Abstract
Reflectometry is now widely used in tokamak experiments. Reflectometry relies on the fact that, as an electromagnetic wave propagates through the plasma, its phase is shifted due to the departure of the local refractive index from the vacuum value. At a certain critical density, the refractive index goes to zero, and the wave is reflected. This density is the density of the cutoff layer. Its application on ITER is especially important because it can provide the density profile (by inverting the phase as a function of frequency) and essential information on density perturbations due to plasma modes, with minimum requirements for the access ports. These measurements are to be used for machine protection, plasma control and for establishing performance characteristics. In addition, reflectometry supplies valuable information on plasma turbulence in all regions of the plasma. It uses well developed mmwave band equipment and the launched and received waves may be easily transported to and from the tokamak by means of long transmission lines. All in-vessel transmission lines are made from metal and are insensitive to neutron irradiation, while the vacuum windows may be placed away from the high neutron flux zone. Specific problems arise in the reflectometry application to ITER, due to high electron temperature, possible flat density profile, and difficulties with access to high field side of tokamak.
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Vershkov, V. et al. (1998). ITER Reflectometry Diagnostics for the Main Plasma. In: Stott, P.E., Gorini, G., Prandoni, P., Sindoni, E. (eds) Diagnostics for Experimental Thermonuclear Fusion Reactors 2. Springer, Boston, MA. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5353-3_10
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