Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Advances in Neurochemistry ((ANCH,volume 8))

  • 135 Accesses

Summary

This chapter describes the theory of echo-planar imaging (EPI) and technical issues in its practical implementation. It also explains the developments of EPI which enable it to be used to make quantitative measurements of parameters such as magnetic resonance relaxation times, chemical shift, or flow. Finally, the main areas of application of EPI are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Baker, P. N., Johnson, I. R., Gowland, P. A., Hykin, J., Adams, V., Mansfield, P., and Worthington, B., 1994a, Measurement of fetal liver, brain and placental volumes with echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging, Br. J. Obstet. Gvnaecol. 102:35–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, P. N., Johnson, I. R., Gowland, P. A., Hykin, J., Harvey, P. R., Freeman, A., Adams, V., Worthington, B. S., and Mansfield, P., 199b, Fetal weight estimation using echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging, Lancet 343:644–645.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa, S., Blumhardt, L. D., Roberts, N., Lock, T., and Edwards, R. H. T., 1994, Magnetic resonance relaxation time mapping in multiple sclerosis: normal appearing white matter and the invisible lesion load, Magn. Reson. Imaging 12:33–42.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Belliveau, J. W., Rosen, B. R., Kantor, H. L., Rzedzian, R. R., Kennedy, D. N., McKinstry, R. C., Vevea, J. M., Cohen, M. S., Pykett, I. L., and Brady, T. J., 1990, Functional cerebral imaging by susceptibility-contrast NMR, Magn. Reson. Med. 14, 3:538–546.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belliveau, J. W., Kennedy, D. N., McKinstry, R. C., Buchbinder, B. R., Weisskoff, R. M., Cohen, M. S., Vevea, J. M., Brady, T. J., and Rosen, B. R., 1991, Functional mapping of the human visual cortex by magnetic resonance imaging, Science 254:716–719.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bergstrand, G., Berstrom, M., Nordell, B., et al., 1985, Cardiac gated MR imaging of cerebrospinal fluid flow, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 9:1003.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bowtell, R., Cawley, M. G., and Mansfield, P., 1989, Proton chemical-shift mapping using PREP, J. Magn. Reson. 82 E:634–639.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruder, H., Fischer, H., Reinfelder, H. E., and Schmitt, F., 1992, Image reconstruction for echo-planar imaging with non-equidistant k-space sampling, Magn. Reson. Med. 23 :311–323.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Butts, K., and Riederer, S. J., 1992, Analysis of flow effects in echo-planar imaging, J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2:285–293.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Callaghan, P. T., and Xia, Y., 1991, Velocity and diffusion imaging in dynamic NMR microscopy, J. Magn. Reson. 91:326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, B., and Mansfield, P., 1986, Double active magnetic screening of coils in NMR, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 19:L129–L131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chapman, B., Turner, R., Ordidge, R. J., Doyle, M., Cawley, M., Coxon, R., Glover, P.. and Mansfield, P., 1987, Real-time movie imaging from a single cardiac cycle by NMR, Magn. Reson. Med. 52:246–254.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Detre, J. A., Leigh, J. S., Williams, D. S., and Koretsky, A. P., 1992, Perfusion imaging, Magn. Reson. Med. 23:37–45.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, M., and Mansfield, P., 1986, Real-time movie enhancement in NMR, J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrurn. 19:439–444.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Doyle, M., and Mansfield, P., 1987, Chemical shift imaging: A hybrid approach, Magn. Reson. Med. 5:255–261.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Duerk, J. L., and Simonetti, M. S., 1991, Theoretical aspects of motion sensitivity and compensation in echo-planar imaging, J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 1:643–650.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edelman, R. R., Siewert, B., Darby, D. G., Thangaraj, V., Nobre, A. C., Mesulam, M. M., and Warach, S., 1994, Qualitative mapping of cerebral blood flow and functional localization with echo-planar MR imaging and signal targeting with alternating radio frequency. Radiology 192:513–520.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Edelstein, W. A., Hutchinson, J. M. S., Johnson, G., and Redpath, T., 1980, Spin warp NMR imaging and applications to human whole body imaging, Phys. Med. Biol. 25:751–756.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Enzmann, D. R., and Pete, N. J., 1992, Brain motion: Measurement with phase contrast MR imaging, Radiology 185:653–660.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, D., 1992, Modern concepts of brain motion and cerebrospinal fluid Flow. Radiology 185:630–632.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Firmin, D. N., Klipstein, R. H., Houndsfield, G. L., Paley, M. P., and Longmore, D. B.. 1989, Echo-planar high resolution flow velocity mapping, Magn. Reson, Med. 12:316–327.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Freeman, A., Gowland, P., Jellinek, K., Wilock, D., Firth, J., Worthington, B., Mansfield, P., and Radcliffe, G., 1994, Dynamic studies of gadolinium update in brain tumours using LL-EPI, Magma 2:409–413.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Garroway, A., Grannell, R. K., and Mansfield, P., 1974, Image formation in NMR by a selective irradiative process, J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys. 7:L453–L462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gowland, P., and Mansfield, P., 1991, Real time interventional echo-planar imaging, in “Proceedings of the 8th Annual Congress of the European Society of Magnetic Resonance in Medicine, Zurich,” p. 263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gowland, P. A., and Mansfield, P., 1993, Accurate measurement of T, in vivo in less than 3 seconds using echo-planar imaging, Magn. Reson. Med. 30:351–354.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gowland, P., Mansfield, P., Bullock, P., Stehling, M., Worthington, B., and Firth, J., 1992, Dynamic studies of Gd-DTPA uptake in brain tumors using echo-planar imaging, Magn. Reson. Med. 22:241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Graham, G. D., Zhong, J., Guarnaccia, J. B., and Gore, J. C., 1995, Echo-planar imaging of water directional diffusion and diffusion anisotropy within multiple sclerosis plaques, in “Proceedings of the Third Annual Meeting of the Society for Magnetic Resonance,” p. 278.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilfoyle, D. N., and Mansfield, P., 1985, Chemical shift imaging, Mugu. Reim. Med. 2:478–489.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guilfoyle, D. N., Blamire, A., Ordidge, R. J., and Mansfield, P., 1989, PEEP—a rapid chemical-shift imaging method, Magn. Resort Med. 10:282–287.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guilfoyle, D. N., Gibbs, R, Ordidge, R. J., and Mansfield, P., 1991, Real-time flow measurements using echo-planar imaging, Magn. Reson. Med. 18:1.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hajnal, J. V., Doran, M., Hall, A., Collins, A. G., Cartridge, A., Pennock, J. M., Young, I. R., and Bydder, G. M., 1991, MR imaging of anisotropically restricted diffusion of water in the nervous system: Technical, anatomic and pathologic considerations, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 15:1–18.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P. R., and Mansfield, P., 1994, Resonant trapezondal gradient generation for use in echo planar imaging. Magn. Reson. Imaging 12:93–100.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P. R., and Mansfield, P., 1996, Echo volumar imaging (EVI) at 0.5T: First whole body volunteer studies, Magn. Reson. Med. 35:80–88.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hennig, J., Nauerth, A., and Friedburg, H., 1986, RARE imaging: A fast imaging method for clinical MR, Magn. Reson. Med. 3:823.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hong, X., and Dixon, T., 1992, Measuring diffusion in inhomogeneous systems in imaging mode using antisymmetric sensitizing gradients, J. Magn. Reson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howseman, A. M., Stehling, M. K., Chapman, B., Coxon, R., Turner, R., Ordidge, R. J., Cawley, M. G., Glover, P., Mansfield, P., and Couplans, R. E., 1988, Improvements in snap-shot nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, Br. J. Radiol. 61: 822–828.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hykin, J., Coxon, R., Bowtell, R., Glover, P., and Mansfield, P., 1995, Temporal differences in functional activation studies between separate regions of the brain investigated with single shot echo volumar imaging at 3.0 T, Third Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance, Nice, p. 451.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, G., and Hutchinson, J. M. S., 1985, The limitations of NMR recalled-echo imaging techniques, J. Magn. Reson. 63:14–30.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • King, K. F., Crawford, C. R., and Maier, J. K., 1995, Correction for filter induced ghosts in echo- planar imaging. Third Annual Meeting of the Society of Magnetic Resonance, Nice, p. 105.

    Google Scholar 

  • Knight, R. A., Dereski, M. O., Helpern, J. A., Ordidge, R. J., and Chopp, M., 1994, Stroke 25:1252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larrson, H. B. W., Stubgoard, M., Fredriksen, J. L., Henson, M., Henrikson, O., and Paulson, O. B., 1990, Quantitalion of blood brain barrier defect by magnetic resonance imaging and GdDBA in patients with multiple sclerosis and brain tumours, Magn. Reson. Med. 16:112–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauterbur, P. C., 1973, Image formation by induced local interactions: Examples employing nuclear magnetic resonance, Nature (London) 242:190–191.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ljunggren, S., 1983, A simple graphical representation of Fourier based imaging methods, J. Magn. Reson. 54:338–343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Look, D. C., and Locher, D. R., 1970, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 41:250.1.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Macovski, A., 1985, Volumetric NMR imaging with time varying gradients, Magn. Reson. Med. 2:29.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, P., 1977, Multi-planar image formation using NMR spin echoes, J. Phis. C: Solid State Phvs. 10:L55–L58.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, P., 1984, Spatial mapping of the chemical shift in NMR, Magn. Reson. Med. 1:370–386.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, P., and Grannell, P. K., 1973, NMR ‘diffraction’ in solids?, J. Phvs. C: Solid State Phvs. 6:L422.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, P., Maudsley, A. A., Morris, P. G., and Pykett, T. L., 1979, Selective pulses in NMR imaging: A reply to a criticism, J. Magn. Reson. 33:261–274.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, E, and Harvey P. R., 1993, Limits to neural stimulation in echo planar imaging, Magn. Reson. Med. 29:746–758.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, P., Howseman, A., and Ordidge, R., 1989, Volumar imaging using NMR spin echoes, echo-volumar imaging at 0.1 T, J. Phvs. E: Sci. Instrum. 22:324–330.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, P., Stehling, M. K., Ordidge, R. J., Coxon, R., Chapman, B., Blamire, A., Gibbs, P., Johnson, I. R., Symonds, E. M., Worthington, B. S., and Coupland, R. E., 1990, Echo-planar imaging of the human fetus in utero at 0.5T, Br. J. Radiol. 63:833.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, P., Coxon, R., and Glover, P., 1994, Echo-planar imaging of the brain at 3.0T: First normal volunteer results, J. Comput. Assist. Tomogr. 18:339–343.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mansfield, P., Coxon, R., and Hykin, J., 1995, Echo-volumar imaging (EVI) of the brain at 3.0 T: First normal volunteer and functional imaging results, J. Crnnput. Assist. Tomogr. 19:847–852.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Margosian, P., Faster, 1985, MR imaging: Imaging with half the data. Proceedings of fourth annual meeting of Soc. Magn. Res. Med., 1024.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moseley, M. E., Cohen, Y., Mintorovitch, J., Chilevitt, L., Shimizu, H., Kucharczyk, J., Wendland, M. F., and Weinstein, P. R., 1990, Early detection of regional cerebral ischemia in cats—comparison of diffusion weighted and T 2, weighted MRI and spectroscopy, Magn. Reran. Med. 14:330.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Neeman, M., Freyer, J. P., and Sillerud, L. O., 1990, Pulsed-gradient spin-echo diffusion studies in NMR imaging. Effects of the imaging gradients on the determination of diffusion coefficients, J. Magn. Resort. 90:303–312.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ordidge, R. J., Howseman, A., Coxon, R., Turner, R., Chapman, B., Glover, P., Stehling, M., and Mansfield, P., 1989, Snapshot imaging at 0.5T using echo-planar techniques, Magn. Reson. Med. 10:227–240.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ordidge, R. J., Gibbs, P., Chapman, B., Stehling, M. K., and Mansfield, P., 1990. High-speed multislice T 1, mapping using inversion-recovery echo-planar imaging. Magn. Rerun. Med. 16:238–245.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Poncelet, B. P., Wedeen, V. J., Weisskoff, R. M., and Cohen, M. S., 1992, Brain arenchyma motion: Measurement with cine echo-planar MR imaging, Radiology 185:645–651.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Posse, S., Tedeschi, G., Risinger, R., Ogg, R., and Le Bihan, D., 1995, High speed 1H spectroscopic imaging in human brain by echo planar spatial-spectral encoding, Magn. Reson. Med. 33:34–40.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, B. R., Belliveau, J. W., Vevea, J. M., and Brady, T. J., 1990, Perfusion imaging with NMR contrast agents, Mogn. Reson. Med. 14:249–265.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stehling, M. K., Bullock, P., Firth, J. L., Blamire, A. M., Ordidge, R. J., Coxon, R., Gibbs, P. J., and Mansfield, P., 1989a, Gd DTPA realtime studies of the brain with EPI: A dynamic approach to perfusion and blood brain barrier assessment, In “Proceedings of the 8th Annual Meeting of the Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine,” p. 358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehling, M. K., Evans, D. F., Lamont, G., Ordidge, R. J., Howseman, A. M., Chapman, B., Coxon, R., Mansfield, P., Hardcastle, J. D., and Coupland, R. E., 1989b, Gastrointestinal tract: Dynamic MR studies with echo-planar imaging, Radiology 1171:41–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stehling, M. K., Ordidge, R. J., Coxon, R., and Mansfield, P., 1990a, Inversion-recovery echo-planar imaging (IR-EPI) at 0.5T, Magn. Reson. Med. 13:514–517.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stehling, M. K., Mansfield, P., Ordidge, R. J., Coxon, R., Chapman, B., Blamire, A., Gibbs, P., Johnson, I. R., Symonds, E. M., Worthington, B. S., and Coupland, R. E., 1990b. Echo-planar imaging of the human fetus in utero, Magn. Reson. Med. 13:314–318.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stehling, M. K., Firth, J. L., Worthington, B. S., Guilfoyle, D. N., Ordidge, R. J., Coxon, R., Blamire, A. M., Gibbs, P., Bullock, P., and Mansfield, P., 1991, Observation of cerebrospinal fluid flow with echo-planar magnetic resonance imaging, Br. J. Radial. 64:89–97.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stetskal, E. O., and Tanner, J. E., 1965, Spin diffusion measurements: Spin echoes in the presence of a time-dependent field echo, J. Chem. Ph vs. 42:288–292.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tofts, P. S., and Kermode, C., 1991, Measurement of blood brain barrier permeability and leakage during dynamic MR imaging. I. Fundamental concepts: Magn. Re,son. Med. 17, 2:357–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R., and Le Bihan, D., 1990, Single-shot diffusion imaging at 2.0 Tesla. J. Magn. Reson. 86:445–452.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R., Chapman, B., Howseman, A. M., Ordidge, R. J., Coxon, R., Glover, P., and Mansfield, P., 1988, Snapshot magnetic resonance imaging at 0.1T using double screened gradients. J. Magn. Reson. 80:248–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, B. S., Bullock, P., Stehling, M., Gowland, P. A., Firth, J. L., and Mansfield, P., 1991, Clinical experience with contrast enhanced echo planar imaging of the brain, Magn. Reson. Med. 22, 2:255–258.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1997 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gowland, P., Mansfield, P. (1997). High-Speed Echo-Planar Imaging and its Application to Neurology. In: Bachelard, H. (eds) Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging in Neurochemistry. Advances in Neurochemistry, vol 8. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5863-7_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5863-7_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7688-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5863-7

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics