enuresis: A survey of the literature. In I. Kolvin, R. C. MacKeith, & S. R. Meadow (Eds.), Bladder control and enuresis (pp. 39–46). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
DeLeon, G., & Mandell, W. (1966). A comparison of conditioning and psychotherapy in the treatment of functional enuresis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 326–330.
Doleys, D. M. (1977). Behavioral treatments for nocturnal enuresis in children: A review of the recent literature. Psychological Bulletin, 84, 30–54.
Doleys, D. M. (1979). Assessment and treatment of childhood encopresis. In A. J. Finch & P. C. Kendall (Eds.), Treatment and research in child psychopathology (pp. 185205). New York: Spectrum.
Doleys, D. M. (1981). Encopresis. In J. M. Ferguson & C. B. Taylor (Eds.), The comprehensive handbook of behavioral medicine (Vol. 2, pp. 145–157). New York: Spectrum.
Doleys, D. M., Ciminero, A. R., Tollison, J. W., Williams, C. L., & Wells, K. C. (1977). Dry-bed training and retention control training: A comparison. Behavior Therapy, 8, 541–548.
Doleys, D. M., Schwartz, M. S., & Ciminero, A. R. (1981). Elimination problems: Enuresis and encopresis. In E.J. Mash & L. G. Terdal (Eds.), Behavioral assessment of childhood disorders (pp. 109–117). New York: Guilford Press.
Evans, J. H. C., & Meadow, S. R. (1992). Desmopressin for bed wetting: Length of treatment, vasopressin secretion, and response. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 67, 184–188.
Fenichel, O. (1946). The psychoanalytic theory of neurosis. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Shannon, F. T. (1986). Factors related to the age of attainment of nocturnal bladder control: An 8-year longitudinal study. Pediatrics, 78, 884–890.
Fergusson, D. M., Horwood, L. J., & Shannon, F. T. (1990). Secondary enuresis in a birth cohort of New Zealand children. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 4, 53–63.
Finley, W. W., Wansley, R. A., & Blenkarn, M. M. (1977). Conditioning treatment of enuresis using a 70% intermittent reinforcement schedule. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 15, 419–427.
Fireman, G., & Koplewicz, H. S. (1992). Short-term treatment of children with encopresis. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 1, 64–71.
Forsythe, W. I., & Redmond, A. (1974). Enuresis and spontaneous cure rate: Study of 1129 enure tics. Archives ofDisease in Childhood, 49, 259–263.
Foxman, B., Valdez, R. B., & Brook, R. H. (1986). Childhood enuresis: Prevalence, perceived impact, and prescribed treatments. Pediatrics, 77, 482–487.
Gabel, S., Hegedus, A. M., Wald, A., Chandra, R., & Chiponis, D. (1986). Prevalence of behavior problems and mental health utilization among encopretic children: Implications for behavioral pediatrics. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 7, 293–297.
Geffken, G., Bennett-Johnson, S., & Walker, D. (1986). Behavioral interventions for childhood nocturnal enuresis: The differential effect of bladder capacity on treatment progress and outcome. Health Psychology, 5, 261–272.
Glicklich, L. B. (1951). An historical account of enuresis. Pediatrics, 8, 859–876.
Goldsmith, H. (1962). Chronic loss of bowel control in a nine year old child. AmericanJournal of Clinical Hypnosis, 4,191–192.
Gross, R. T., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1983). Disordered processes of elimination: Enuresis. In M. D. Levine, W. B. Carey, A. C. Crocker, & R. T. Gross (Eds.), Developmental-behavioral pediatrics (pp. 573–586). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Hague, M., Ellerstein, N. S., Gundy, J. H., Shelov, S. P., Weiss, J. C., McIntire, M. S., Olness, K. N., Jones, D.J., Heagarty, M. C., & Starfield, B. H. (1981). Parental perceptions of enuresis: A collaborative study. American Journal of Diseases of Childhood, 135, 809–811.
Hedberg, A. G. (1973). The treatment of chronic diarrhea by systematic desensitization: A case report. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 4, 67–68.
Hogg, R.J., & Hussman, D. (1993). The role of family history in predicting response to desmopressin in nocturnal enuresis. Journal of Urology, 150, 444 445.
Houts, A. C. (1991). Nocturnal enuresis as a biobehavioral problem. Behavior Therapy, 22, 133–151.
Houts, A. C., & Abramson, H. (1990). Assessment and treatment for functional childhood enuresis and encopresis: Toward a partnership between health psychologists and physicians. In S. B. Morgan & T. M. Okwumabua (Eds.), Child and adolescent disorders: Developmental and health psychology perspectives (pp. 47–103). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Houts, A. C., Berman, J. S., & Abramson, H. (1994). Effectiveness of psychological and pharmacological treatments for nocturnal enuresis. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 62, 737–745.
Houts, A. C., & Liebert, R. M. (1984). Bedwetting: A guide for parents and children. Springfield, IL: Thomas.
Houts, A. C., Liebert, R. M., & Padre, W. (1983). A delivery system for the treatment of primary enuresis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 11, 513–520.
Houts, A. C., Mellon, M. W., & Whelan, J. P. (1988). Use of dietary fiber and stimulus control to treat retentive encopresis: A multiple baseline investigation. Journal ofPediatric Psychology, 13, 435–445.
Houts, A. C., & Peterson, J. K. (1986). Treatment of a retentive encopretic child using contingency management and diet modification with stimulus control. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 11, 375–383.
Houts, A. C., Peterson, J. K., & Whelan, J. P. (1986). Prevention of relapse in full-spectrum home training for primary enuresis: A components analysis. Behavior Therapy, 17, 462–469.
Imhof, B. (1956). Bettwasser in der erziehungsberatung. HeilpaedagogischeWerkblaetter, 25, 122–127.
Jarvelin, M. R., Moilanen, I., Vikevainen-Tervonen, I.., & Huttunen, N. P. (1990). Life changes and protective capacities in enuretic and non-enuretic children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 763–774.
Kaffman, M., & Elizur, E. (1977). Infants who become enuretic: A longitudinal study of 161 kibbutz children. Child Development Monographs, No. 42. 881–882
Kallio, J., Rautava, P., Huupponen, R., & Korvenranta, H. (1993). Severe hyponatremia caused by intranasal desmopressin for nocturnal enuresis. Acta Paediatrica, 82, 881–882.
Keren, S., Wagner, Y., Heldenberg, D., & Golan, M. (1988). Studies of manometric abnormalities of the rectoanal region during defecation in constipated and soiling children: Modification through biofeedback therapy. AmericanJournal of Gastroenterology, 83, 827–831.
Landman, G. B., Rappaport, L., Fenton, T, & Levine, M. D. (1986). Locus of control and self-esteem in children with encopresis. Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 7, 111–113.
Levine, M. D. (1975). Children with encopresis: A descriptive analysis. Pediatrics, 56, 412–416.
Levine, M. D., & Bakow, H. (1976). Children with encopresis: A study of treatment outcome. Pediatrics, 58, 845–852.
Liebman, W. M. (1979). Disorders of defecation in children: Evaluation and management. Postgraduate Medicine, 66, 105–110.
Lifshitz, M., & Chovers, A. (1972). Encopresis among Israeli kibbutz children. Israel Annals of Psychiatry and Related Disciplines, 10, 326–340.
Loening-Baucke, V. (1984). Abnormal rectoanal function in children recovered from chronic constipation and encopresis. Gastroenterology, 87,1299–1304.
Loening-Baucke, V. A. (1990). Modulation of abnormal defecation dynamics by biofeedback treatment in chronically constipated children with encopresis. Journal of Pediatrics, 116, 214–222.
Loening-Baucke, V. A., & Cruikshank, B. M. (1986). Abnormal defecation in chronically constipated children with encopresis. Journal of Pediatrics, 108, 562–566.
Loening-Baucke, V. A., & Younoszai, M. K. (1984). Abnormal and sphincter pressure in chronically constipated children. Journal of Pediatrics, 100, 213–218.
Lovibond, S. H. (1964). Conditioning and enuresis. New York: Macmillan Co.
Lovibond, S. H., & Coote, M. A. (1970). Enuresis. In C. G. Costello (Ed.), Symptoms of psychopathology: A handbook (pp. 373–396). New York: Wiley.
