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Interleukin-4 Production in Response to Infection with Intracellular Bacteria

  • Chapter
Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation VII

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 452))

Abstract

The immune system comprises distinct cells which communicate with each other via cognate recognition and soluble mediators. Communication is not restricted to professional immune cells, but extends to cells with other primary functions, so-called non-professional immune cells. Probably such a complex network has developed in response to constant encounters with a plethora of foreign intruders comprising viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and metazoa. Such a broad spectrum of pathogens obviously requires diverse defence strategies for successful control. To complicate the situation further, many pathogens are extremely variable and by means of mutation can rapidly adapt to different environments. Thus, the immune system cannot be viewed as the director of the game in all instances. Rather, certain immune responses must be considered as default reactions to a microbial pathogen. Such immune responses reflect successful evasion strategies of the pathogen rather than the appropriate host defence mechanism. Although such defaults may be rare, they exist. Description of immune responses therefore, cannot be thought of as exclusively beneficial for the host but rather should consider microbial pathogens as equally successful counterparts, not by virtue of complexity, but due to high variability(1).

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Infection Biology, Monbijoustr. 2, D-10117, Berlin, Germany

    Helen Collins, Masashi Emoto & Stefan H. E. Kaufmann

  2. Department of Immunology, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany

    Inge E. A. Flesch & Stefan H. E. Kaufmann

Authors
  1. Helen Collins
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  2. Inge E. A. Flesch
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  3. Masashi Emoto
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  4. Stefan H. E. Kaufmann
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA

    Sudhir Gupta

  2. National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    Alan Sher

  3. Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA

    Rafi Ahmed

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© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media New York

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Collins, H., Flesch, I.E.A., Emoto, M., Kaufmann, S.H.E. (1998). Interleukin-4 Production in Response to Infection with Intracellular Bacteria. In: Gupta, S., Sher, A., Ahmed, R. (eds) Mechanisms of Lymphocyte Activation and Immune Regulation VII. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 452. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5355-7_10

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5355-7_10

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Boston, MA

  • Print ISBN: 978-1-4613-7443-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-1-4615-5355-7

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