Martin, C. R. A. (1966). A new approach to nocturnal enuresis. London: H. K. Lewis.
McClung, H.J., Boyne, L.J., Linscheid, T., Heitlinger, L. A., Murray, R. D., Fyda, J., & Li, B. U. K. (1993). Is combination therapy for encopresis nutritionally safe? Pediatrics, 91, 591–594.
McGee, R., Makinson, T., Williams, S., Simpson, A., & Silva, P. A. (1984). A longitudinal study of enuresis from five to nine years. Australian PaediatricJournal, 20, 39–42.
Meichenbaum, D. (1977). Cognitive behavior modification. New York: Plenum Press.
Meunier, P., Marechal,J. M., & deBeaujeu, M.J. (1979). Rectoanal pressures and rectal sensitivity studies in chronic childhood constipation. Gastroenterology, 77, 330–336.
Meunier, P., Mollard, P., & Marechal, J. M. (1976). Physiopathology of megarectum: The association of mega-rectum with encopresis. Gut, 17, 224–227.
Mikkelsen, E. J., Rapoport, J. L., Nee, L., Gruenau, C., Mendelson, W., & Gillin, J. C. (1980). Childhood enuresis: I. Sleep patterns and psychopathology. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1139–1144.
Miller, K., Goldberg, S., & Atkin, B. (1989). Nocturnal enuresis: Experience with long-term use of intranasally administered desmopressin. Journal of Pediatrics, 114, 723.
Moffat, M. E. K., Harlos, S., Kirshen, A.J., & Burd, L. (1993). Desmopressin acetate and nocturnal enuresis: How much do we know? Pediatrics, 92, 420–425.
Moilanen, I., Jarvelin, M. R., Vikevainen-Tervonen, L., & Huttunen, N. P. (1987). Personality and family characteristics of enuretic children. Psychiatria Fennica, 18, 53–61.
Molnar, D., Taitz, L. S., Urwin, O. M., & Wales, J. (1983). Anorectal manometry results in defecation disorders. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 58, 257–261.
Morgan, R. T. T. (1974). Enuresis and the enuresis alarm: A clinical manual for the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Unpublished manuscript.
Morgan, R. T. T. (1978). Relapse and therapeutic response in the conditioning treatment of enuresis: A review of recent findings on intermittent reinforcement, over learning and stimulus intensity. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 16, 273–279.
Morgan, R. T. T., & Young, G. C. (1975). Case histories and shorter communications. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 13,197–199.
Mowrer, O. H., & Mowrer, W. M. (1938). Enuresis: A method for its study and treatment. AmericanJournal of Orthopsychiatry, 8, 436–459.
Murray, R. D. (1994). Elimination disorders: Medical issues. In R. A. Olson, L. L. Mullins, J. B. Gillman, & J. M. Chaney (Eds.), The sourcebook of pediatric psychology (pp. 42–45). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Neale, D. H. (1963). Behavior therapy and encopresis in children. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1, 139–149.
Nolan, T., Debelle, G., Oberklaid, F., & Coffey, C. (1991). Randomised trial of laxatives in treatment of childhood encopresis. Lancet, 338, 523–527.
Norgaard, J. P., Hansen, J. H., & Bugge, N.J. (1989). Sleep patterns in enuretic children: A polygraphic study of EEG and bladder activity. ScandinavianJournal of Urology and Nephrology (Suppl. 125), 73–78.
Norgaard, J. P., Pedersen, E. B., & Djurhuus, J. C. (1985). Diurnal anti-diuretic-hormone levels in enuretics. Journal of Urology, 134, 1029–1031.
Novick, J. (1966). Symptomatic treatment of acquired and persistent enuresis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 71, 363–368.
Olness, K. (1975). The use of self-hypnosis in the treatment of childhood nocturnal enuresis. Clinical Pediatrics, 14, 273–279.
Olness, K. (1976). Autohypnosis in functional megacolon in children. AmericanJournalofClinicalHypnosis, 19, 28–32.
Oppel, W. C., Harper, P. A., & Rider, R. V. (1968). The age of attaining bladder control. Pediatrics, 42, 614–626.
Parker, L., & Whitehead, W. (1982). Treatment of urinary and fecal incontinence in children. In D. C. Russo & J. W. Varni (Eds.), Behavioral pediatrics: Research and practice (pp. 143–174). New York: Plenum Press.
Perlmutter, A. D. (1976). Enuresis. In T. P. Kelalis & L. R. King (Eds.), Clinical pediatric urology (pp. 166–181). Philadelphia: Saunders.
Pettei, M. J., & Davidson, M. (1991). Idiopathic constipation. In W. A. Walker, P. R. Durie, J. R. Hamilton, J. H. Walker-Smith, & J. B. Watkins (Eds.), Pediatric gastrointestinal disease: Vol. 1. Pathophysiology, diagnosis, management (pp. 818–829). Philadelphia: B. C. Decker.
Physicians’ desk reference . (1994). Montvale, NJ: Medical Economics Data Production Company.
Rapoport, J. L., Mikkelsen, E. J., Zavadil, A., Nee, L., Gruenau, C., Mendelson, W., & Gillin, J. C. (1980). Childhood enuresis: II. Psychopathology, tricyclic concentration in plasma, and antienuretic effect. Archives of General Psychiatry, 37, 1146–1152.
Readett, D. R.J., Morris, J., & Serjeant, G. R. (1990). Nocturnal enuresis in sickle cell haemoglobinopathies. Archives of Disease of Childhood, 65, 290–293.
Ringdahl, I. C. (1980). Hospital treatment of the encopretic child. Psychosomatics, 21, 65–71.
Rittig, S., Knudsen, U. B., Norgaard, J. P., Pedersen, E. B., & Djurhuus, J. C. (1989). Abnormal diurnal rhythm of plasma vasopressin and urinary output in patients with enuresis. American Journal of Physiology, 256, F664–F671.
Rolider, A., & Van Houten, R. (1985). Treatment of constipation-caused encopresis by a negative reinforcement procedure. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 16, 67–70.
Rutter, M. (1973). Indication for research. In I. Kolvin, R. C. MacKeith, & S. R. Meadow (Eds.), Bladder control and enuresis (pp. 137–147). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Rutter, M., Tizard, J., & Whitmore, K. (1970). Education,health, and behaviour. London: Longmans & Green.
Rutter, M., Yule, W., & Graham, P. (1973). Enuresis and behavioral deviance: Some epidemiological considerations. In I. Kolvin, R. C. MacKeith, & S. R. Meadow (Eds.), Bladder control and enuresis (pp. 137–147). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Schaefer, C. E. (1979). Childhood encopresis and causes and therapy. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold.
Schmitt, B. D. (1982). Daytime wetting (diurnal enuresis). Pediatric Clinics of North America, 29, 9–20.
Schmitt, B. D. (1984). Encopresis. Primary Care, 11, 497511.
Scott, M. A., Barclay, D. R., & Houts, A. C. (1992). Childhood enuresis: Etiology, assessment, and current behavioral treatment. In M. Hersen, R. M. Eisler, & P. M. Miller (Eds.), Progress in behavior modification (Vol. 28, pp. 83–117). Sycamore, IL: Sycamore Publishing Company.
Shaffer, D. (1973). The association between enuresis and emotional disorder: A review of the literature. In I. Kolvin, R. C. MacKeith, & S. R. Meadow (Eds.), Bladder control and enuresis (pp. 118–136). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Shaffer, D. (1977). Enuresis. In M. Rutter and L. Hersov (Eds.), Child psychiatry: Modern approaches (pp. 581612). Oxford: Blackwell.
Silber, D. L. (1969). Encopresis. Discussion of etiology and management. Clinical Pediatrics, 8, 225–231.
Solomon, P., & Patch, V. D. (1969). Handbook of psychiatry. Los Altos, CA: Lange Medical Publications.
Springer, J. P., Kropp, B. P., & Thor, K. B. (1994). Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors on hypogastric nerve-evoked urethral contractions in the cat: A prominent role of urethral beta-adrenergic receptors. Journal of Urology, 152, 515–519.
Starfield, B. (1967). Functional bladder capacity in enuretic and nonenuretic children. Journal of Pediatrics, 70, 777–781.
Starfield, B., & Mellits, E. D. (1968). Increase in functional bladder capacity and improvements in enuresis. Journal of Pediatrics, 72, 483–487.
Stark, L.J., Owens-Stively, J., Spirito, A., Lewis, A., & Guevremont, D. (1990). Group behavioral treatment of retentive encopresis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 15, 659–671.
Stark, L. J., Spirito, A., Lewis, A. V., & Hart, K.J. (1990). Encopresis: Behavioral parameters associated with children who fail medical management. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 20, 169–179.
Steele, B. T. (1993). Nocturnal enuresis: Treatment options. Canadian Family Physician, 39, 877–880.
Taitz, L. S., Wales, J. K. H., Urwin, O. M., & Molnar, D. (1986). Factors associated with outcome in management of defecation disorders. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 61, 472–477.
Taylor, P. D., & Turner, R. K. (1975). A clinical trial of continuous, intermittent, and overlearning “bell and pad” treatments of nocturnal enuresis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 13, 281–293.
Tilton, P. (1980). Hypnotic treatment of a child with thumb-sucking, enuresis, and encopresis. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis, 22, 238–240.
Turner, R. K., Young, G. C., & Rachman, S. (1970). Treatment of nocturnal enuresis by conditioning techniques. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 8, 368–381.
Verhulst, F. C., Van Der Lee, J. H., Akkerhuis, G. W., SandersWoudstra, J. A. R., Timmer, F. C., & Donkhorst, I. D. (1985). The prevalence of nocturnal enuresis: Do DSM-III criteria need to be changed? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 26, 989–993.
Wald, A., Chandra, R., Chiponis, D., & Gabel, S. (1986). Anorectal function and continence mechanisms in childhood encopresis. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 5, 346–351.
Walker, C. E. (1978). Toilet training, enuresis, and encopresis. In P. Magrab (Ed.), Psychological management of pediatric problems (Vol. 1, pp. 129–189). Baltimore: University Park Press.
Walker, C. E. (1995). Elimination disorders: Enuresis and encopresis. In M. C. Roberts (Ed.), Handbook of pediatric psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Walker, C. E., Hedberg, A. G., Clement, P. W., & Wright, L. (1981). Clinical procedures for behavior therapy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Walker, C. E., Milling, L. S., & Bonner, B. L. (1988). Incontinence disorders: Enuresis and encopresis. In D. K. Routh (Ed.), Handbook of pediatric psychology (pp. 363397). New York: Guilford Press.
Walker, C. E., & Shaw, W. (1988). Assessment of eating and elimination disorders. In P. Karoly (Ed.), Handbook of child health assessment (pp. 434–469). New York: Wiley.
Watanabe, H., Kawauchi, A., Kitamori, T., & Azuma, Y. (1994). Treatment system for nocturnal enuresis according to an original classification system. European Urology, 25, 43–50.
Wells, M. E., & Hinkle, J. S. (1990). Elimination of childhood encopresis: A family systems approach. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 12, 520–526.
Whitehead, W. E., Parker, L., Masek, B. J., Cataldo, M. F., & Freeman, J. M. (1981). Biofeedback treatment of fecal incontinence in patients with myelomeningocele. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology, 23, 313–322.
Wille, S. (1986). Comparison of desmopressin and enuresis alarm for nocturnal enuresis. Archives ofDisease in Childhood, 61, 30–33.
Wright, L. (1975). Outcome of a standardized program for treating psychogenic encopresis. Professional Psychology, 6, 453–456.
Yates, A.J. (1970). Behavior therapy. New York: Wiley.
Young, G. C., & Morgan, R. T. T. (1972). Overlearning in the conditioning treatment of enuresis. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 10, 147–151.
Zaleski, A., Gerrard, J. W., & Shokeir, M. H. K. (1973). Nocturnal enuresis: The importance of a small bladder capacity. In I. Kolvin, R. C. MacKeith, & S. R. Meadow (Eds.), Bladder control and enuresis (pp. 95–101). Philadelphia: Lippincott.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ondersma, S.J., Walker, C.E. (1998). Elimination Disorders. In: Ollendick, T.H., Hersen, M. (eds) Handbook of Child Psychopathology. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5905-4_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5905-4_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA
Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7709-2
Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5905-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive